• Journal of the Korean Institute of Gas
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.35-41
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• 2013

In this study, flame retardancy of polyurethane foam and phenolic foam were investigated by addition of phosphorous flame retardants. The thermal degradation behavior of polyurethane foam and phenolic foam in the presence of flame retardants has been studied by thermogravimetric analysis(TGA). Heat release rate(HRR), mean HRR, mass loss rate(MLR), total smoke released(TSR) and limited oxygen index(LOI) were tested by cone calorimeter. From the test results, Phenolic foam showed low HRR, MLR and TSR than polyurethane foam.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.357-360
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• 2006

In this study, we studied the physical properties and application of PF foam as heat insulating materials. In the experimental results, the density of PF foam showed $0.030g/cm^3$ and the thermal conductivity showed $0.026kcal/m.h.^{\circ}C$. Also, thermal resistance of the prepared PF foam was volatilized about 71.7 wt% when the temperature was $500^{\circ}C$ (1 h). And the chemical structure of PF foam have a closed cell type in the important properties as heat insulating materials. Therefore, it was confirmed that the prepared PF foam had excellent performance as heat insulating materials.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Gas
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.30-34
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• 2016

In this study, we synthesized a phenol foam using a resol-type phenol resin as a research for replacing the polyurethane foam used as an insulator for cryogenic temperature, such as LNG or LPG. Foaming agents for synthesizing a phenolic foam was used HCFC-141b or n-pentane, cyclopentane, n-hexane, cyclohexane and a mixture of HFC-365mfc and HFC-227ea respectively. Cyclohexane as a blowing agent exhibited the most superior insulating performance and compressive strength. The heat resistance of polyurethane foam and phenolic foam blown by the cyclohexane, was higher than polyurethane foam.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.371-378
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• 2019

Graphene nanoplatelet (GnP)/reused phenolic foam (re-PF)/wood composite boards were fabricated with different GnP content as 5, 10 and 20 w/w% to investigate the effect of GnP on thermal- and flame retardant properties of wood-based composite boards. The thermal- and flame retardant properties of fabricated composite boards were investigated by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and limiting oxygen index (LOI), respectively. The thermal stability of the composite boards increased proportionally with respect to the amount of GnP, and the char yield of these boards increased up to 22% compared to that of the pure wood board. The LOI values of composite boards were about 4.8~7.8% higher than those of using pure wood boards. It was also confirmed that the flame retardant properties of composite boards were remarkably improved by the addition of re-PF and GnP. These results were because of the fact that the re-PF and GnP with a high thermal stability delayed the initial thermal degradation temperature of composite boards and made their char layers denser and thicker which led the overall combustion delay effect of the composite board. Especially, GnP as a carbon-based material, facilitated the char layer formation and increased remarkedly the char yield, which showed higher effect on flame retardant properties than those of the re-PF.

• Journal of the Korean Solar Energy Society
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.11-23
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• 2020

The application of the high-performance insulation materials for buildings seems to be an essential measure for reducing energy use in buildings. Phenolic foam is a readily available insulation material with thermal conductivity of about 0.018 to 0.020 W/(mK). It has the advantage of higher thermal resistance and better fire resistance compared to other conventional building insulation materials. Insulation material used for building envelope is regarded as one of the decisive factors for building's energy load. Furthermore, the degradation of its thermal performance over time increasingly affects the building's energy use demand. Generally, the life span of conventionally built buildings is expected to be more than 50 years, so the long-term performance of insulation materials is critical. This paper aims to evaluate the long-term performance of phenolic form boards through an accelerated aging test. The tests were conducted according to BS EN 13166 and KS M ISO 11561. Based on the results of the accelerated aging test, the thermal performance variation of the material was analyzed, and then its aged value after 25 years was computed. Also, the characteristics of the phenolic foam board's long-term performance were also examined based on the standard testing methods adopted.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Building Construction
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• v.18 no.6
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• pp.559-567
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• 2018

In the case of fire, surface treatment agents used in external insulation finishing methods are substances that are vulnerable to fire due to thin finishes and the combustion of polymers. In this study, it was expected that the performance of surface preparation mortars could be improved by using expandable graphite with excellent thermal performance. Experimental results showed that the mechanical properties of surface preparation mortar were improved by using the fly ash and silica fume. Surface treatment materials using expanded graphite have a characteristic of expanding when a fire occurs. It has been shown that heat-swellable surface treatment materials can reduce the penetration of heat sources into the surface of synthetic insulation.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.122-127
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• 2010

The combustion characteristics of phenol foam were analysed using variable external irradiation level (20, 25, 35, 50, and $70kW/m^2$) and in the mixture gas of oxygen/nitrogen. The oxygen index were carried out from the oxygen index tester (KS M ISO 4589-2) and ignition time, critical heat flux, and mass loss rate were carried out from the mass loss calorimeter (ISO 5660-1). As the results of this study, the critical heat flux and average mass loss rate were $28.99kW/m^2$ and $0.56{\sim}1.77g/m^2s$ respectively at the variable external irradiation level. And the limited oxygen index were 45.1% in mixture gas of oxygen/nitrogen. In conclusion, we knew that phenol foam had the best performance than other foam materials in fire safety from all data of this study.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.219-230
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• 2020

This study was conducted to determine the optimum medium and humidification period for the strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch. cv. Maehyang) cutting seedling production. The cuttings were planted in coir (CO), rockwool (RW), phenolic foam (PF), and organic foam medium (OFM) with fogging treatment in 0, 3, 6, 9, or 12 days on February, 2019. And, as the field verification examination research, cuttings were planted in CO, RW, PF, and OFM, with misting treatment in 0, 6, 9, 12, or 15 days on June, 2019. In fogging treatments, rooting and survival rates of seedlings tended to increase with longer fogging periods, and rooting and survival rates were showed significantly higher in CO medium with more than 9 days of fogging periods. In misting treatments, rooting rate was significantly higher in CO and RW medium with more than 9 days of misting periods, and survival rate was significantly higher with more than 12 days of misting periods. There was no significantly difference by growth medium and humidification period in shoot and root growth. Therefore, when considering the rooting and survival rate the CO medium with 9 days of humidification period could be beneficial for the production of the 'Maehyang' strawberry cutting seedlings.

• Journal of the Korean Recycled Construction Resources Institute
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.395-404
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• 2019

In the case of fire, surface treatment agents used in external insulation finishing methods are substances that are vulnerable to fire due to thin finishes and the combustion of polymers. In this study, it was expected that the performance of surface preparation mortars could be improved by using expandable graphite with excellent thermal performance. Experimental results showed that the mechanical properties of surf ace preparation mortar were improved by using the fly ash and silica fume. Surface treatment materials using expanded graphite have a characteristic of expanding when a fire occurs. It has been shown that heat-swellable surface treatment materials can reduce the penetration of heat sources into the surface of synthetic insulation.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Building Construction Conference
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• 2019.05a
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• pp.137-138
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• 2019

To overcome the limitation in relation to thermal insulator's selection and installation method that is suitable for exterior insulation and waterproof construction methods, a production basis of thermal insulators of which manufacturing knowhow is held by companies was ensured and future-oriented construction methods to adopt new materials were applied. Performance verification was conducted through performance and mock-up tests of thermal transmittance on the cross sections where the flexible insulators were applied based on the improved prototype and performance data were obtained. To overcome the biggest drawbacks (walking feeling and damage etc.) in the exterior insulation and waterproof construction method, inserting a protective layer between thermal insulator and water-proof layer was proposed, and polypropylene corrugated cardboards.