• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.259-270
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• 2020

Plants Social Network (PSN) was first used in recent studies to incorporate the plant sociology methods for the understanding of plant society with the social network analysis methods that have recently attracted attention in the social science and visualize and analyze a PSN. The process of construction and analysis on PSN proceeds in the order of setting up the survey area, investigating the appearance plants species on plots of 100㎡, analyzing the interspecific association, building the sociogram, and analyzing the network structure and centrality. This study established a PSN by investigating the appearance species after installing 708 plots to include various dominant vegetational physiognomies in Busan Metropolitan City, where coastal and inland vegetation could be observed simultaneously. The survey found a total of 195 species, including 42 species of evergreen, 151 species of deciduous trees, and 2 species of semi-evergreen trees. The interspecies binding analysis was performed with the focus on the total number of species. It showed the number of friendly species in the order of Eurya japonica (47 species), Trachelospermum asiaticum (46 species), Linder glauca (44 species), Sorbus alnifolia (44 species), and Ligustrum japonicum (41 species). Based on it, we generated a sociogram using Gephi 0.9.2 program. The sociogram was divided into groups that appeared mostly on the coast and those that did not, reflecting the geographical distribution characteristics of forest vegetation in Busan. The analysis of the network structured showed 1,709 links and an average of 17.5 species having interspecies binding with a species. The density was 0.09, the diameter was 5, and the average path distance was 2.268. We concluded that various PSNs should be established in the future for precise comparative analysis of network characteristics in the social science field. In the PSN of Busan Metropolitan City, Eurya japonica, Linder glauca, Ligustrum japonicum, and Trachelospermum asiaticum showed high centrality.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.80 no.4
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• pp.393-407
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• 1991

The vegetation structure within Chamaecyparis obtusa plantation was analyzed for the purpose of applying the effective forestation method for Chmaecyparis obtusa plantation, tending and regeneration in the southern districts of korea. The results were as follows ; 1. The importance percentage was high in the order of Eurya japonica, Rhus verniciflua, Chamaecyparis obtusa, Lindera erythrocarpa, Carpinus laxiflora, Styrax japonica, Viburnum dilatatum, Zanthoxylum piperitum and Smilax china among the vegetation of Chamaecyparis obtusa. Importance percentage of natural seedling of Chamaecyparis obtusa was high in lower story but gradually decreased in middle story. 2. The basal area of upper trees had a negative correlation with the density of natural seedlings in the middle and lower story, and it represents that the basal area of upper trees had some effect on the density of natural seedlings within understories. 3. The rate of the A and B class by Raunkiaer's frequency was higher in the vegetation of middle story than that of lower story. 4. By Morisita's index, the species of Chamaecyparis obtusa, Rhus verniciflua, Lindera erythrocarpa, Smilax china. Callicarpa japonica and Lindera obtusiloba were randomly distributed at lower story, but they were aggregatively distributed at middle story. At all of middle and lower story, Eurya japonica and Viburum dilatatum were randomly distributed, and Carpinus laxiflora, Zanthoxylum piperitum and Picrasma quassioides were aggregatively distributed. 5. The number of appearance species and the value of species diversity in western survey area were more than that of eastern survey area. 6. The value of species diversity at lower story was higher than that of middle story, and it represents that the number of individuals of appearance species was composed more even at lover story than middle story. 7. According to cluster analysis by similarity index, the survey areas were separated from inland and seacoast districts. 8. Judging from each stories ordination analysis by dissimilarity index, the vegetation was separated from lower and middle story, and the vegetation of lower story was more progressed succession stage than that of middle story. 9. In Chamaecyparis obtusa stands, Eurya japonica had a positive correlation with Sorbus alnifolia, Hex macropoda. Ficus erecta and Trachelospermum asiaticum, but it had a negative correlation with Zanthoxylum piperitum, Carpinus laxiflora and Parthenocissus tricuspidata. 10. In estimation of the productivity of Chamaecyparis obtusa stands, the value of SC (Conic surface) and VP (Parabolic volume) for upper trees was 94.5% and 99.63%, respectively and SC and VP of middle story was 5.49% and 0.37%, respectively. In the species of middle story, material productivity was high in order of Eurya japonica. Lindera eryhrocarpa, Rhus verniciflua. Carpinus laxiflora and Styrax japonica.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.47 no.6
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• pp.12-23
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• 2019

