• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.81-85
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• 1991

Lipids in dry peas were extracted by the mixture of chloroform-methanol-water, and from the extracted lipids triacylglycerols(TG) were separated by thin layer chromatography. TG were separated into different fractions according to partition numbers by HPLC. Each of these collected fractions was analyzed on the basis of acyl carbon number by GLC, and their fatty acid compositions were also analyzed by GLC. From these results, the possible fatty acid combinations of TG in dry peas were estimated to be thirty three kinds and the major kinds were as follows $C_{16:0}C_{18:2}C_{18:2}(13.4%),\;C_{18:1}C_{18:2}C_{18:3}(9.3%),\;C_{18:1}C_{18:2}C_{18:2}(9.2%),\;C_{18:2}C_{18:2}C_{18:2}(8.1%),\;C_{18:2}C_{18:2}C_{18:3}(6.4%),\;and\;C_{18:0}C_{18:1}C_{18:2}(5.4%)$.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.77-81
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• 1987

No difference was observed on autoxidative stability of triacylglycerols before and after randomyl interesterification. It indicate that randomization of the glyceride composition has no significant effect on the autoxidative stability. On the other hand, the autoxidation of randomyl interesterified vegetable oil was accelerated, caused mainly by decrease of tocopherols during the series of interesterification procedures.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.11 no.5
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• pp.542-549
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• 1998

Dietary orotic acid is known to induce the fatty liver. Fatty acid profiles in the lipid fraction of the liver and the serum in rats fed with or with orotic acid diet were analyzed. In all the hepatic lipid fraction of rats fed on the supplemented orotic acid diet, there was a significant increased in linoleic acid. In addition, linoleic acid was also increased in the triacylglycerol fraction of hepatic endoplasmic reticulum and the triacylglycerol and diacylglycerol fractions of hepatic Golgi apparatus of the orotic acid-feeding rats. In the time course study of the fatty acid profile in the hepatic triacylglycerol and diacylgycerol fractions, an increase of linoleic acid was observed similarly in the initial stages of orotic acid intake in the both fractions. However, linoleic acid in the serum triacylglycerol fraction of orotic acid-feeding rats increased from day 1, but it began to decrease the increment from day 2, resulting in the lower level of linoleic acid in the serum triacylglycerol fraction of orotic acid-feeding rats than that of rat fed a orotic acid-free diet after 10 days. Oleic acid (18:1) was increased in the only cholesteryl ester fraction of helpatic. However, oleic acid level in other fractions was not changed. The compositions of 14:0, 16:0 and 18:0 was reduced in the hepatic triacylogylcerol, diacylglycerol and cholesteryl ester fractions by orotic acid-feeding. However, these saturated fatty acids were significantly increased in the serum triacylglycerol fractions. The orotic acid indcued changes in linoleic acid level in hepatic triacylglycerol may be explained by the impaired fatty acid metabolism and limited excretion of this fatty acid from liver to serum.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.35-44
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• 1998

All the triacylglycerols including the molecular species having ${\Delta}^5$-unsaturated fatty acids from the seeds of Pinus Koraiensis, were split into a mixture of diacylglycerols by a Grignard reagent prepared with allyl bromide without arousing acyl chains of a glycerol moiety to migration, and were also easily partially hydrolyzed to diacylglycerols by pancreatic lipase. (S)-(+)-(1-naphthyl)ethyl urethane(NEU) derivatives of the diacylglycerol mixture derived from the triacylglycerols were fractionated into sn-1, 3-, sn-1, 2- and sn-2, 3-DG-NEU by silica-HPLC and the fatty acid composition of these fractions was analysed. $C_{18:1{\omega}9}$ is distributed evenly in the three positions of TG with $C_{18:2{\omega}6}$ mainly located in sn-2 position, while ${\Delta}^5$-unsaturated fatty acids such as ${\Delta}^{5.9}-C_{18:2}$, ${\Delta}^{5.9.12}-C_{18:3}$ and ${\Delta}^{5.11.14}-C_{20:3}$ are exclusively present in the sn-3 position. These results could be confirmed by $^{13}C$-NMR spectroscopy : the signals at $^{\delta}$173.231 ppm and $^{\delta}$172.811 ppm of the carbonyl carbon of acyl moieties indicate the presence of saturated acids and/or $C_{18:1{\omega}9}$ (oleic acid) in the ${\alpha}({\alpha}')$- or ${\beta}$- positions, and $C_{18:2{\omega}6}$ including $C_{18:1{\omega}9}$ in the ${\beta}$-position, respectively. In addition, the resonance at $^{\delta}$173.044 ppm suggested a location of ${\Delta}^5$-unsaturated fatty acid moiety in the ${\alpha}({\alpha}')$-position.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.134-139
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• 1987

