• Journal of Life Science
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.211-216
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• 2017

This study aims to reduce the production cost of mushrooms and therefore boost the income of mushroom producers. The addition of a 10% concentration of herb medicine refuse was adequate for promoting mycelium growth in Flammulina velutipes. A moisture content of 60% in the culture medium was adequate for promoting hyphal growth. The optimum temperature and humidity were $16^{\circ}C$ and 70%-85%, respectively. The average yield of Flammulina velutipes fruting body per 1,100 ml bottle was 275-282 g, which is similar to that of the control. The outbreak of diseases such as mildew and bacterial blotch in mushroom was never observed in the bottle treated with herb medicine refuse. Fewer deformed and second-class quality mushrooms were observed than in the control group. Deviation reduced, and mushroom growth was observed to be significantly uniform. The winter mushroom had a white fruiting body with a hemispherical shape. The diameter of the mushroom cap was 9.2-9.3 mm, stipe length was 12.7-12.8 cm, and thickness was 3.3-3.4 mm; these were almost the same as those in the control group. The partial hardness of winter mushrooms in both the experimental and the control groups showed that the stipe ($54.6-57.3g/cm^2$) is a little harder than the mushroom cap ($46.8-47.6g/cm^2$). The calories and nutrients per 100 g of mushrooms in the control and samples were similar to each other.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.31-44
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• 1976

The studies were carried out to examine the effects of supplementation of nutritional substances and physical conditions in substrate on the mycelial growth and yield of fresh sporophores of winter mushroom, Flammulina velutipes(Curt. ex Fr.) Sing. and to obtain further informations on the nutritional requirements of the fungus with reference to improvement of substrate through [analysis of chemical composition of the substrates during the cultivation period. The results obtained are summarized as follows: 1. The best yield of fresh sporophores, 84.4 g per 280 g substrate in a bottle, was obtained from the mixture of poplar sawdust 10 and rice bran 3 by volume when Flammulina velutipes was cultivated on the poplar sawdust supplemented by rice bran, wheat bran, cattle manure and various combinations of these materials as nutrient sources. The substrates of poplar sawdust 10 plus rice bran 3 and 2 or wheat bran 3 with a higher yield of fresh sporophores showed a comparatively higher content of total nitrogen. total sugar, and potassium. 2. The mycelial growth of the fungus was compared on the substrates of poplar sawdust supplemented by the several nutrient sources and poplar sawdust alone. The fastest linear growth occurred on substrates of poplar sawdust alone and poplar sawdust plus cattle manure deficient in sugar and nitrogen sources, but mycelial density was more sparse on the substrates. Also, growth in a solution extracted from these substrates was very meager. 3. In the substrates which varied with bulk density and moisture content optimum bulk density and moisture content for mycelial growth was 0.2g/cc and 72% on a dry weight basis, respectively, but the highest yield of fresh sporophores was obtained at the bulk density of 0.3g/cc and moisture content of 67%. 4. By increasing the ratio of rice bran in poplar sawdust the loss of total weight and ash, content at each stage was increased, and during the cultivation period of 75 days, loss of total weight of the substrates at inoculation was 17.8 to 28.8% and ash content increased about 12%. 5. 11 to 14% of the cellulose and 3 to 4% of the lignin content per original substrate were decreased without a great difference depending of the mixing ratio of rice bran. The soluble glucose concentration in the substrates was increased during the same period. 6. In the process of vegetative and reproductive growth of the fungus upon the substrates, the total nitrogen was increased in quantity per dry weight of sample but was reduced in absolute quantity to a minute extent. There is no great changes in content of organic nitrogen including amino acid nitrogen, and hydrolysable ammonium nitrogen during the vegetative growth period, but occurrence of sporophores resulted in a decrease in the nitrogen content of these forms. On the one hand, by an increase of additive amounts of rice bran, nitrogen contents of these forms were higher and the reduction range during the reproductive growth period became wider. 7. Mycelial growth of the fungus was accelerated in various liquid media supplemented with organic nitrogen sources such as peptone and yeast extract in comparison with addition of inorganic nitrogen sources. Furthermore, mycelial growth was mere vigorous in the media with higher content of organic nitrogen sources.

• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.279-284
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• 2021

Flammulina velutipes is the representative edible mushroom in Korea. It makes up around 18% of the total mushroom production and accounts for about 36% of the total mushroom export. Despite being one of the most industrially important mushroom in Korea, the distribution rate of domestic cultivar was low (~31.6%) in 2020. Therefore, we need a new domestic cultivar with high quality as the main export mushroom. We developed a new white domestic cultivar, 'Seolhan', bred by mating two monokaryotic strains isolated from Baekseung and Woori-1ho. The optimum mycelial growth temperature was 25℃ and Seolhan had higher mycelial growth than the control at 20 and 25℃. In bottle cultivation, the optimum temperature of incubation was from 15℃ to 17℃ and the growth temperature of Seolhan was 7-8℃, which was slightly higher than that of the control. The yield of Seolan was 226.5±8.0 g, an increase of 18.4% compared to the control. The period of primodia formation also was a couple of days ahead. In morphological traits, the pileus of Seolhan was smaller than that of the control, the stipe was thicker, and the color brighter. As the results of replacement culture and genetic diversity test, it was confirmed that Seolhan was genetically different from other white varieties.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.16-21
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• 2000

Super water absorbent (CPAM-AS-hyd-1) was prepared by polymerization of acrylamide and allyl sulfonate salt with N,N'-methylene-bis-acrylamide as crosslinking agent, followed by alkaline hydrolysis and the effect on mycelial growth and sporophore production of edible mushrooms in the artificial cultivation was examined. The mycelial growth of edible mushrooms did not depend on the addition of super water absorbent upto 200 g of hydrated polymer gel per 100 cc medium. The proper hydrated polymer gel concentration for sporophore production of Pleurotus sajor-caju and Hericium erinaceus were 200 g and $200{\sim}250\;g$ per 100 cc medium, respectively. The proper hydrated polymer gel and puffed rice hull concentration for sporophore production of Flammulina velutipes was 200 g per 100 mm medium and 10% (v/v), respectively.

• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.3 no.4
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• pp.140-144
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• 2005

This study was conducted to verify the cause of suppression symptom in mycelial growth during summer and to be able to establish a countermeasure. Cultivation of Flammulina velutipes was experimented with varying elapsed time of 0, 3, 6, 9 hours after mixing the sawdust media and two kinds of water temperature (normal water, $24^{\circ}C$ and cold water, $6^{\circ}C$) for mixing sawdust media. There were trends of increased media temperature from $24^{\circ}C$ to $31^{\circ}C$ and decreased pH from 6.5 to 5.2~5.6 with varying elapsed time from mixing the media to sterilization. Bacterial density also increased with bacterial density in Medium $24^{\circ}C$ being 1.9~4.1 times higher than that in Medium 6. Growth of F. velutipes was delayed with dual culture of bacteria isolated from sawdust media. Total nitrogen content of sawdust media was lowered by elapsed time from mixing the media to sterilization. The use of normal water($24^{\circ}C$) delayed mushroom growth by 1~2 days compared with that of cold water($6^{\circ}C$). Furthermore, mycelial growth of F. velutipes in the bottle cultivation ceased 9 hours after mixing the media. Primordia formation of F. velutipes was delayed by 1~3 days by elapsed time after mixing sawdust media, while fruit-body yield decreased by 7~12% 6 hours after mixing the media. Fruit-body yield was more stabilized with the use of cold water($6^{\circ}C$) than with that of normal water($24^{\circ}C$). Results showed that it is effective to use cold water as low as $6^{\circ}C$ in mixing media for F. velutipes cultivation, especially during summer when environmental temperature is high, high pressure sterilization after bottling work can prevent bacterial propagation in the media and can stabilize media ingredient.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.222-228
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• 1992