The purpose of this study was to develop and study an experiential natural education program that could emphasize the importance of the natural environment by providing natural experience opportunities using the natural resources of the urban forest parks using Youngheung Park in Suwon, Gyeonggi Province as a target site. The research target was limited to Suwon Yeongheung Park, which had the potential to become a place for education, where urban forest conservation and sustainable use already coexist. The natural education resources derived by surveying and analyzing the basic environment and the ecology of plants and animals in Suwon Yeongheung Park were organized to establish program goals, directions, and themes. Suwon Yeongheung Park is a water-rich forest that forms an ecological system of wetlands, including rice paddies, muknon wetlands, and dungbun, near a valley area. The U-shaped walkway was smoothly formed along the ridge and includes Doran-gil, which is among the Palochrome Road, designated by the city of Suwon. The soil is acidic, with a pH 4.40, due to urban pollution and acid rain, and is not good for plant growth. Most of the artificial forests, natural forests, and arable land were found using land use and extant life surveys. Old trees were distributed in artificial forests, the oak clusters in natural forests, and the fields and darrinones were distributed in the arable areas. As the forest vegetation declined, the cedar forest was underway, and the cedar trees and red bean pear trees were cultivated due to their adaptability to the urban environment. There are 13 large of 180 sacks, one being 109 centimeters in diameter, the largest silvery tree, and 105 oak trees, provide food and shelter for animals. Six species of waterfowl that used the 22 kinds of forest wetlands, while four species of amphibians and two species of reptiles reside in the wetlands. Natural Monument No. 327, Mauryuk, Class II Endangered Wildlife, was also observed in the wetlands. Eight other species of surface dragonflies and three species of butterflies were observed. By systemizing the resources, members, and characteristics of the forest ecosystems in Suwon Yeongheung Park based on five criteria, the program for a hands-on natural education was presented with the aim of understanding the urban forest ecosystem in Suwon Yeongheung Park, having an affinity with the city, and recognizing its relationship with the community and society. However, further research is needed as there are limitations of research on programs characterized by different ages and classes.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.104 no.4
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• pp.564-577
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• 2015

The objectives of this study were to investigate the possibility of establishing a tree nursery at Saemangeum reclaimed land and to classify landscape trees based on the salt tolerance. A tree nursery (2.0 ha) was made in Gunsan Okgu area in 2012 with underground drain lines on the reclaimed land established in 2010. Salt content of the nursery soil within the 60 cm depth in 2013 was 5.13 dS/m and 8.20 dS/m for the pre-desalinated and non-desalinated lands, respectively. Thirty-six woody plant species (22 tree species and 14 shrub species at ages of 1 to 4) with a total of 3,943 individuals were planted in early April, 2013 and their growth performance was monitored until September of the same year. The average survival rate of the transplanted plants was 71.4% in late September, suggesting the high possibility of establishing a tree nursery at the reclaimed land. Based on the survival rate and tree vigor (amount of healthy leaves and crown development), the following 17 species with some salt tolerance were classified into three groups: "salt tolerant group" (3 species, Tamarix chinensis, Cudrania tricuspidata, Ilex serrata), "recommended group" (5 species, Pinus thunbergii, Albizia julibrissin, Ligustrum obtusifolium, Rosa rugosa, Pleioblatus pygmaeus), "plantable group" (9 species, Zelkova serrata, Hibiscus syriacus, Elaeagnus umbellata, Sorbus alnifolia, Sophora japonica, Metasequoia glyptostroboides, Quercus acutissima, Ulmus parvifolia, Robinia pseudoacacia). Seven tree species that had been adapted to the reclaimed land for three to four years before being transplanted to new reclaimed land in Gunsan Okgu area showed average survival rate of 98%, suggesting that pre-conditioned trees would survive well in the reclaimed land.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.27 no.5
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• pp.579-591
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• 2013

This study was carried out to investigate the actual vegetation, the structure of plant community, and ecological succession sere of forest ecosystem in temperate northern climate zone, Daegwallyeong Ranch, Gangwon-do (Province) and to offer the basic data for planning of the forest managemant. As a result of analysis of actual vegetation, vegetation types divided into 56types and the area of survey site was $19,397,361m^2$. The ratio of vegetation type dominated by Quercus mongolica forest was 39.1%, primary grassland was 24.7%, Quercus mongolica-Deciduous broad-leaved forest was 11.3%. Twenty eight plots (size is $20m{\times}20m$) were set up and the results analyzed by DCA which in one of the ordination technique showed that the plant communities were divided into six groups which area community I (Pinus densiflora-Quercus mongolica community), community II (Quercus mongolica-Pinus densiflora community), community III (Quercus mongolica community), community IV (Quercus mongolica-Deciduous broad-leaved community), community V (Deciduous broad-leaved community), community VI (Sorbus alnifolia community). The age of community Iwas ranged from 57 to 62 years old, that of community IIwas ranged from 41 to 77 years old, community III was ranged from 47 to 108 years old, community IV was ranged from 47 to 82 years old, community V was 47 years old, community VI was 55 years old, thus we supposed that the age of the study site is about from 41 to 108 years old. The Ecological succession is predicted from Pinus densiflora community to Quercus mongolica community and Deciduous broad-leaved were distributed in the center of the valley in Daegwallyeong Ranch. According to the index of Shannon's diversity (unit: $400m^2$), community IV was ranged from 0.8203 to 1.1439, community III was ranged from 0.8019 to 1.1375, community V was 1.0993, community I was ranged from 0.9475 to 1.0797, community II was ranged from 0.6896 to 1.0324, community VI was 0.9909.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.65-79
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• 1991

