• Title/Summary/Keyword: 포메이트

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Biochemical mechanisms of fumigant toxicity by ethyl formate towards Myzus persicae nymphs (복숭아혹진딧물(Myzus persicae) 약충에 대한 에틸포메이트 훈증 독성의 생화학적 메커니즘)

  • Kim, Kyeongnam;Lee, Byung-Ho;Park, Jeong Sun;Yang, Jeong Oh;Lee, Sung-Eun
    • Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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    • v.60 no.3
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    • pp.271-277
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    • 2017
  • Ethyl formate has been used for the control of insect pests by fumigation. However, there were not many reports to show its target site of fumigant toxicity on insect pests since its first use in the agricultural industry. In the present study, we showed the presumable target sites of ethyl formate fumigation in insect pests using Myzus persicae nymphs. After ethyl formate fumigation, the nymphs of this species were collected and the changes at the biochemical and molecular level were determined. The activity of cytochrome c oxidase (COX) was approximately two-fold higher after ethyl formate fumigation. In addition, the expression levels of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) decreased gradually with increasing ethyl formate concentration. These two findings suggested that COX and AChE might be the major target sites of ethyl formate fumigation. In addition to these results, the analysis of lipid content using MALDI-TOF MS/MS identified 9 phospholipids differently generated 2-fold higher in the ethyl formate-treated nymphs than that in the control nymphs, thereby leading to changes in cell membrane composition in M. persicae nymphs. Therefore, the ethyl formate fumigation caused lethal effects on M. persicae nymphs by changing COX activity, AChE gene expression, and phospholipid production.

A New Disinfestation Approach Against Some Greenhouse Pests Using Ethyl Formate Fumigation (훈증제 에틸포메이트를 이용한 몇 가지 시설하우스 해충에 대한 새로운 방제 전략)

  • Kwon, Tae-Hyung;Jeong, In-Hong;Lee, Byung-Ho;Park, Chung Gyoo
    • Korean journal of applied entomology
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    • v.58 no.4
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    • pp.341-345
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    • 2019
  • Ethyl formate (EF) is a rapid kill, environmentally safe, and low mammalian toxicity fumigant, registered to disinfest quarantine insect pests from imported agricultural products. A new concept for controlling insect pests of agricultural crops was tested in a fumigation chamber with EF. Control efficacy of and phyto-toxicity due to EF fumigation were evaluated against four pests (Thrips palmi, Bemisia tabaci, Myzus persicae, and Tetranychus urticae) and on seedlings of four fruit vegetables (FVs; yellow melon, cucumber, tomato, and pepper). Ethyl formate fumigation at a dose of 1.5 g m-3 for 12 h produced >93.3% mortality in T. palmi, B. tabaci, and M. persicae. However, T. urticae was tolerant to fumigation, showing only 20% mortality at 2.0 g m-3. In terms of concentration × time (CT) products, at least 8.9 g·h m-3 CT at 20 ± 1.5℃ was needed to achieve > 90% mortality against the three susceptible insect pests. Fumigation at 1.5 g m-3 for 12 h caused no phyto-toxicity to any of the four FV seedlings. Ethyl formate application, as a new disinfestation method in greenhouses, could be an alternative to reduce the use of conventional insecticides. However, further studies are needed to determine the efficacy of this method at different pest developmental stages and in different greenhouse environments. Additionally, research is needed to elucidate the phyto-toxicity of EF application at different growing stages of a wide variety of crops.

Residual evaluation of ethyl formate in soil and crops after fumigation in green house (에틸포메이트의 하우스 농작물 훈증처리 후 토양 및 작물 중 잔류양상)

  • Hwang-Ju Jeon;Kyeongnam Kim;Chaeeun Kim;Yerin Cho;Tae-Hyung Kwon;Byung-Ho Lee;Sung-Eun Lee
    • Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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    • v.40 no.3
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    • pp.316-324
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    • 2022
  • Ethyl formate (EF) is a potent fumigant replacing methyl bromide. The use of EF is limited to a quarantine process. Appling EF to agricultural field as a safe insecticide in greenhouse give us valuable benefits including less residual concern. In this regard, residual pattern after EF fumigation in greenhouse should be undertaken. In the previous study, we have established agricultural control concentration of EF to control pests in a greenhouse. EF was fumigated at 5 g m-3 level for 2 h. The concentration of EF inside a greenhouse was analyzed to be 4.1-4.3 g m-3 at 30 min after fumigation. To prepare an analytical method for residues in cucumber crops and soil in the greenhouse, the limit of detection(LOD) of the method was 100ng g-1 and the limit of quantitation(LOQ) of this method was 300 ng g-1. R2 values of calibration curves for crops and soil were 0.991-0.997. In samples collected immediately after ventilation, EF concentration was determined to be below LOQ level. In addition, EF level was below LOQ in samples collected at 3 h after ventilation except that leaf samples of melon during the flowering period showed a level of 1,068.9 ng g-1. Taken together, these results indicate that EF used in quarantine can be applied to agricultural fields without residual issue as an effective fumigant for insect pest control.

