• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.1-7
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• 1990

Clay mineralogical properties, soil formation and classification for the limestone derived soil were discussed from the 4 soil series, Pyeongchang, Anmi, Yulgog, and Mungyeong, distributed over the area of Bangjeol-Ri, Yeongweol-Eup, Gangweon-Do. The results are as follows; 1. Kaolinite and Al-interlayered vermiculite were the main clay minerals and other minerals were illite, vermiculite, and chlorite. 2. CEC of topsoil ranged from 10.5 to 22.9me/100g and that of sub-soil ranged from 10.0 to 23.8me/100g. CEC seemed to be increased with descending from topograpical position and had slightly significant positive correlation. 3. Lithologic changes as a runction of soil depth showed smooth change for Pyeongchang, discontinuity for Anmi, unpredictability for Yulgog, and uniformity for Mungyeong series. 4. According to the new system of soil taxanomy Pyeongchang series was classified as Typic Hapludalfs, Anmi as Fluventic Eutrochrepts, Yulgog as Fluvaquentic Eutrochrepts, and Mungyeong as Aeric Haplaquepts.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.43 no.6
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• pp.775-790
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• 2008

This study shows possibility of active fault, throughout analyzing distributional features of tectonic and fluvial geomorphology and mineral composition of fault fracture clay, at Jinbu fault-line system in Pyeongchang-gun, Gangwon Province. Fault-line valley was formed remarkably in the upper reaches of Odae River and upper reaches of Yeongok River according along Jinbu fault-line. Landforms show rectilineal distribution at right shore slopes of Odae River in Ganpyeong-ri, southern zone of Jinbu fault-line system, related to the tectonic processes, such as triangular facet, kernbut, kerncol and alluvial fan. Fault fracture clay zones were developed at 5 outcrops($jbf1{\sim}5$), located in kerncol. Particularly, jbf1 fault outcrop, developed at granite saprolite, has obvious fault plane and fault clay composed of illite and laumontite. The Jinbu Fault-line along jbf4-2-3-5 may be formed by regional compressive stress, and jbf1 fault may be suggested a tributary fault of the Jinbu fault-line formed before the late Pleistocene. The vertical displacement of the east and west blocks of the Jinbu Fault-line is estimated in $0.024{\sim}0.027m/ka$.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Building Construction
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.89-96
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• 2004

Porous concrete is used of various parts by advantage of porous. Example of growing of plant is possible, and dwelling of creature, and filter functions of various contaminant, and decrease of noise, and so on. This research is for porous concretes that were used by four aggregate rubble, refreshing aggregate, expanded clay, orchid stone. This research estimate that physical and mechanical characteristics of fresh concrete and hardened concrete. The purpose of this research is to make environment-friendly porous concrete. This research's conclusion is as following : 1. Porous Concrete's slump was measured 12~14cm with rubble, 12~16cm with refreshing aggregate, 11~13cm with expanded clay, 11~13cm with orchid stone. Weight of aggregate was bigger, slump price appeared by bigger thing. Because placed Porous Concrete is low viscosity and small resistance between aggregate, it estimated that have high workability. 2. Porous Concrete's unit weight was measured 1.71~1.75t/$\textrm{m}^3$ with rubble, 1.58~1.62t/$\textrm{m}^3$ with refreshing aggregate, 1.19~1.20t/$\textrm{m}^3$ with expanded clay, 0.98~1.06t/$\textrm{m}^3$ with orchid stone. Showed aspect such as weight of aggregate. 3. Porous Concrete's compressive strength was measured 76~102kgf/$\textrm{cm}^2$ with rubble, 51~60kgf/$\textrm{cm}^2$ with refreshing aggregate, 30~40kgf/$\textrm{cm}^2$ with expanded clay, 13~16kgf/$\textrm{cm}^2$ with orchid stone. 4. Tendency of tensile strength and bending strength showed generally similarly with compressive strength, but showed low value fewer than 15kgf/$\textrm{cm}^2$ Therefore, wire mesh, reinforcing rod, such as establishment of frame is considered to need in reinforcement about tensility or flexures in case receive tensility or produce product of thin absence form. It concludes by speculating on the consequences of extrapolating the results of study to remodelling the office building being already existence.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.265-270
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• 1989

