• Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute
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• v.18 no.3 s.93
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• pp.355-360
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• 2006

The Alkali-Silica Reaction(ASR) may cause a serious failure in the concrete pavements and structures. Several researches in some nations have conducted the continuous studies to prevent failure of the concrete structures by the ASR distress as well as the studies to manifest the mechanism. The researches on the ASR have not been performed affluently in Korea because the distress due to ASR has seldom been reported literarily. In this study, we tried to set up the systematic scheme practically for verifying the cause of distress due to ASR by using the visual inspections in field, the chemical method, petrographic analysis, and Electron Dispersive X-ray Spectrometer(EDX) method of Scanning Electron Microscopy(SEM) in laboratory. The chemical method, petrographic method using SEM, and X-ray method were used to verify the cause of pattern crack on the surface and internal crack in the plain concrete pavement. It can be concluded that the distress of a specific site in plain concrete pavement was mainly due to ASR. The chemical method, the petrographic method and EDX method using SEM may be the effective tools for verifying the cause of AAR distresses.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.106 no.1
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• pp.70-76
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• 2017

Among the forest road pavement methods, the majority of current constructions utilize concrete pavements but it has disadvantages as follows: many cracked concrete pavements generated by the erosion of underlying soil layers, could not be used as forest roads in steep slope during winter, and cement contains hazardous chemicals (hexavalent chromium, etc.). In order to supplement the limitations of the use of concrete pavement, this study was conducted to investigate the operation process and cost, the strength and compaction of the experimental forest road pavement(85 m) utilizing eco-friendly solidification material at Goryeong-gun, Gyeongsangbuk-do. The work elements of experimental forest road paving were classified into: preparation, Roadbed excavation, Roadbed grading, subgrade compaction, form work, collection and selection of site soil, mixing site soil and eco-friendly solidification material, paving by eco-friendly solidification material, compaction by vibrating roller and curing. The result of economic analysis using construction cost shows that for concrete costs total to $38,681won/m^3$ while for the eco-friendly paving material it is $38,245won/m^3$. Thus the construction costs for concrete and the eco-friendly paving material are similar. And the results of the Schmidt Hammer test for strength analysis by curing period are 10.5-13.5 MPa for 7 days, 18.1-22.7 MPa for 14 days, and 20.8-23.0 MPa for 28 days.

• Journal of agriculture & life science
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• v.45 no.5
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• pp.97-103
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• 2011

The purpose of this study was to analyze the pollutant reduction effect for non-irrigated crop land by nonpoint source pollution control. For a field scale monitoring, 6 plots (5m width and 22m length) and 3 sediment traps were installed. At the outlet of each plot, the stage gauges were installed for runoff monitoring. For a rainfall monitoring, tipping bucket rain gage was installed within the experiment site. Through the artificial irrigation, runoff from the plots were monitored. The SS, TOC, T-N, T-P, COD, NTU of sampled water were analyzed by standard methods. The SS, TOC, T-N, T-P, COD, NTU concentration of initial runoff were 15.00, 1.54, 5.27, 0.07, 4.72, 0.45mg/L, respectively. Four hours later than the initial runoff, the concentration was changed to 1.00, 0.94, 4.06, 0.01, 0.60, 0.33 mg/L, respectively. As a result of artificial irrigation, three out of four sediment traps were filled with runoff water from the experimental plots. One sediment trap was not filled with runoff water because the artificial irrigation was not supplied for two experimental plots. The stage of sediment traps were gradually lowered. However, the water quality didn't showed a decrease trend as the stage went down because the suspended solid was not equally collected during the water sampling.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.44 no.6
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• pp.84-97
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• 2016

