• The KSFM Journal of Fluid Machinery
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.35-43
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• 2013

Most of the nuclear power plants(NPPs) adopts pressure difference type flow meters such as venturi and orifice meters for the measurement of feedwater flow rates to calculate reactor thermal power. However, corrosion products in the feedwater deposits on the flow meter by fouling as operating time goes. These effects lead to severe errors in the flow indication and then determination of reactor thermal power. The averaging BDFT, which has developed by Yun et al., has a potentiality to minimize this problem thanks to its inherent measurement principle. Therefore, it is expected that the averaging BDFT can replace the venturi meter for the feedwater pipe of steam generator of NPPs. The present work compares the amplification factor, K, based on CFD calculation against the K obtained from experiments in order to confirm whether a commercial CFD code can be applicable to the evaluation of characteristic for the averaging BDFT. In addition to this, the simulations to take into account of fouling effect are also carried out by rough wall option. The results show that the averaging BDFT is a promising flow meter for the accurate measurement of flow rates in the fouling condition of the NPPs.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2017.05a
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• pp.51-51
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• 2017

지역빈도해석은 짧은 기간의 자료를 보유하고 있는 계측 지점이나 자료가 없는 미계측 지점에서의 확률수문량을 산정하기 위하여 많이 쓰여 진다. 지역빈도해석을 실시하기 위한 조건으로는 우선 수집된 하천유역들을 대상으로 수문학적 동질 지역을 구분하는 것이 중요하다. 그리고 구분되어진 지역에 포함되는 모든 지점들의 자료를 빈도해석 함으로써 관심 지점의 신뢰할 만한 확률수문량을 산정하는 것이다. 그동안의 지역빈도해석은 주로 비건조지역을 중심으로 홍수와 같은 재난재해 대비 그리고 수자원 관리를 위한 연구들을 실시해왔다. 본 연구의 주 목적은 건조지역의 수자원 관리를 위해 건조지역 하천유역을 중심으로 지역빈도해석을 실시하여 신뢰할만한 확률수문량을 산정하는 것이다. 확률수문량 산정값의 정확도를 향상시키기 위해 지역빈도해석 모델에 쓰여 지는 새로운 지형학적 변수들을 제공하였고 수문학적 동질 지역을 구분 위해 수집된 각 하천유역의 형상들을 확인하여 동질 지역을 정의하였다. 예를 들면, 수지형 유역, 부채형 유역, 격자형 유역과 같은 다른 형상들을 구분하여 각 유역 형상 종류별로 동질 지역을 만들었다. 건조지역의 지역빈도해석을 위해 미국 건조지역의 105개 하천유역 유량자료들을 수집 및 이용하였다. 확률수문량 산정을 위하여 앙상블 인경신경망 (Ensemble Artificial Neural Network)과 정준 상관 계수(Canonical Correlation Analysis)를 이용한 지역빈도해석 모델을 만들었다. 제안된 모델의 수행평가와 정확성 평가를 위해 리샘플링 기법인 10-겹 교차 검증 (10-fold cross-validation), 잭나이프 (Jackknife) 기법들을 이용하였고 모델로부터 산정된 확률수문량값을 편향 (Bias), 상대 편향(rBias), 평균 제곱근 오차 (RMSE), 상대 평균 제곱근 오차 (rRMSE)를 통하여 산정 값과 실제 관측 값의 차이를 분석하였다. 그 결과 건조지역의 지역빈도해석을 위해 새롭게 제시된 지형학적 변수들을 사용하였을 때 모델의 수행능력이 향상되었음을 확인하였다. 또한 하천유역 형상에 따라 동질 지역을 구분하였을 때 향상된 확률수문량이 산정되었다. 향상된 지역빈도해석 모델을 통해 건조지역의 신뢰할만한 확률수문량을 산정함으로써 건조지역의 효과적인 수자원 관리를 위한 수공시설물 설계에 중요한 정보들을 제공할 것이다.