Soil properties for the limestone-derived soil were examined to relate soil formation to stratigraphy of parent materials and hillslope positions in Bangjeol Ri, Yeongweol Eup, Gangweon Do. Pyeongchang, Anmi, Yulgog and Mungyeong series were described for topographic positions such as shoulder position, footslope, terrace and local bottom associated with toposequence where the landscape consisted of gently rolling hillslopes and nearly level plains. 1. Pyeongchang, Anmi, Yulgog and Mungyeong series had the standard hue of the 2.5YR, 5YR, 10YR and 2.5Y, respectively. Thus, color sequence of soil could be related to hillslope positions on the landscape. 2. With ascending slope toward summit, the clay content increased while silt content decreased 3. Silt/Clay ratios ranged from 0.27 to 3.76 and it was increased with descending to bottom. It, also, appeared that maturity of soil was higher at summit position than at bottom. 4. Soils developed in limestone were neutral in soil reaction and very low in available $P_2O_5$. OM, available $SiO_2$, CEC, and active Fe in soils seemed to be increased with ascending to summit position.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.69-74
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• 1977

This study has been conducted to identify physico-chemical and clay mineralogical characteristics of bentonites produced in Korea for the purpose of finding good quality bentonite for agricultural ure. The results are summarized as follows: 1. Bentonites are mainly composed of montmorillonite developed from tuffs in a lava flow. 2. Chemical properties of bentonites are: pH in $H_2O$(1:1), 7:cation exchange capacity, 60-96me/100g; content of $SiO_2$, 54-72%; ratio of $SiO_2$ to $Al_2O_3$, 4.1-10.0;oven dry loss of $H_2O$ is higher than the ingnition loss of $H_2O$. 3. The x-ray diffrection patterns of powder bentonites show peaks at $14-15{\AA}$, $4.4{\AA}$, and $2.5{\AA}$, and that of swellen one show $17{\AA}$ when treated with ethylene glycol. 4. Distribution areas of the good quality bentonites were (1) Dogu-Dong, Donghae-Myeon, Yeonil-Gun, Gyeongsangbug-Do (2) Hamyeon-Ri, Yangnam-Myeon, Weolseong-Gun, Gyeongsanbug-Do. (3) Joam-Ri, Gangdong-Myeon, Weolseong-Gun, Gyeongsangbug-Do. (4) Sanha-Ri, Gangdong-Myeon, Ulju-Gun, Gyeongsangnam-Do. (5) Sinhyeon-Ri, Gangdong-Myeon, Ulju-Gun, Gyeongsangnam-Do. (6) Yonghang-Ri, Pyeongchang-Myeon, Pyeongchang-Gun, Gangweon-Do.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.125-133
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• 1979

The characteristics of landslides occurred in August 5, 1979 in pyeongchangkun were surveyed and indentified as follows. 1. Deep limestone regions. Distinct differences in soil texture between A1 and B horizon could be observed on soil profile, which is attributed to the clay illuviation. The clay illuvial horizon is supposed to be an important cause of large scale mudflows on middle slopes by the lubricant action of ground water flowing between top soil and subsoil. 2. Shallow limestone regions. Very shallow top soils (less than 50cm) laid on tilted bedrock stratification provide a proper condition of mass soil movement if the top soil is saturated and ground water flows between top soil and bedrock when concentrated heavy rainfalls shower. 3. Granite regions. Weathering granitic bedrock produces very coarse textured top soils which are very cohesionless and have many pores. Therefore, the soil has high infiltration ratio and is easy to be saturated by water and to be detached from the bedrock. The landslides abrase very severely both sides of gully with high potential energy when they flow down. The following methods for landslide prevention can be recommended. 1. The original parts of landslides on top of the gully must be treated by intensive planting of deep rooting species and check dams. 2. Clear-cutting and crop planting on steep slope (more than 25 degrees) should be controlled and prohibited. 3. Establishment of landslide prevention forest should be practised on proper site.

• Journal of the Mineralogical Society of Korea
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.299-307
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• 2004

Surfactant adsorption by two montmorillonite types with different interlayer cations of Ca and Na was characterized by examining the time dependence of surfactant behavior on the clay surfaces. Surfactants with different micelle concentration were conducted in our experiment to observe a nonequilibrium activity of cationic surfactant on the clay over reaction periods ranging from 0.1 min to 11 days. As compared with Ca-montmorillonite (SAz), a more active intrusion of surfactant molecules into the interlayers was found in Na-montmorillonite (SWy). During a short 'initiation' stage, the basal spacing of SWy montmorillonite increased rapidly with logarithmic time. For SAz montmorillonite, however, the abrupt basal spacing increase occurred at the later stage of the reaction. From the result, the difference in the adsorption behavior exhibited by the two montmorillonite types partly results from their intrinsic nature, that is, inorganic cations originally existing on the clay surfaces. Additionally, the micelle concentration of surfactants affects the development of organo-montmorillonite, especially, in the intercalant formation and stabilization under nonequilibrium.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.66-73
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• 2004