The triglycerides of walnut oil were fractionated by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) on the basis of partition number (PN). Each triglyceride was finally fractionated on the basis of aryl carbon numbers (CN) by gas-liquid chromatography (GLC). The fatty acids of triglyceride for each PN group were analyzed by GLC. Also, the fatty acid at ${\beta}-position$ of glycerol in each PN fraction separated by HPLC was determined by enzymatic hydrolysis with pancreatic lipase. The major triglyceride molecular species of walnut oil were $C_{18:2}{\cdot}C_{18:2}{\cdot}C_{18:1}$(LLO; 10.9%), $C_{18:3}{\cdot}C_{18:2}{\cdot}C_{18:2}$(LnLL; 17.6%) and $C_{18:2}{\cdot}C_{18:2}{\cdot}C_{18:2}$(LLL; 37.3%). The triglyceride molecular species occupied by unsaturated fatty acid at ${\beta}-position$ were more than 90%.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.376-383
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• 2010

Including crude fat content, triacylglycerol species, tocopherols and phytosterols were analyzed in 8 kinds of nuts (sunflower seed, cashew nut, walnut, pistachio, pumpkin seed, ginkgo, hazel nut and pecan). The extracted crude fats showed 0.63~39.60 wt%, among which hazel nut showed the highest amount of fat content. Oleic acid (C18:1) was major fatty acids at sn-2 position in cashew nut, pistachio, hazel nut, and pecan while sunflower seed, walnut, and pumpkin seed showed linoleic acid (C18:2) as a major fatty acids at sn-2 position. Especially, ginkgo contained 10.72 wt% of vaccenic acid (C18:1-n7) at sn-2 position. The TAG species of 8 kinds of nuts were analyzed by reverse-phase HPLC, from which PN value ranged 40~52. Among the analyzed nuts, higher content of tocopherols were observed in ginkgo (48.57 mg/100 g), sunflower seed (38.35 mg/100 g), and pumpkin seed(31.43 mg/100 g). Total phytosterols were observed with the range of 88.60~947.20 mg/100 g.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.31-38
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• 2008

Line scan diffusion weighted imaging (LSDI) pulse sequence for 0.32 T magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) system was developed. In the LSDI pulse sequence, the imaging volume is formed by the intersection of the two perpendicular planes selected by the two slice-selective $\pi$/2-pulse and $\pi$-pulse and two diffusion sensitizing gradients placed on the both side of the refocusing $\pi$-pulse and the standard frequency encoding readout was followed. Since the maximum gradient amplitude for the MR system was 15 mT/m the maximum b value was $301.50s/mm^2$. Using the developed LSDI pulse sequence, the diffusion weighted images for the aqueous NaCl solution phantom and triacylglycerol solution phantom calculated from the line scan diffusion weighted images gives the same results within the standard error range (mean diffusivities = $963.90{\pm}79.83({\times}10^{-6}mm^2/s)$ at 0.32 T, $956.77{\pm}4.12({\times}10^{-6}mm^2/s)$ at 1.5 T) and the LSDI images were insensitive to the magnetic susceptibility difference and chemical shift.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.28 no.10
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• pp.1233-1243
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• 2018