• Journal of Korean Society of Coastal and Ocean Engineers
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.196-205
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• 2004

Water qualities (WQ) were measured biweekly from April 2nd to October 29th, 2003 in Sillicheon flowing into the entrance of Jumunjin Harbour and daily water quantities (river discharges) were estimated by the TANK model which has been widely used to compute the runoff discharges in the ungauged watersheds. The spatial and temporal change patterns of the measured WQs were analysed in detail and the correlation between rainfall - WQ and river discharge - WQ were also analysed. From this results, it is found that the correlation coefficient between BOD concentration and rainfall is 0.75 and between the SS concentration and 2-days river discharge is 0.36. The correlation between the COD, TN, TP in the station of Silli Lower Bridge and rainfall runoff quantity was analysed as un-correlated items. As a consequence, the estimated BOD and SS pollutants loads are reliable and show good change patterns even though the accuracy of SS pollutants load is slightly low. The estimated COD, TN and TP pollutants loads, however, can be used only as the reference or averaged values. In order to analyse more accurately the temporal change patterns of these items, more-detailed researches considering the artificial effects and landuse patterns are highly required.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.52 no.1
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• pp.71-82
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• 2019

The purpose of this study is to analyze the Mekong River streamflow alteration due to climate change. The future climate change scenarios were produced by bias corrections of the data from East Asia RCP 4.5 and 8.5 scenarios, given by HadGEM3-RA. Then, SWAT model was used for discharge simulation of the Kratie, the main point of the Mekong River (watershed area: $646,000km^2$, 88% of the annual average flow rate of the Mekong River). As a result of the climate change analysis, the annual precipitation of the Kratie upper-watershed increase in both scenarios compared to the baseline yearly average precipitation. The monthly precipitation increase is relatively large from June to November. In particular, precipitation fluctuated greatly in the RCP 8.5 rather than RCP 4.5. Monthly average maximum and minimum temperature are predicted to be increased in both scenarios. As well as precipitation, the temperature increase in RCP 8.5 scenarios was found to be more significant than RCP 4.5. In addition, as a result of the duration curve comparison, the streamflow variation will become larger in low and high flow rate and the drought will be further intensified in the future.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.35 no.4 s.100
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• pp.285-294
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• 2002

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relationships between purification characteristics and hydraulic conditions, and to clarify the basic and essential factors required to be considered in the construction and management of artificial wetland system for the improvement of reservoir water quality. The artificial wetland system was composed of a pumping station and six sequential plants beds with five species of macrophytes: Oenanthe javanica, Acorus calamus, Zizania latifolia, Typha angustifolia, and Phragmites australis. The system was operated on free surface-flow system, and operation conditions were $3,444-4,156\; m^3/d$ of inflow rate, 0.5-2.0 hr of HRT, 0.1-0.2 m of water depth, 6.0-9.4 m/d of hydraulic loading, and relatively low nutrients concentration (0.224-2.462 mgN/L, 0.145-0.164 mgP/L) of inflow water. The mean purification efficiencies of TN ranged from 12.1% to 14.3% by showing the highest efficiency at the Phragmites australis bed, and these of TP were 6.3-9.5% by showing the similar ranges of efficiencies among all species. The mean purification efficiencies of SS and Chl-A ranged from 17.4% to 38.5% and from 12.0% to 20.2%, respectively, and the Oenanthe javanica bed showed the highest efficiency with higher concentration of influent than others. The mean purification amount per day of each pollutant were $9.8-4.1\;g{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}d^{-1}$ in BOD, $1.299-2.343\;g{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}d^{-1}$ in TN, $0.085-1.821\;g{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}d^{-1}$ in TP, $17.9-111.6\;g{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}d^{-1}$ in SS and $0.011-0.094\;g{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}d^{-1}$ in Chl-a. The purification amount per day of TN revealed the hi링hest level at the Zizania latifolia bed, and TP showed at the Acrous calamus bed. SS and Chl-a, as particulate materials, revealed the highest purification amount per day at the Oenanthe javanica bed that was high on the whole parameters. It was estimated that the purification amount per day was increased with the high concentration of influent and shoot density of macrophytes, as was shown in the purification efficiency. Correlation coefficients between purification efficiencies and hydraulic conditions (HRT and inflow rate) were 0.016-0.731 of $R^2$ in terms of HRT, and 0.015-0.868 of $R^2$ daily inflow rate. Correlation coefficients of purification amounts per day with hydraulic conditions were 0.173-0.763 of Ra in terms of HRT, and 0.209-0.770 daily inflow rate. Among the correlation coefficients between purification efficiency and hydraulic condition, the percentages of over 0.5 range of $R^2$ were 20% in HRT and in daily inflow rate. However, the percentages of over 0.5 range of correlation coefficients ($R^2$) between purification amount per day and hydraulic conditions were 53% in HRT and 73% in daily inflow rate. The relationships between purificationamount per day and hydraulic condition were more significant than those of purifi-cation efficiency. In this study, high hydraulic conditions (HRT and inflow rate) are not likely to affect significantly the purification efficiency of nutrient. Therefore, the emphasis should be on the purification amounts per day with high hydraulicloadings (HRT and inflow rate) for the improvement of eutrophic reservoir withrelatively low nutrients concentration and large quantity to be treated.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.10 no.5
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• pp.1026-1033
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• 2009