As one of the typical farming practices in the sloped upland in Pyeongchang and Hongcheon area, application of piling with coarse saprolite materials has been practiced by farmers for several reasons such as reduction of damage by monocropping, better development of plant roots, and better drainage. However, adverse effect on application of coarse saprolite soil materials to environmental aspects should not be ignored. Therefore, this research was conducted to evaluate the physicochemical properties of coarse saprolite materials in upland fields in Pyeongchang area. According to particle size distribution of coarse saprolite materials, averaged gravel contents for Pyeongchang and Hongcheon county were 16.7 and 25.3%, respectively. There was no significant difference in gravel contents by soil depth, and CV values for each particle size ranged from 20 to 40%, which implied that application of coarse material with similar properties. When we compared CEC values of dressed soil with or without considering gravel content, CEC values decreased as increasing gravel contents. The penetration resistances were 0.04-7.48 MPa at the 0 to 10 cm surface soil, and 0.10 to 8.80 MPa at the depth below 11 cm. The bulk density of the soil was $1.15g\;cm^{-3}$ at the surface soil and 1.29 to $1.35g\;cm^{-3}$ at the soil depth below 10 cm. The organic matter content, cation exchange capacity, and avaliable $P_2O_5$ concentrations of soil in upland where piling with saprolite materials of Pyeongchang area applied were $12.4g\;kg^{-1}$, $7.1cmol_c\;kg^{-1}$, and $526mg\;kg^{-1}$, respectively. Cation exchange capacity was lower than that of averaged Korean upland soil, while available $P_2O_5$ concentration was relatively higher than that of averaged Korean upland, which indicated high input of various fertilizers.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.111 no.3
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• pp.357-364
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• 2022

We investigated the early growth characteristics of Quercus rubra planted in six regions (Hwaseong, Yangpyeong, Pyeongchang, Samcheok, Chungju, and Gimje) in South Korea in relation to soil physicochemical properties and meteorological factors. Q. rubra (1-0) were planted at a density of 3,000 trees ha^-1. The average height, root collar diameter (RCD), and volume of 8-year-old Q. rubra planted in 2014 were 3.52 m, 3.84 cm, and 0.0023 m³, respectively. The growth parameters of Q. rubra were the highest and lowest in Hwaseong and Pyeongchang, respectively. Correlation analysis among the soil physicochemical properties, meteorological factors, and plantation growth characteristics found that pH was the only soil factor negatively correlated with RCD, and the other soil factors were not significantly correlated with the growth characteristics. However, growth characteristics were positively correlated to average temperature from March to October and daily maximum temperature; and they were negatively correlated to altitude, topology, and the number of rainy days from March to October. In particular, the trees planted in Hwaseong area showed the best early growth characteristics because this area had the highest daily maximum temperature, the x average temperature from March to October, the low altitude, and it is located close to the foot of a mountain. In Pyeongchang, the early growth characteristics were negatively affected by winter cold damage because of the high altitude, low daily minimum temperature, and damage by wild animals. In Hwaseong, meteorological factors such as temperature and altitude were more highly correlated to growth characteristics of Q. rubra than the physicochemical soil properties. These results will provide useful information for determining suitable sites for Q. rubra plantations and for predicting early growth characteristics in response to environmental factors.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.37 no.5
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• pp.336-340
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• 2004

The objective of this study was to establish the decision criteria of land suitability for red pepper using soil morphological and physical properties. The investigation was carried out in Jechen, Goesan, Euiseong, Andong, Gochang and Pyongchang district in Korea. The obtained results showed that factors related to the decision criteria of the land suitability for red pepper cultivation were soil texture, soil drainage class, land slope, available soil depth and stone content. The criteria of the best suitable soil for red pepper was coarse loamy, well drainage class, C-slope (7-15%), 10-20% gravel content and available soil depth deeper than 100 cm. Also in the best suitable soil, hardpan was located below 100 cm from the soil surface. Outbreak rate of phytophthora blight occurred well in the soils with high clay content, poor drainage class, low land slope and low gravel content. Database determining the decision criteria of the land suitability for red pepper in Jinchen-gun was established by Arc info GIS tool.