• Food Science of Animal Resources
• /
• v.30 no.6
• /
• pp.975-988
• /
• 2010

Two experiments were conducted to determine whether water extracts from Artemisia capillaries (A. capillaries) and Camellia sinensis (C. sinensis) could be used as alternatives to antibiotic growth promoters in broiler feed. The experiment 1 was verified their chemical composition, extracts yields, total phenolic compounds concentration, antioxidant activity, antimicrobial activity, and chicken splenocytes proliferation through in vitro test. The extract yields of A. capillaries and C. sinensis were 26.5 and 16.8%, respectively. Total phenolic compounds concentrations of them expressed as gallic acid equivalent were 15.28 and 26.74 mg/mL, respectively. Electron donating abilities of them expressed as $SC_{50}$ showing 50% DPPH radical scavenging were 0.30 and 0.06 mg, respectively. Bacterial inhibitory rates of them against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Salmonella Typhimurium were ranged from 42.1 to 52.3% and from 21.6 to 33.7%, respectively. And, these extracts increased proliferation of chicken splenocytes. Especially, A. capillaris was more excellent than Echinacea and Concanavalin A known as T-cell stimulator. The experiment 2 was investigated their effects on growth performance, relative organ weight, cecal microflora, blood biochemical parameters, and splenic cytokines mRNA expression in broiler chicks. Four hundred eighty 1-day-old male broiler chicks (Ross 308) were divided in to 4 treatment groups with 4 replicates of 30 birds in each group: NC (control, no antibiotics), PC (avilamycin, 10 ppm; salinomycin, 60 ppm), AC (A. capillaries, 100 ppm), and CS (C. sinensis, 100 ppm); treatments were administered through water supplementation. Final body weight was significantly higher in all treated groups than in NC (p<0.05). Cecal Salmonella numbers were significantly or somewhat decreased in all treated groups than in NC (p<0.05). The relative weights and lengths of the small intestine were more significantly decreased in the PC and AC groups than in the other groups. Cecal Salmonella numbers were significantly or somewhat decreased in all treated groups than in the NC group (p<0.05). The contents of total cholesterol, aspatate aminotransferase, and alanine aminotransferase in blood serum were more significantly decreased in all treated groups than in NC (p<0.05). In conclusion, these results suggested the possibility that these extracts could serve as alternatives for antibiotic growth promoters.

• Journal of Life Science
• /
• v.28 no.2
• /
• pp.141-147
• /
• 2018

This study aimed to analyze the contents of rutin, procyanidin B3, quercetin, and kaempferol, known to have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-carcinogenic effects, among the polyphenol types contained in grape pruning stem extracts (GPSE). It utilized grape stems discarded after harvest to measure the effects of GPSE on skin moisture, inhibition of skin cell proliferation, and anti-inflammatory activity on the damaged skin of HR-1 mice induced with ultraviolet B (UVB), and to verify the applicability of GPSE as a material for functional food and functional cosmetics. The polyphenol was extracted from grape pruning stems with 80% EtOH, and then the extract was used while storing at $-20^{\circ}C$, after filtering, concentrating, and freeze-drying it. The content of an active ingredient of GPSE was analyzed using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). From 53 kg of the grape pruning stem specimen, 2.34 kg of the EtOH fraction extracts were extracted to achieve a 4.42% yield ratio. Analysis of the active ingredients showed 0.28 mg/g of procyanidin B3, 12.81 mg/g of rutin, 0.51 mg/g of quercetin, and 8.24 mg/g of kaempferol. After UVB irradiation on the dermis, to confirm the degree of inhibition of collagen synthesis, we examined the protein expression of MMP-9 using immunohistochemical staining. The results of this study confirm the existence of active polyphenol types, such as rutin, kaempferol, quercetin, and procyanidin B3, in GPSE. Moreover, the study found that GPSE has anti-collagenase effects and it decreases the effects of UV damage on skin barrier function. GPSE is a functional ingredient with a potential for skin protection effects, and it has high utilization potential as an ingredient for functional cosmetics.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
• /
• v.49 no.6
• /
• pp.668-675
• /
• 2017