Sterol regulatory-element binding proteins (SREBPs) are a family of transcription factors that regulate lipid homeostasis and metabolism by controlling the expression of enzymes required for endogenous cholesterol, fatty acid (FA), triacylglycerol, and phospholipid synthesis. The three SREBPs are encoded by two different genes. The SREBP1 gene gives rise to SREBP-1a and SREBP-1c, which are derived from utilization of alternate promoters that yield transcripts in which distinct first exons are spliced to a common second exon. SREBP-2 is derived from a separate gene. Additionally, SREBPs are implicated in numerous pathogenic processes, such as endoplasmic reticulum stress, inflammation, autophagy, and apoptosis. They also contribute to obesity, dyslipidemia, diabetes mellitus, and nonalcoholic fatty liver diseases. Genome-wide analyses have revealed that these versatile transcription factors act as important nodes of biological signaling networks. Changes in cell metabolism and growth are reciprocally linked through SREBPs. Anabolic and growth signaling pathways branch off and connect to multiple steps of SREBP activation and form complex regulatory networks. SREBPs are activated through the PI3K-Akt-mTOR pathway in these processes, but the molecular mechanism remains to be understood. This review aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the role of SREBPs in physiology and pathophysiology at the cell, organ, and organism levels.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.16 no.5
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• pp.726-733
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• 2009

Six types of oil were extracted from pomegranate seed, mung bean, pepper seed, safflower seed, seeds of Cassia tora Linnaeus, and perilla seed. The extracted seed oils were analyzed for total and positional fatty acid composition, triacylglycerol (TAG) level, and tocopherol content. Crude fat levels measured by the Folch method were 21.64% in perilla seed, 13.85% in safflower seed, 9.60% in pepper seed, 8.85% in pomegranate seed, 2.25% in mung bean, and 2.00% in C. tora,respectively (all w/w). Linoleic acid (C18:2) was the most abundant fatty acid at the sn-2 position of triacylglycerols (TAGs), ranging from 15.99-88.3 wt%. The composition of TAGs was analyzed by reverse-phase HPLC, and TAGs of seed oils showed partition numbers of 36-48. The highest content (377.74 mg/100 g) of total tocopherol was found in pomegranate seed whereas the total tocopherol content of mung bean, C. tora, pepper seed, perilla seed, and safflower seed were 141.16, 107.23, 33.88, 30.05, and 29.80 mg/100 g, respectively.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.1-9
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• 1998

The lipids from the seeds of Pinus koraiensis mostly composed of triacylglycerols (TGs), in which linoleic acid (46.2 mol%) and oleic acid (25.6 mol%) are present as main components in the fatty acid composition. Surprisingly, they also have unusual fatty acids with ${\Delta}^5$-double bond systems such as ${\Delta}^{5.9.12}-C_{18:3}$ (16.0 mol%), ${\Delta}^{5.9}-C_{18:2}$ (2.3 mol%) and ${\Delta}^{5.11.14}-C_{20:3}$ (0.8 mol%). Saturated fatty acids of palmitic, stearic and arachidic acid were present in less than 8.0 mol%. TG was resolved into 17 fractions by reverse-phase HPLC according to so-called partition number (PN) suggested by Plattner, in which TG molecules with ${\Delta}^{5}$-NMDB acyl chains eluted later than did those with ${\Delta}^{9}$-MDB acyl radicals. $Ag^+$-HPLC separated the TG into 14 fractions more clearly than did those with ${\Delta}^{9}$-MDB acyl radicals. $Ag^+$-HPLC separated the TG into 14 fractions more clearly than did reverse-phase HPLC, and the complexity of ${\Delta}^{5.9.12}-C_{18:3}$ moiety with silver ion impregnated in the column bed was in the level between ${\Delta}^{9.12.15}-C_{18:3}$ ($C_{18:3{\omega}3}$) and $C_{18:2{\omega}6}$ (${\Delta}^{9.12}-C_{18:2}$). In the $Ag^+$-HPLC, it was found that the molecular species having a given-numbered double bonds widely spreaded in the acyl chains eluted earlier than those concentrated in one acyl chain. The main molecular species are $(C_{18:2{\omega}6})_2/{\Delta}^{5.9.12}-C_{18:3}$ (14.8 mol%), $C_{18:1{\omega}9}/C_{18:2{\omega}6})_2$ (12.8 mol%) and $C_{18:1{\omega}9}/C_{18:2{\omega}6}/{\Delta}^{5.9.12}-C_{18:3}$ (10.9 mol%).