Pleurotus florida was transformed by complementation of auxotrophic mutant using chimeric plasmid containing Flammulina velutipes leu 2 gene and pBR 322 replicon. Mycelial morphology of transformants was grown and compared on mushroom complete and minimal medium. Transformants were mated with monokaryon and their genetic recombination was investigated for the morphology of fruitbody and spore analysis. $Leu^+$ transformant showed same mating type of $A_1B_1$ as to the untransformed mutant. The transformant and the untransformed mutant were mated with monokaryon of which mating type is $A_2B_1$, respectively. Although fruitbody of the untransformed mutant was not produced, $leu^+$ transformant produced fruitbody. Spore analysis showed that leucine requiring spores from fruitbody of $leu^+$ transformant were diminished when compared with those of untransformed mutant.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.306-309
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• 1993

Vegetable oils supplemented to the basal medicum stimulated mycelial growth of Flammulina velutipes. The mycelial yield was increased 3.5 folds by addition of 3% (v/v) ricebran oil. Maximum mycelial yield (18.2mg/ml) was obtained by addition of 3.0% ricebran oil with 1.0% $CaCl_2$ to the basal medium. There was no significant difference between the liquid and solid spawn in the yield of sporophores.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.70-78
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• 1988

To obtain basic information for the genetic analysis and breeding of Flammulina velutipes, some factors affecting the release of protoplasts from the fungus were studied. Potato Dextrose peptone Agar medium was suitable for the growth of the mycelium and the protoplast formation of F. velutipes. The culture age for the high yields of protoplast was 5 days on PDPA. Few protoplasts were formed from the mycelium cultured on Mushroom minimum Media. The highest yield of protoplasts was obtained in enzyme solution containing Novozyme 234 plus cellulase CP at 10 mg $ml^{-1}$ concentration, while a half amount of protoplasts was obtained in enzyme solution containing Novozyme 234 only. The optimal reaction time of the mycelium in the Iytic enzyme mixtures was 3 hours. The best osmotic stabilizer for the protoplast formation of the mycelium was 0.6M sucrose without buffer at pH 6.2.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.24 no.4 s.79
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• pp.237-245
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• 1996

Esterase isozyme band patterns were compared between the wild strain and commercial strain of Flammulina velutipes. Monospores were isolated from wild strain. ASI4019 and their mating types were determined. We investigated the relationship between pigmentation on the plate and fruitbody color to understand genetic relationship among F. velutipes strains. Dikaryotic strains mated between nonpigmenting strains produced white fruitbodies. However dikaryon obtained from mating between nonpigmenting monokaryon and brown pigmenting monokaryon produced brown fruitbody as the dikaryon obtained from mating of brown pigmenting monokaryons. The white fruitbody from wild strain was distinguished from that of commercial strain. When the nonpigmenting wild monokaryon was mated with commercial monokaryon, pale brown mushroom was produced. The BC1F1 was obtained by mating the above mentioned $F_1$ with commercial monokaryon. Fruitbody color of BC1F1 shared two types; one strain with all pale brown fruitbodies, and the other strain with separated eight pale brown and two mixed type involving pale brown and white fruitbodies.

• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.218-223
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• 2019

Flammulina velutipes, known as winter mushroom or Enokitake, is an important edible mushroom in Korea. In 2017, approximately 28,000 tons of this mushroom were produced in Korea, putting its output at the third place, behind the oyster and king oyster mushrooms. Despite its high production, F. velutipes has the lowest distribution rate of domestic cultivars, estimated to be about 28 percent. To increase the income of farms and provide more options to consumers, we developed a new golden domestic cultivar 'Auram'. 'Auram' was bred by mating two monokaryotic strains isolated from ASI 4103 and ASI 4111. Auram has bright golden, hemispheric shaped caps, and light brown stipes, making it strikingly different from the control. The optimum mycelial growth temperature was 25℃, but Auram mostly displayed higher mycelial growth than the control in a wide range of temperatures. The yield of Auram (257.4 ± 13.5 g) was high, and the period of fruit body growth was also a couple of days ahead in bottle cultivation, compared with the control. Auram received a more favorable evaluation from farms and distributors than the control for its appearance, because the fruit body of Auram had an attractive golden color, and the spotted cap often seen in the control was not observed.