In order to investigate the species composition and the colony density of ants in Mt. Namsan, Seoul, 39 quadrats were installed in 13 vegetations, 443 colonies of ants were collected from June, 1989 to October, 1990. As the result, 4 subfamilies, 23 genera, 28 species was confirmed. Among them, Cerapachys humicola $O_{GATA}$ is new to Korean fauna along with the subfamily Cerapachinae. For the species composition of ant communities in each vegetation, Robinia pseudoacacia vegetation(containing 3 subfamilies, 14 genera, 15 species-53.6% of all colonies collected in Mt. Namsan) and Quercus mongolica vegetation (3 subfamiles, 12 genera, 14 species -50%) showed relatively rich composition, while Platunus orientalis vegetation (3 subfamilies, 3 genera, 3 species) showed the simplest composition. Colony density was the highest in Prunus sargentii vegetation (7.875 colony /$m^2$) and the lowest in Platunus orientalis (1.000 colony/$m^2$). The relative density of Paratrechina flavipes proved to be the highest (RD = 0.422) and that of Cerapachys humicola $O_{GATA}$ Massor aciculatus was the lowest (RD = O. 002 respectively). In the analysis of the similarity of ant communities between each vegetation by S¢rensen's coefficient, Prunus sargentii was very similar to Sorbus alnifolia (0.745) and Pinus densiflora (0.736), but had the lowest similarity to Metasequoia glyptostoboides and Chamaecyparis pisifera vegetation (0.164 respectively). Dominance of ants in each vegetation analyzed by Simpson'formula was found to be high in Platunus orientalis ($\lambda$ = 0.393) and Sorbus alnifolia ($\lambda$ = 0.392) and the lowest in Metasequoia glyptostroboides vegetation($\lambda$= 0.067). The analysis of diversity by reverse Simpson's coefficient revealed that it was high in Metasequoia glyptostroboides ($d_s$ = 14.925), Pinus rigida ($d_s$ = 7.874) and was the lowest in Platunus orientalis vegetation ($d_s$ = 2.545). Evenness calculated by using d. and $d_{max}$(maximal diversity) was high in Metasequoia glyptostroboides ($E_s$ = 0.714) and Chamaecyparis pisifera vegetation ($E_s$ = 0.624). On the contrary, Quercus mongo/ica vegetation had the lowest value of evenness ($E_s$ = 0.182).

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.39-45
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• 2012

To explore on the defense strategies against hervivory of 67 broadleaved tree species, morphological characteristics of the leaf, leaf domatia structure and the number, herbivores insects and mites on the leaves, collected from the trees growing in Taean-gun, Chuncheongnam-do were investigated. 46 broadleaved tree species(68.7%) had the domatia structures, and 21 species including Quercus salicina and Magnolia grandiflora did not. 31 species including Juglans mandshurica and Carpinus laxiflora reveals tuft type, 12 species including Quercus dentata and Corylus heterophylla reveals pocket+tuft type, and 2 species, Sorbus alnifolia and Prunus yedoensis does pocket type, and Viburnum odoratissimum var. awabuki does pouch type. Domatia number per leaf proves the highest figures, 23.4/leaf for Quercus dentata. Plant defense strategies using leaf lower-surface trichomes of Magnolia grandiflora reveals dense villous, those of Populus alba and Vitis vinifera reveals dense pilose, that of Elaeagnus umbellata does dense scaly hairs, that of Pueraria lobata does dense strigose. Plant defense strategies using extrafloral nectaries were adapted 23 tree species(34.3%). Observed examples are Prunus tomentosa, Ficus carica, Viburnum dilatatum and Carpinus laxiflora. Predatory mites were observed on the leaves of 40 tree species(59.7%), and mean values of predatory mites was highest values 23.4/leaf in Quercus dentata. Minute arthropods destroying the leaf of broadleaved trees. are such as Periphyllus californiensis, P. viridis, Diaspididae sp., gall mites, thrips, and total numbers observed were odered gall mites, Diaspididae sp., aphids and thrips. Natural enemies of these hervivores arthropods are such as predatory mites, Chilocorus rubidus, Coccinella septempunctata and the nymph, Aphidius ervi. These results indicate that defense strategies including protective mutualisms may be frequent in the temperate broadleave trees.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.208-220
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• 2019

