• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.344-359
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• 2004

This geographical study is to identify the reality of Nokdun island which was once settled and farmed by our ancestor, but currently the island is do facto under Russia's control. Various historical documents including old maps, current large scale maps and satellite images besides field work were used for full analysis. According to historical records, up until Chosun Dynasty, Nokdun island in the lower Tuman river was one of the frontier fortified base crossed the river for the northern defense as well as seasonal farming for the farmer of Kyounghung border area. Even though the island was unjustly lost to Russia by the Beijing Treaty in the late Chosun period, the whole area of Nokdun was occupied and farmed by sole Koreans until the deportation by Stalin was forcibly measured. In these days due to the change of Tumn river channel and new deposition by river it became very difficult to find the original shape of Nokdun island. However, through intensive field works based on historical records, the research team found out the existence of the old wet-dry fields, old rural farmhouse remnants, and small and medium size of millstones that are supporting the reality of the island. Especially, the team traced a mud fortress presumedly built in the early Chosun period. We believe it might allow to allocate the exact location of Nokdun island in near future.

• KOMUNHWA
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• no.63
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• pp.83-108
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• 2004

Gaegyeong(開經), the capital of the Goryeo Dynasty (918-1392), acted as the hub for producing various potteries for the royal family, governmental offices, temples, and markets in the Gyeonggi and Hwanghae Provineces where consumptions were highly concentra

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.31-37
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• 2018

It was estimated that wooden warehouses excavated from Bongseon-ri site in Seocheon were built around the 5th century according to the soil layers and construction methods of earthen structures. In order to identify the exact date, three wooden materials (BSMG 01, 06, and 12) from wooden warehouses were analyzed through radiocarbon dating using wiggle match. The outermost ring of BSMG 01 produced a radiocarbon date (95.4% confidence interval) of AD 431~551, BSMG 06 produced a date of AD 460~570, and BSMG 12 produced dates of either AD 240~430 or AD 490~510. The common age of the three wooden materials was identified as AD 490-510 and coincided with the original estimated archaeological age. Therefore, this study proved the accuracy of radiocarbon dating using wiggle match.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.49 no.4
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• pp.64-79
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• 2016

The purpose of the present study is to clarify the process of change to the pond at the Jongmyo Shrine(宗廟), from the Joseon Dynasty period to the modern and contemporary era. The consequent research results can be summarized as follows. The first record of the Jongmyo pond is confirmed in the "Annals of King Sejong(世宗實錄)". The pond, which was being constructed at the time, refers to the current upper pond(上池). A pair of islets(雙島) were constructed during the Sukjong(肅宗) period, with several trees planted on the middle islet(中池). The middle pond is thick with lotuses. In particular, the middle island on the middle pond subsequently changed into a single island(單島), which is likely to be related to the pond expansion during the reign of Youngjo(英祖). When the lower pond(下池), involving dualistic arrangement, was constructed in the modern and contemporary era, the pond of the Jongmyo Shrine underwent a drastic transformation phase. The lower pond was constructed before 1947 at the latest, and when the right side of the lower pond was filled in the mid 1980s, the dualistically arranged lower pond became a unified type of lower pond. On the other hand, the bank protections of the upper and middle ponds were constructed with earth, but was subsequently modified into its current form using stone.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.116-123
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• 2011

This study investigates the characteristics(form, material, structure, method of construction, vegetation) and model of lotus pond in Joseon Royal Tombs for conservation and restoration. The objects of study are the lotus pond of Namyangju Gwangreung, Hyoreung, Gimpo Jangreung and Sungreung that are well-preserved and the record is remaining. The form is two plane types, square shaped include an island and square shaped. The pond is 7.5~81m in width and 6.5~45m in length and the island is 8~16m in diameter. The depth of water is 0.5~1.2m and the cross section form is narrow bottom and wide top. The material of shore protection is soil in Hyoreung, Gimpo Jangreung and Sungreung. The bottom is mud in all sites. I think that the main material of the lotus pond in Joseon Royal Tombs is soil. The lotus pond is built by soil bank in the structure and method of construction. The water supply and drainage are worked through the culvert. There are many kinds of plants in the lotus pond today, however I think that the model of vegetation of lotus pond in Joseon Royal Tombs is lotus the inside, pine tree, fir tree and flowers the around and pine tree the inside of island in compared the present and the old literature. In comparison with the lotus pond in Joseon Royal Tombs and the lotus pond in the Joseon palace, the material is the biggest difference. The main material is soil in Royal Tombs but isodomic in Royal Palace. I think that the difference of material in between two causes the difference of structure and method of construction. The Royal Tombs is valuable in architecture, landscape and esthetics, this study investigated the characteristics and model of lotus pond in Joseon Royal Tombs. I think that this study serves as a momentum to find a traditional technique in Royal water space and offer the foundation to plan in the contemporary water space.