This study was to investigate the user's thermal environments of the children's parks according to pavements and sunscreen types during periods of heat waves. The measurements were conducted at the sand pits, rubber chip pavement, shelters, and green shade ground of the two children's parks located in Jinju, Korea(Chilam: $N\;35^{\circ}11^{\prime}1.4{^{\prime}^{\prim}}$, $E\;128^{\circ}5^{\prime}31.7{^{\prime}^{\prime}}$, elevation 38m, Gaho: $N\;35^{\circ}09^{\prime}56.8{^{\prime}^{\prime}}$, $E\;128^{\circ}6^{\prime}41.1{^{\prime}^{\prime}}$, elevation 24m) over three days during 11-13, August, 2016. The highest ambient air temperatures at the Jinju Meteorological Office during the three measurement days were $35.9{\sim}36.8^{\circ}C$, which corresponded with the extremely hot weather. A series of experiments measured air temperature, relative humidity, wind velocity, black globe temperature, and long-wave and short-wave radiation of the six directions 0.6 m above ground level. The wet bulb globe temperature(WBGT) and the universal thermal climatic index(UTCI) were used to evaluate thermal stress. Surface temperature images of the play equipment were also taken using infrared thermography. Surface temperatures of the play equipment and grounds were used to evaluate burn risk through contact with playground materials. The results showed the following. The maximum air temperatures averaged over 1-hour period for three days were $36.6{\sim}39.4^{\circ}C$. The sun shades reduced those temperatures by up to $2.8^{\circ}C$(green shade) and $1.0^{\circ}C/2.3^{\circ}C$(shelters). The minimum relative humidity values averaged over 1-hour period for three days were 44~50%. The sun shades increased those humidity values by up to 6%(green shade) and 4%/6%(shelters). The risk of heat related illness at the measurement sites of the children's parks were extreme and high in the daytime hours. The maximum WBGT values averaged over a 30-minute period for three days were $31.2{\sim}33.6^{\circ}C$. The sun shades reduced those WBGT values by up to $2.4^{\circ}C$(green shade) and $0.5^{\circ}C/2.1^{\circ}C$(shelters) compared to sandpits, but would not block the risk of heat related illness in the daytime hours. The category of heat stress at the measurement sites of the children's parks were extreme and very strong in the daytime hours. The maximum UTCI values averaged over a 30-minute period for three days were $39.9{\sim}48.1^{\circ}C$. The sun shades reduced those UTCI values by up to $7.8^{\circ}C$(green shade) and $4.1^{\circ}C/8.2^{\circ}C$(shelters) compared to sandpits, but could not lower heat stress category from extreme and very strong to strong and moderate in the daytime hours. According to the burn threshold criteria when skin was in contact with playground materials, the maximum surface temperature of the stainless steels($70.8^{\circ}C$) surpassed three seconds $60^{\circ}C$ threshold for uncoated steel, that of the rubber chip($76.5^{\circ}C$) surpassed five seconds $74^{\circ}C$ threshold for the plastic, that of the plastic slide($68.5^{\circ}C$) and seats($71.0^{\circ}C$) surpassed the one min $60^{\circ}C$ threshold for plastic, respectively. The surface temperatures of shaded play equipment were lower approximately $20^{\circ}C$ than those of play equipment exposed to the sun. Therefore, sun shades can block the risk of burns in daytime hours. Because of the extreme and high risk of heat related illness and extreme and high heat stress at the children's parks during periods of heat waves, parents and administrators must protect children from the use of playgrounds. The risk of burn when contact with play equipments and grounds at the children's parks during periods of heat waves, was very high. The sun shades are essential to block the risk of burn from play equipments and grounds at the children's parks during heat waves.

• Asian Journal of Turfgrass Science
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.181-186
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• 2001

In this study, we observed air temperature to make clear that land coverage condition and forest form has a certain relationship to air temperature in a day in various green space. And with revolution analysis, interpreted relationship of air temperature distribution in the green space, of land coverage rate and air temperature, of volume of tree and temperature. With this experimental result, propose green plan, taking into consideration lower effect of air temperature. In this result lower zone is formed in forest and water area, higher zone is done in paved surface and barren ground. And arbor＋subarbor area, water area sur-rounded forest and small river is formed relative lower air temperature. In my opinion to promote efficiency lower air temperature area, it is need to make water area surrounded forest, to make forest form lower air temperature 2∼3 layer forest. Lower air temperature effect is in order of arbor, subarbor, shrub and is proportioned increasing of tree.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2020.06a
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• pp.253-253
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• 2020