The seasonality of leaf fall has important implications for understanding the response of trees' phenology to climate change. In this study, we quantified the leaf fall pattern with a model to estimate the timing and speed of leaf litter according to species and considered the nutrient use strategy of canopy species. In the autumns of 2015 and 2016, leaf litter was collected periodically using 36 litter-traps from the deciduous forests in Gwangneung and sorted by species. The seasonal leaf fall pattern was estimated using the non-linear regression model of Dixon. Additionally, the resorption rate was calculated by analyzing the nitrogen concentration of the leaf litter at each collection time. The leaf litter generally began in early October and ended in mid-November depending on the species. At the peak time (T50) of leaf fall, on average, Carpinus laxiflora was first, and Quercus serrata was last. The rate of leaf fall was fastest (18.6 days) for Sorbus alnifolia in 2016 and slowest (40.8 days) for C. cordata in 2015. The nitrogen resorption rates at T50 were 0.45% for Q. serrata and 0.48% for C. laxiflora, and the resorption rate in 2015 with less precipitation was higher than in 2016. Since falling of leaf litter is affected by environmental factors such as temperature, precipitation, photoperiod, and $CO_2$ during the period attached foliage, the leaf fall pattern and nitrogen resorption differed year by year depending on the species. If we quantify the fall phenomena of deciduous trees and analyze them according to various conditions, we can predict whether the changes in leaf fall timing and speed due to climate change will prolong or shorten the growth period of trees. In addition, it may be possible to consider how this affects their nutrient use strategy.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.51 no.4
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• pp.259-267
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• 2018

This study was conducted to confirm phenological response of main deciduous woody species in Korea according to elevated temperature. Based on seeds collected from the same place, 39 woody species were cultivated in field (control) and in greenhouse (treatment) that was maintained above base temperature ($4.8^{\circ}C$). And then, we observed phenotype change of leaves focused on phenological response and explained relation with their current distribution area. As a result, initiation period of leaves unfolding was 1st~3rd, May in control. It was 13, December~7, January in treatment. Period of leaves yellowing was 11~26, October in control. It was 30, October~13, November in treatment. Consequently, initiation period of leaves unfolding was faster by 119~140 days and period of leaves yellowing was slower by 3~32 days since elevated temperature. Period of leaves growth increased in treatment by 148 days than control. Quercus mongolica and Quercus serrata that cultivated in treatment was changed as evergreen trees which have grown up continuely during one year. Also, initiation period of leaves unfolding of Sorbus alnifolia in treatment was faster than in control. However, difference of the period between control and treatment was smallest. Because period of yellowing leaves was moved ahead. Phenological response of leaves according to elevated temperature had no relation of type of their current distribution area. This is the result of acclimation due to elevated temperature during the winter and suggests that the phenotype of leaves of 39 deciduous woody species is more sensitive to the current growth condition than to the past growth condition.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.50 no.2
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• pp.41-63
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• 2022

The purpose of this study is to secure objective and precise data through ecosystem monitoring, to reveal ecological characteristics through comparison and analysis with past survey data, and to accumulate basic data for diagnosing the current situation and predicting changes in the ecosystem. The target site is the 'Quercus mongolica forest on the Buksa-myeon of Namsan', which was designated as an Ecological Landscape Conservation Area (ELCA) of Seoul in July 2006. The research contents are analysis of soil environment change (1986~2016), change of actual vegetation (1978~2016), and change of plant community structure (1994~2016). A total of 8 fixed surveys (400~1,200m²) were established in 1994 and 2000. Analysis items are importance value, species and population, and Shannon's species diversity. The soil environment of Namsan is acidic (pH 4.40 in 2016), which is expected to have a negative impact on tree growth and vegetation structure due to its low capacity for exchangeable cations. Quercus mongolica forest in Namsan is mainly distributed on the northern slopes. The actual vegetation area changed from 49.4% in 1978 → 80.7% in 1986 → 82.4% in 2000 → 88.3% in 2005 → 88.3% in 2009 → 70.3% in 2016. In 2016, the forest decreased by 18% compared to 2009. While there was increased growth of Quercus mongolica in the tree layer from 2009 to 2016, the overall decline in vegetation area was due to logging and fumigation management following the spread of oak wilt in 2012. As for the changes in the plant community structure, Quercus mongolica of the tree layer was damaged by oak wilt, and the potential vegetation that can form the next generation was ambiguous. In the subtree layer, the force of urbanization tree species such as Styrax japonicus, Sorbus alnifolia, and Acer palmatum. was maintained or increased. In the shrub layer, the number of trees and species increased significantly due to the open tree crown, and accordingly, the species diversity of Shannon for woody plants also increased. In Quercus mongolica forest of Namsan, various ecological changes are occurring due to the effects of urban environments such as air pollution and acid rain, the limitation of Quercus mongolica pure forest due to oak wilt, and the introduction of exotic species, thus, it is necessary to establish a management plan through continuous monitoring.