In this study, we computed the unit load of nonpoint source for the forest, agricultural, and urban representative region in Anseongchun watershed. In addition, Flow-weighted mean concentration (FWMC) that well represents runoff characteristics of storm water during rainfall, was calculated, and runoff pollutants loading was also examined. FWMCs of 1st rainfall, which runoff coefficient was high, had a tendency higher than those of 2nd rainfall. Based on landuse results, pollutant concentration of the non-urban such as forest and agricultural regions was higher than that of urban region. In case of BOD, runoff pollutants loading was calculated as 1,395, 1,623, 2,268kg/d in 1st rainfall for forest, agricultural, and urban regions, respectively, while runoff loading of 2nd rainfall was 503kg/d in forest), 512kg/d in agricultural, and 898kg/d in urban. By landuses, unit load of the urban as 72.7kg/ha/yr was 12 times higher than that of the agricultural as 6.5kg/ha/yr, and 8 times higher than that of the forest as 9.5kg/ha/yr.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.267-274
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• 2004

Using geo-statistical method, yield data of different fields were analyzed to examine their field variability according to examining year, analysis method. Semivariogram and Kriged maps of geo-statistical analysis were used to examine their spatial dependence within a filed. The results obtained were as follows. 1) Descriptive statistical results of the yield showed that the yield and the difference of yield ranged from 100 to 946kg/10a and from 272 to 653kg/10a, respectively within a field. The coefficient of variation also ranged from 5.9 to 22.4 %. 2) More than 90% of yield data were placed between 350 to 850kg/10a. e results indicated that the gram mass flow sensor should have the measuring range from 0.34 to 0.82kg/s considering the yields when 4 rows head-feeding combine with 0.8 m/s of working speed was utilized. 3) A high spatial dependence was found within paddy field. The Q values ranged from 0.20 to 0.97, and the range of spatial dependence was from 6.9 to 53.3m. From this result, the rational sampling interval for yield investigation was estimated 6.9m. 4) Yields within a field between observation years showed considerable variability even if the field was evenly cultivated and managed. To apply precision agriculture in a paddy field, the field test should be continued to build a solid data-base including meteorological data, blight damage and insect damage.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2010.05a
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• pp.248-252
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• 2010