최근 전 세계는 급격한 기후변화와 도시화의 집중 등으로 인해 예상치 못한 수문학적인 문제, 특히 도시 내 홍수 피해 규모와 빈도가 매년 증가하고 있다. 기존의 도시 개발은 그레이 인프라(Gray Infrastructure)형을 중심으로 불투수 포장면의 증가를 가져왔다. 그 결과로 자연적 투수층이 감소하여 첨두유량 증가, 침투량 감소와 같은 도시물 순환의 문제점이 부각되기 시작했다. 이에 많은 국가들이 그린 인프라(Green Infrastructure)의 중요성과 필요성을 인지하고 그와 관련된 정책 마련에 나서고 있다. 그린 인프라는 모든 개발사업의 계획 이전에 고려되느냐 기타 기반 시설의 계획 후 입지를 결정하느냐에 따라 입지 선정 기준을 크게 두 가지로 구축할 수 있는데, 본 연구는 도시 내 물 순환을 관리하여 유출수를 지표로 침투시켜 도시의 회복력을 평가하는 것이기 때문에 후자에 해당된다. 자연과 분리되거나 별도로 적용하지 않으면서 기후변화에 대응할 수 있는 지속가능한 도시를 만들 수 있으며 소규모로도 물 순환을 가능하게 해 도시의 큰 구조적 변화 없이 적용 가능하다. 본 연구에서는 서울 신월지구에 선행 된 시험 관측 결과를 토대로 도시 내 그린 인프라의 설치에 따른 도시 회복력에 대한 정의를 내려보았다.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.187-195
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• 1988

In accordance with the rapidly growing number of street food service without a registration, a study was undertaken to determine the present state of food service by the covered wagon bar, through an investigation in Jamwondong, around the south gate market and Kangnam subway station, in Seoul, between July 25th and August 25th of 1987. The survey was comprised of three parts: 1) foodservice operation in covered wagon, 2) personal and food handling hygiene, 3) food behaviors of customers. A total of 54 covered wagon bars, consisting of 51.8% mobile bars and 48.2% non-mobile bars, operating in the above three locations, were investigated. Survey results show non-mobile covered wagon bars to be more popular among persons in their thrities and fourties than among teens or the elderly; also among males than females; among company employees and college students than others. Seventy five percent of the mobile covered wagon bars served snack type foods and others served wine and foods for wine, in contrast to hundred percent of the non-mobile covered wagon bars served wine and foods for wine. The survey found many problems of hygiene, in method of food purchasing, menu planning, food preparation, dish washing treatment of leftovers and water supply, as well as personal hygiene. However, customers prefer the casual and popular atmosphere at the counter of the covered wagon bar. Finally, the study emphasizes a need for better operation of covered wagon bar, improvement of food stuff handling and the way of food services and personal hygiene. A change of the registration system from the illegal operation are urgently needed for better quality food services of covered wagon bars.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.29 no.6
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• pp.1155-1161
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• 2000