Acute toxicity of ethyl formate to nontarget organisms and reduction effect of sodium silicate on ethyl formate-induced phytotoxicity (에틸포메이트의 비표적생물에 대한 급성독성 및 sodium silicate의 약해저감 효과)

  • Kyeongnam Kim;Yubin Lee;Yurim Kim;Donghyeon Kim;Chaeeun Kim;Yerin Cho;Junyeong Park;Yongha You;Byung-Ho Lee ;Sung-Eun Lee
    • Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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    • v.41 no.3
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    • pp.193-203
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    • 2023
  • Ethyl formate (EF) is a naturally occurring insecticidal compound and is used to control pests introduced from abroad, in quarantine, by a fumigation method. In particular, it is mainly used as a substitute for methyl bromide and is less toxic to humans and less harmful to plants. This study aimed to investigate the possible acute toxicity of EF to useful organisms, and how to reduce phytotoxicity in watermelon, zucchini, and oriental melon. After fumigation with EF for 2 h, the LC50 values for earthworms, honey bees, and silkworms were 39.9, 7.09, and 17.9g m-3, respectively. The degree of susceptibility to EF was in the order of earthworms, silkworms, and honey bees based on the LC50 value, and EF fumigation induced stronger acute toxicity to honey bees. Phytotoxicity was observed in watermelon leaves treated with a concentration of 7.5 g m-3 EF, and when treated with a concentration of 10.0g m-3, it was confirmed that the edges of watermelon leaves were charred and seemed to be damaged by acids. Zucchini and melon, and other cucurbits, showed strong damage to the leaves when treated with a concentration of 10 g m-3, and sodium silicate, at concentrations of 10% and 20%, was used to reduce phytotoxicity. Therefore, acute toxicity towards nontarget organisms and phytotoxicity during the fumigation of EF should be reduced for efficient agricultural pest control.

Formate Decarboxylation: Initial Step for Hydrogen Production by Enterobacter aerogenes (Enterobacter aerogenes에 의한 수소 생산 초기 단계인 포메이트 탈카복시 반응 연구)

  • Choi, Jinyoung;Jho, Young Choong;Ahn, Ik-Sung
    • Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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    • v.20 no.4
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    • pp.449-452
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    • 2009
  • The absence of Fe, Se, and Mo in a minimal medium prevented the production of hydrogen from the anaerobic culture of Escherichia coli MC4100. Fe, Se, and Mo are known to be cofactors of formate dehydrogenase ($FDH_{II}$) of both E. coli and Enterobacter aerogenes. Hence when these trace elements are absent in the minimal medium, hydrogen production through formate dehydrogenation would be inhibited not only in E. coli but also in E. aerogenes. Hydrogen production by E. aerogenes 413 was delayed when lacking these trace elements. Therefore, it is believed that hydrogen production of E. aerogenes is initiated not by the reoxidation of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) but by formate decarboxylation.

A Fundamental Study on Polymer/Metal Additive Method using a UV Laser for Consumer-oriented 3D Helmet Products (소비자 지향 3차원 헬멧제품 제작을 위한 UV레이저 기반의 폴리머/금속적층에 대한 기초연구)

  • Kang, Bo-Seok;Ahn, Dong-Gyu;Shin, Bo-Sung;Shin, Jong-Kuk
    • Journal of the Korean Society of Manufacturing Process Engineers
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    • v.15 no.6
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    • pp.89-94
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    • 2016
  • Consumer orientation requires that companies understand consumer needs and produce products that meet their expectations. This study proposes a new additive method that creates a polymer/metal bonding layer and thus can lighten the weight of helmets to develop a consumer-oriented 3D printing helmet. The composite solution is experimentally prepared with copper formate and a photopolymer resin. Stereolithography apparatus and photothermal reactions are introduced to fabricate an adhesive hybrid layer of copper metal and polymer. A UV pulse laser with a 355 nm wavelength was installed to simplify this process. Resistance, adhesion, and accuracy were investigated to evaluate the properties of the layer produced.