홍수기 호우로 인한 피해는 대부분 하천구역에서 발생되며, 이러한 피해는 인간에게 직 간접적으로 영향을 미치게 된다. 자연 상태의 하천형상은 대부분 호우로 인한 홍수로 인해 자연스럽게 만들어지게 되며, 대부분 사행하천의 형태를 띠게 된다. 사행하천에서의 흐름의 기하학적 특성은 성장이나 사멸, 또는 두 가지 모두의 형태를 보인다. 사행하천에서의 흐름 및 유속 분포는 하천제방 보호, 주운, 취수, 그리고 유사 이동 및 퇴적 패턴과 관련하여 실용적인 관점에서 연구하여야 하는 하천수리학에서는 매우 중요한 주제이다. 그리고 사행하천은 특히 만곡부가 교호적으로 나타나는 곳에서의 흐름구조가 매우 복잡하다. 이러한 사행하천에서는 회전방향이 교호적으로 바뀌는 나선형의 흐름(2차류)이 3차원적으로 발생하는 것으로 알려져 있다. 본 연구에서는 사행하천이 많은 국내 하천특성을 고려하여, 하천 만곡부에서의 흐름특성을 분석하고자 하였으며 2차원 CCHE2D 와 3차원 FLOW3D 모형을 적용하였으며 가상 하도에 대하여 수리모형 실험의 실측치와 비교하여 모형의 정확성과 안정성을 검증하였다. 그리고 남강댐 하류에 대하여 만곡부의 흐름특성(유속 분포 및 최대유속경로, 수위분포, 2차류 거동, 편수위, 전단응력 분포 등)을 분석함으로써, 하천 만곡부에서의 수리적 특성을 보다 정확하게 제시하고자 한다. 모의 분석결과 동일 하도에 대하여 유량을 변동시킬 경우, 유량이 증가할수록 만곡부에서의 수리영향이 더욱 뚜렷해짐을 알 수 있었고 2차원 모형보다 3차원모형의 결과의 정확도가 더 높은 것으로 분석되었다. 곡률반경이 1,300~1,600 정도인 실제하천에 적용한 결과, 수위의 경우 2차원 결과가 3차원 결과보다 최대 3%정도 수위가 높은 것으로 나타났으며, 또한, 상관계수가 평균 0.91의 값을 보이고 있어 2차원모형과 3차원모형의 결과가 비교적 잘 일치하는 것으로 분석되었다. 흐름 분석을 통해서 만곡부에서의 최대유속은 최정점(apex)에서 보다는 오히려 최정점 이전 하도의 내측에서 발생하였으며, 정점에서의 종단유속은 감소하지만 횡단유속은 오히려 크게 증가하는 경향을 보이고 있었다. 따라서 하천설계시 사행하천의 제방 안정성 확보를 위하여 종단유속 뿐만 아니라 횡단유속 또한 고려할 필요가 있음을 확인하였다. 또한 남강댐 하류 만곡부에서의 내측 및 외측의 수위를 분석한 결과, 제방 외측의 수위가 평균수위에 비해 최대 약 37cm정도 증가하는 것으로 분석되었다. 따라서 만곡부에 대한 하천제방설계시 좌, 우안의 여유고를 일률적으로 적용하기 보다는 만곡에 따른 흐름특성을 분석하여 설계에 적용하여야 안정성 및 경제성을 동시에 확보할 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.311-324
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• 2017

Energy loss at manholes under surcharged flow is considered as one of the major causes of inundation in urban area. Therefore, it is necessary to analyze the flow characteristics to reduce the energy loss in the surcharged four-way combining manhole. In this study, hydraulic experimental apparatus was constructed considering the results of the present survey. Square manholes and pipe diameters were reduced to 1/5 by applying sewer facility standards. Numerical simulations were carried out with the Fluent 6.3 model to derive the invert condition which can reduce the energy loss in the surcharged four-way combining square manhole. The hydraulic experiments were carried out according to the various conditions of the lateral flow rate($Q_{lat}/Q_{out}$), discharge of outflow pipe (2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 4.8 l/sec), and invert shape (rectangle and square open conduit type). The crossed invert was not found to improve the drainage capacity of the surcharged four-way rectangular combining manhole. However, the improved rectangle open conduit type invert and square open conduit type invert were analyzed to improve the drainage capacity by reducing the head loss coefficients by about 8% and 28%, respectively. Therefore, in order to increase the drainage capacity of urban facilities, it is possible to install and use the improved invert proposed in this study.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.35 no.1 s.97
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• pp.21-27
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• 2002

The frequent occurrence of excessive phytoplankton populations in the downstream Nakdong River has been an important water quality problem in recent years. The limnological survey of the Nakdong River was conducted from January 1997 to December 1999 on once or twice per month. A typical phenomenon of eutrophication appears with the persistent algal bloom due to high nutrients in the mid-lower part of the river. This study showed that the point at which Chl. a concentration reaches maximum was affected by the water temperature and the flow rate. For example, Chl. a concentration reached maximum after around 380, 240 and 120 hours which were estimated from the time of flow at low (${\le}10^{\circ}C$), mean ($10{\sim}20^{\circ}C$) and high (${\ge}20^{\circ}C$) water temperature conditions, respectively. It was estimated that increase coefficients of phytoplankton (Chl. a) on the water temperature are 0.201, 0.254 and $0.289\;day^{-1}$, on the contrary, decrease coefficients are -0.012, -0.128 and $-0.193\;day^{-1}$ in low, mean and high water temperature. Therefore, to prevent formation of Chl. a maximum concentration in the specific water resource, it is necessary to increase the discharge of dam as well as to decrease.