본 연구는 환경친화적 음식문화를 개발하고 보급하기 위한 프로그램을 개발하는데 필요한 기초자료를 제공하고, 음식물 쓰레기 감소를 통한 환경정책과 프로그램을 개발하는데 필요한 기초자료를 제공하기 위하여 이루어졌다. 울산광역시에 거주하고 있는 주부와 조리사를 대상으로 하여 식단작성부터 식품구매, 조리 음식먹기 및 남은 음식물 처분에 이르기까지 음식소비의 전과정에서 음식물쓰레기를 감소시키기 위한 구체적 실천 전략인 환경 친화적 음식소비행동을 비교해 보았다. 이는 연구결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 환경친화적 식품소비행동을 총체적으로 보면 조리사는 주부에 비하여 더 환경친화적으로 식품을 소비하고 있었다. 조리사는 먹는 사람의 의견을 고려하고, 제철 식품위주로 식단을 작성하고, 계획적으로 식품을 구매하고, 사온 식품을 바로 손질하고, 저울과 계량컵을 사용하여 정확한 양의 음식을 만들고, 가족 행상 음식을 뷔폐식으로 준비하고, 남은 음식을 필요한 사람에게 즉 시 준다는 면에서는 더 환경친화적이라고 할 수 있다. 그러나 세부문항별로 볼 때 주부는 식품포장 단위가 큰 경우 이웃과 공동구매하고, 남은 음식은 1회 정도 먹을 분량씩 포장하면 냉동보관하고, 음식재료가 싸더라도 많이 사지 않는다는 면에서 조리사에 비하여 더 환경친화적이라고 할 수 있다. 먹는 사람의 수 보다 넉넉하게 식품 구입, 가능한 적은 포장단위로 구입, 채소를 다듬을 때 버리는 양이 많음, 각종 행상 음식을 먹고 남을 정도로 넉넉하게 준비, 야채 자투리, 배추 우거지, 파뿌리, 멸치머리, 북어머리, 닭뼈 등은 국물을 만드는데 이용, 국이나 찌개를 함께 준비, 국이나 찌재의 국물의 양은 넉넉하게 주문, 여러 가지의 반찬 준비, 덜어 먹는 상차림 준비, 외식할 때 남을 정도로 넉넉하게 주문, 외식할 때 남은 음식 싸옴, 냉장고에 보관하다 버리는 음식 및 재료가 많음, 음식은 부족하지않고 남을 정도 준비등은 조리사와 주부간에 의미 있는 차이가 보이지 않았다. 환경친화적 음식소비행동은 성별, 결혼여부 및 교육수준에 따라서는 의미 있는 차이를 보이지 않았다. 남자와 미혼 은 모두 조리사이므로 주부를 제외한 조리사만을 선택하여 성별과 결혼여부에 따라 환경친화적 음식소비 행동의 차이를 알아보기 위한 결과 역시 차이를 보이지 않았다. 환경친화적 음식소비행동은 연령, 월평균소득 및 엥겔계수와 의미 있는 상관관계를 보이지 않았다. 조리사와 주부는 음식을 소비하는 전 과정에서 가장 많이 관여하고 있는 집단이다. 그런데 조리사와주부 모두 전반적으로 환경친화적 음식소비행동의 수준이 높지 않음으로 합리적인 식생활문화를 생활화 할 수 있도록 교육과 홍보가 필요하다고 본다. 주부의 경우 유치원이나 어린이집, 초중고둥학교에서 하는 부모교육과 반상회의 홍보자료에 반상회의 홍보자료에 반드시환경친화적 음식소비행동에 관한 교육이 포함되어야 한다. 조리사의 경우 정기교육과정에 환경친화적 음식소비행동에 관한 홍보를 함께 함으로써 외식이나 단체급식에서 발행하는 음식물 쓰레기의 양을 줄 일 수 있을 것이다.

• Korea Science and Art Forum
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• v.26
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• pp.179-187
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• 2016

The purpose of this study is to analyze the color environment of urban small parks. We selected the urban small parks located in the subway stations around the line 2 and the Yamanote line in Seoul and Tokyo, and measured the environmental color with a spectroscopic colorimeter. Four urban parks, four urban parks, four urban parks, four urban parks, and four urban parks in Tokyo, and conducted field surveys. The study was divided into social sports facilities, park facilities and floor paved areas. The results of the study are as follows. The color of Y, YR, and GY colors were high in the environmental color of the first sports facilities in Seoul and Tokyo. In the case of Seoul, B, BG, PB, and Tokyo are R and P series, respectively. econd, in the case of social sports facilities, Tokyo has a different color distribution than Seoul, and Seoul has a somewhat higher brightness, so bright colors have been applied to the facilities. Third, the colors of park facilities showed similar brightness and saturation values in Seoul and Tokyo. In color distribution, Seoul is higher in Y-series and B-series, and Tokyo is higher in Y-series and R-series. The brightness and the saturation of the bottom pavement are similar to those of Seoul and Tokyo. However, the difference in color distribution shows that the color difference of the social facilities of urban small parks in Seoul and Tokyo varies depending on the color distribution rather than brightness and saturation.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.32 no.6D
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• pp.579-586
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• 2012

The main objective of the research is to evaluate the laboratory performances of epoxy asphalt mixtures for long-span steel bridge decks. The aggregate gradations were recommended for field applications. The laboratory performance test results showed that the durability of epoxy asphalt mixtures was more noticeable than that of conventional ones. The structural analysis was conducted using resilient modulus and bond-shear test results. The analysis results revealed that just 9% out of total bond-shear stress was enough for the entire required bond-shear stress in the pavement system. The tensile stresses in the bridge decks were within limits compared to the laboratory test results from the Nanjing Grand Bridge in China. As a result, the laboratory performances of the epoxy asphalt mixtures for long-span steel bridge decks were better than those of conventional asphalt mixtures. However, the laboratory performance tests of epoxy asphalt mixtures for long-span steel bridge decks should be conducted precisely since the strengths of the mixtures are sensitive to the temperatures and curing times.