To assess the physiological effects of Aruncus dioicus var. kamtschaticus extract on cytoxicity of a neuronal cell line, antioxidant activity, and neuroprotection against intensive glucose-induced oxidative stress were quantitated. Compared to the other fractions, the ethyl acetate fraction of Aruncus dioicus var. kamtschaticus (EFAD) showed the highest total phenolics and flavonoids. The 2,2-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) assay and malondialdehyde inhibitory effect test confirmed the superior antioxidant activity of EFAD. Moreover, EFAD also decreased the intracellular ROS level and suppressed neuronal cell death against intensive glucose- or $H_2O_2$-induced oxidative stress. Additionally, assessment of ${\alpha}$-glucosidase and acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activities revealed that EFAD was an effective inhibitor of ${\alpha}$-glucosidase and acetylcholinesterase. Finally, high-performance liquid chromatography analysis identified caffeic acid as the main ingredient of EFAD. Overall, these results suggest that the EFAD is a good natural source of biological compounds that counteract hyperglycemic neuronal defects.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
• /
• v.48 no.5
• /
• pp.508-514
• /
• 2016

Effects of the ethyl acetate fraction from gomchwi (Ligularia fischeri) extract against high $glucose/H_2O_2-induced$ oxidative stress and in vitro neurodegeneration were investigated to confirm the physiological property of the extract. The ethyl acetate fraction of gomchwi extract showed the highest total phenolic contents than the other solvent fractions. An anti-hyperglycemic activity of the ethyl acetate fraction was evaluated using the ${\alpha}-glucosidase$ inhibitory assay, and the half maximal inhibitory concentration ($IC_{50}$) value for ${\alpha}-glucosidase$ was found to be $727.64{\mu}g/mL$. In addition, the ethyl acetate fraction showed excellent 2,2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt radical scavenging activity, and inhibition of malondialdehyde production. The ethyl acetate fraction also decreased intracellular reactive oxygen species, whereas neuronal cell viability against high glucose/$H_2O_2$-induced cytotoxicity was found to be increased. Finally, 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid as a main phenolic compound in the ethyl acetate fraction was analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography. These results suggest that gomchwi might be a good natural source of functional materials to prevent diabetic neurodegeneration.

• Food Science and Preservation
• /
• v.16 no.6
• /
• pp.908-914
• /
• 2009

A central composite design was used to optimize extraction of propolis materials using ethanol. The independent variables in extraction experiments were ethanol concentration (50, 60, 70, 80, 90%, v/v) and extraction time (1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 h). Higher ethanol concentration and shorter extraction time increased total polyphenol content, but total polyphenol concentration began to decrease when ethanol concentration was higher than 80% (v/v). Ethanol concentration was more important than extraction time in optimization of total polyphenol content in propolis extracts. Electron-donating ability increased with ethanol concentration and shorter extraction time, with ethanol concentration being of greater significance. Antioxidant ability in extracts was optimal at an ethanol concentration of 65 - 75% and with an extraction time of 2.2 - 3.6 h. Nitrite-scavenging ability was increased with use of higher ethanol concentration and shorter extraction time. Total flavonoid content was maximized with an ethanol concentration of 68 - 82% and an extraction time of 2.4 - 3.7 h. Total flavonoid content was affected by both ethanol concentration and extraction time. By superimposition of contour plots, an ethanol concentration of 72 - 82% and an extraction time of 2.2 - 3.3 h were optimal for preparation of propolis extracts.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
• /
• v.44 no.5
• /
• pp.607-612
• /
• 2012

Dandelions were fermented for 120 days at $15-20^{\circ}C$ in batches containing thirty and fifty percent raw sugar (FD30 and FD50). The total phenolic concentration of FD30 and FD50 were about $78.9{\pm}2.17$ and $59.35{\pm}2.56$ mg/g, respectively, both being higher than the 2$54.{\pm}1.49$ mg/g determined for DWE (dandelion water extract). The DPPH radical scavenging activity of FD30 and FD50 showed $IC_{50}$ values of $118.7{\pm}2.03$ and $123.40{\pm}2.15{\mu}g/mL$, respectively, and FD30 displayed the highest antioxidant activity. 2 mg/mL of FD30 and FD50 showed $8.8{\pm}1.72$ and $11.8{\pm}2.87{\mu}M$ production of NO, respectively, compared with $4.9{\pm}1.20{\mu}M$ of the dandelion extract. The protease, ${\alpha}$-amylase, and lipase activity of FD50 was the highest. The fibrinolytic activity of FD30 and FD50 were $0.56{\pm}0.28$ and $1.39{\pm}0.20$ unit/mg protein, respectively, which was substantially higher than the 0.28 unit/mg protein of DWE. In conclusion, the dandelions fermented by sugar showed improved antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and enzymatic activities.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
• /
• v.59 no.3
• /
• pp.255-260
• /
• 2016