Neuroprotective Effect of Taraxacum platycarpum Extract Against Glutamate-induced Oxidative Stress in HT22 Cells (글루타메이트에 의해 산화적 스트레스를 받은 HT22 세포주에서 포공영의 신경세포 보호 활성)

  • Lee, HyeonWoo;Ma, Choong Je
    • Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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    • v.50 no.2
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    • pp.118-123
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    • 2019
  • Glutamate acts as an important neurotransmitter in brain. However, high concentration of glutamate showed an excitatory neurotoxicity and resulted to neuronal cell death. Neuronal cell death is known for one of the reason of Alzheimer's disease, a neurodegenerative disease. We tried to find neuroprotective medicinal plants by neuroprotection activity against glutamate injured HT22 cells as a model system. In the course of bioscreening of various medicinal plants, Taraxacum platycarpum extract showed significant neuroprotective activity. We tried to elucidate mechanisms of neuroprotective activity. T. platycarpum extract reduced ROS and intracellular $Ca^{2+}$ concentration increased by glutamate induced neurotoxicity. In addition, mitochondrial membrane potential was restored to the control level. Also, glutathione level, glutathione reductase and glutathione peroxidase activity were increased by T. platycarpum extract treatment. These data suggested that T. platycarpum showed neuroprotective activity via antioxidative activity.

Growth Inhibition Effect of Environment-friendly Farm Materials on Fungal Pathogens of Grape (친환경농자재의 포도 진균병 병원균에 대한 생장억제 효과)

  • Kim, Geon-Ju;Choi, Min-Kyung;Park, Jong-Han;Cha, Jae-Soon
    • Research in Plant Disease
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    • v.14 no.3
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    • pp.187-192
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    • 2008
  • Five environment-friendly farm materials including $Chitomate^{(R)}$, $Diegyun^{(R)}$, IC-$66D^{(R)}$, Gold $Bordo^{(R)}$, and $Biospot^{(R)}$ were examined for their growth inhibition effect of the 7 fungal pathogens of grape in vitro. $Diegyun^{(R)}$, being composed of natural ingredients which are extracted from a plant, was the most effective in suppression of mycelial growth of the fungi. $Diegyun^{(R)}$ inhibited the mycelial growth of all of fungi over 75% at $2,500{\mu}g{\cdot}mL^{-1}$ on potato dextrose agar(PDA) except Colletotrichum gloeosporioides 04-159. Growth inhibition effect of $Chitomate^{(R)}$, being composed of the chitosan, varied depending on the fungal pathogens on PDA. It inhibited the mycelial growth of the Botrytis cinerea 06-063 at the rate of 75.8% at $40,000{\mu}g{\cdot}mL^{-1}$ on PDA while it inhibited the mycelial growth of the C. gloeosporioides 04-159 at the rate of 6.5%. IC-$66D^{(R)}$ and Gold $Bordo^{(R)}$ are two different formula of the Bordeaux mixture, showed different control effects on mycelial growth inhibition. Except of Acremonium sp. the growth inhibition of IC-$66D^{(R)}$ was a little higher than Gold $Bordo^{(R)}$. $Biospot^{(R)}$, a chlorine formula, showed the strongest growth inhibition on C. gloeosporioides 04-159 among the farm materials used. Inhibition of spore germination of $Chitomate^{(R)}$, $Biospot^{(R)}$ and Gold $Bordo^{(R)}$ was higher than mycelial growth inhibition for Pseudocercospora vitis 04-152. The results suggest that the different types of environment-friendly farm materials are needed for different disease control in organic grape farm.

Effects of processing conditions of sea tangle (Laminaria spp.) alginate film on permeability of ester compounds (에스테르 화합물의 투과율에 영향을 미치는 다시마 Alginate 필름의 가공조건)

  • YOU Byeong-Jin;SHIM Jae-Man
    • Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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    • v.33 no.2
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    • pp.143-147
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    • 2000
  • The effects of alginate extracting conditions from sea tangle and the effects of film preparation conditions on the physical properties of the alginate film were investigated by measuring ester compounds permeability. The higher concentration of sodium carbonate solution as extracting solvent made the higher ethyl acetate permeability of alginate film, but extracting time showed little efficacy of alginate film permeability. The higher concentration of sorbitol as a plasticizer showed higher ethyl acetate permeability of alginate film, Adding various plasticizers, the ethyl acetate permeability of algiante films was increased in order as follow : sorbitol, glycerol and polyethylene glycol. Ester compounds haying the lower molecular weight showed the higher permeability. And the higher temperature made the ethyl acetate permeability of algiante film to be high.

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