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) has been played a critical role in damage of DNA. Recently, many effort is focusing to develop the natural antioxidants for controlling ROS. Zelkova serrata, Ulmaceae, is close as plants which are planted in front of Korea villages. Although Zelkova serrata is familiar with Koreans, those of antioxidant activities and protective effects on oxidative DNA damage haven't studied. We demonstrated antioxidant activities and inhibitory effects on oxidative DNA damage of Leaf from Zelkova serrata with ethyl acetate fractions (EA) and hot water extracts (HW). Between the extracts, EA showed higher activities in 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl, 2,2'-azino-bis[3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid radical scavenging, $Fe^{2+}$ chelating and reducing power than HW. Also, those of total phenolic content are 56.63 and 51.61 mg/g respectively. In addition, ${\phi}X$-174 RF I plasmid DNA cleavage assay for inhibitory effect by oxidative DNA damage was both EA and HW has significant protective effect on oxidative DNA damage. The results suggested that leaf from Zelkova serrata with ethyl acetate fractions and hot water extracts have surpassing potential as natural resources with antioxidant and inhibitory effect on oxidative DNA damage.

• Journal of Life Science
• /
• v.28 no.8
• /
• pp.892-899
• /
• 2018

Portulaca oleracea L. is an edible plant widely consumed in daily diet throughout Europe, Asia and America. In this study, protective effects of P. oleracea L. extracts against oxidative stress and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) activity induced by ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation were investigated using HaCaT immortal human keratinocytes. In this context, the mRNA and protein productions of MMPs (MMP-1, -2, and -9) and type I procollagen, which are major markers of photoaging induced by UVB radiation in HaCaT keratinocytes, were evaluated. Furthermore, UVB-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and mRNA and protein expression levels of superoxide dismutase-1 (SOD-1), oxygenase-1 (OH-1), and nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor-2 (Nrf-2), all of which are associated with the antioxidant balance, were investigated. As shown by the results, UVB radiation induced ROS formation and led to increased production of MMPs and decreased collagen production in human keratinocytes, which resulted in skin photoaging or photodamage. The treatment with P. oleracea L. extracts downregulated MMP (MMP-1, -2, and -9) production and upregulated type I procollagen expression in UVB-induced HaCaT cells. Furthermore, treatment with the extracts decreased UVB-induced ROS generation and increased the expression of antioxidant enzymes, such as SOD-1 and OH-1, through the Nrf-2 pathway. Taken together, these results suggest that P. oleracea L. extracts could be a potential cosmeceutical agent for the prevention of skin photoaging or photodamage.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
• /
• v.27 no.1
• /
• pp.11-16
• /
• 2005

Humic substances(HS) from raw and process waters at a conventional water treatment plant were isolated and extracted by physicochemical fractionation methods to investigate their characteristics. They are characterized for their functionality, chemical composition, and spectroscopic characteristics using FT-IR(Fourier transform infrared) and $^1H-NMR$(proton nuclear magnetic resonance) spectroscopy. Humic fraction gradually decreased from 47.2% to 26.4%(from 0.97 to 0.54 mgC/L) through conventional water treatment processes. Concentration of phenolic groups in the HS fraction gradually decreased from 60.5% to 21.8%(from 12.2 to $6.0\;{\mu}M/L$ as phenolic-OH) through water treatment. In the case of carboxylic groups, the concentration increased from 39.5% to 46.9%(from 7.9 to $10.6\;{\mu}M/L$ as COOH) by pre-chlorination, but gradually decreased to 34.2%($9.4\;{\mu}M/L$ as COOH) through sedimentation and sand filtration. From the results of the FT-IR and $^1H-NMR$ spectra of HS, the content of carboxylic groups increased and ratio of aliphatic protons to aromatic protons($P_{Al}/P_{Ar}$) also increased through water treatment, which indicated the increase of aliphatic compounds.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
• /
• v.23 no.4
• /
• pp.433-436
• /
• 1991

Natural compounds which could improve the oxidative stability of fish oil was screened from spices, herbs and naturally occurring antioxidants. Induction period of fish oil determined from oxidation curve by Rancimat ($80^{\circ}C$) was hardly affected with the addition of water-soluble and lipid-soluble fractions of garlic, leek, sesame leave and orange peel, and of organic acids such as citric acid, EDTA and selenium. Caffeic acid, catechin, quercetin and gallic acid laurylester, however, could extend the induction periods by $2.2{\sim}3.8$ times with the addition level of 0.1%(w/w). Rosemary extract and sesamol have a marked effect in retarding oxidation of fish oil. For example, induction periods of the oil samples stabilized with 0.1 rosemary extract and 0.1 sesamol were 16.4 hr and 11.6 hr, respectively, as compared to 4.0 hr of a control. When rosemary extract was used in combination with ascorbic acid (0.02%) or 8-tocopherol (0.2%), induction period could be extended to ca. 28 hr due to the synergism.