• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.42 no.1
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• pp.1-17
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• 2014

The Practice of Landscape Urbanism has been criticized on two aspects; Landscape Urbanism does not yet provide differentiated forms of planning and design neither able to fill the gap between theory and practice. In response to these criticisms, Landscape Urbanists have tried to provide additional cases that can exemplify achievements of Landscape Urbanism in practice. There has been another type of effort to suggest distinct planning and design strategies of Landscape Urbanism from theoretical texts. However, these approaches overlooked the fact that professional practice actually gave huge influence on the theoretical framework of Landscape Urbanism. Based on this observation, the study examined the development process of Landscape Urbanism by verifying the correlation between its practice and theory. Through an extensive literature review, the study suggested horizontality, infrastructure, process, ecology, media, hybrid, site, and scale as eight major concepts of Landscape Urbanism. Afterwards, the study classified 51 projects cited in major essays and articles of Landscape Urbanism into four categories: Archetypal projects, precedent projects, exemplary projects, and progressive projects. The correlation between strategies of the selected projects and main theoretical concepts was analyzed. The study found out that the early stage of the theory was focused on defining and explaining the new design and planning approaches of contemporary design projects related with landscape. However, these days, Landscape Urbanism became a more productive in providing diverse types of practice sharing the direction and vision proposed by the theory. Various projects influenced in constructing theoretical structure of Landscape Urbanism as well as proved that the suggestions of Landscape Urbanism could be effective to reorganize contemporary cites in the form of design and planning strategies. The observation of this study can contribute to provide proper answers to the criticism on practice of Landscape Urbanism and be helpful in understanding the limits and unrealized potentials of Landscape Urbanism as a practical theory.

• Journal of Science Education
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.434-445
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• 2013

The purpose of this study is to aid the teaching strategy for the teacher by investigating the preconception of the earthquake for 4th grade students in elementary school before learn the curriculum. For this, 31 grade students who lived in Seongnam in Gyeonggi province were interviewed with the questionnaire. The following is the findings. On the definition of an earthquake, 64.9% of the students had scientific conception. On the question of 'what happens on the ground when there is an earthquake', 59.2% of the students responded shaking or cracking of the earth, ground, things or building. On the question of 'what a person should do when there is an earthquake', most of the students responded by more than two answers. In contrast, on the causes of an earthquake, there were the largest percentage (35.3%) students who answered they didn't know. Except for one student, there were no students had talked about scientific conception. On the question of 'what happens below when there is an earthquake', 26.3% of the students responded they didn't know. On the place where an earthquake occurs rather frequently, 22.2% of the students mentioned an island. On the reason, 39.9% of the students responded they didn't know and there were no students with scientific answers. This study showed 4th grade students had scientific conception on the definition of an earthquake, and they had many experience interaction with external environment on 'what happens on the ground when there is an earthquake', 'the place where an earthquake occur rather frequently'. However the students had relatively small experience on the causes of an earthquake, on 'what happens below the ground when there is an earthquake', and earthquake-prone areas. Based on this study, additional research must be conducted on science in which the students' preconceptions is investigated to connect back to curriculum development. In addition, consideration must be given on how to integrate the thinking processes of students during the curriculum development process.

• Journal of the Daesoon Academy of Sciences
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• v.32
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• pp.77-108
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• 2019

The purpose of this paper is to clarify the characteristics of 'Podeok' in Daesoon Jinrihoe. The term Podeok can cause some misunderstanding as the same word Deok (德 virtue) has long been used in the Eastern Tradition. In other words, for most people who are used to traditional thought, Podeok may be conflated with the similar word 'Deok (virtue)' as used within Confucianism. People who are familiar with Confucian culture might thereby misunderstand the term Podeok as an aspect of Confucian moral ethics, or they could misconstrue Daesoon Jinrihoe as having appropriated and misused Confucian ideas. Furthermore, there are other problems that could arise if people compare Daesoon Jinrihoe's 'Podeok' with 'Deok (virtue)' as used by Laozi. While Deok in Laozi's usage represents the ability of an individual who can exercise his or her rationality with excellence, Deok in Daesoon Jinrihoe indicates the idea of actualizing Mutual Beneficence and the conditions that enable Mutual Beneficence. If one understands Deok as used by Laozi to contain the meaning of Mutual Beneficence, then it is possible to think that the two tradition share a similar meaning of Deok as Podeok in Daesoon Jinrihoe pursues Mutual Beneficence as its ultimate value. In order to preemptively correct these misunderstandings, I need to clarify how the idea of Deok was born out of traditional thought and what meanings it embodies. Additionally, it is necessary to examine how it became meaningful in Confucianism, and how it was criticized and ascribed new meanings in Laozi's thought. Through these clarification, it will become clear that Deok originally indicated a religious ritual that the king of the Zhou Dynasty performed after receiving the heavenly mandate and assuming rule over the nation. Later, this idea was transformed into a moral virtue and norm by Confucius. This moral virtue and norm was criticized by Laozi as an unnatural form of control as it was understood by Laozi as a teleological argument justifying whether or not lives were to be saved or sustained based on the perceived merits of each individual. On the contrary, Deok in Daesoon Jinrihoe and traditional thought stand on a totally different theological bases. Deok in Daesoon Jinrihoe is a means to practice and realize the truth of the earthly paradise of the Later World and the truth of Mutual Beneficence which were posited to the world through Kang Jeungsan's Works of Haewon (grievance resolution) that resolved the pattern of mutual conflict that characterized the Former World. Therefore, the idea of Podeok in Daesoon Jinrihoe gains completion only on the premises of Haewon Sangsaeng (resolution of grievances for mutual beneficence) and Boeun Sangsaeng (reciprocation of favors for mutual beneficence), and the way to practice Podeok is to practice Haewon Sangsaeng and Boeun Sangsaeng. In addition, the subordinate virtues such as loyalty, filial piety, and faithfulness that exist within Daesoon Jinrihoe's religious practice are not same as those of traditional thought. They are new concepts of virtues drawn from the cosmological laws of Daesoon Jinrihoe. To be specific, the virtues of Daesoon Jinrihoe are not rules that create discrimination and mutual conflict, but are instead ethical rules established upon the basis of Heaven and Earth having been newly organized, and thus, they will bring virtuous concordance, harmonious union, and mutual beneficence. The idea of 'Podeok' in Daesoon Jinrihoe can be understood as a religious practice that requires doctrinal understanding and tangible practice in daily life of followers. In other words, it is not the same Deok of earlier traditional thought in East Asia, but is instead a religious truth by which practitioners realize the truth of Sangje's Works of Haewon in human world as they practice Haewon Sangsaeng and Boeun Sangsaeng.

• Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society
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• v.20 no.8
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• pp.147-158
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• 2004

Laboratory dynamic tests are carried out to assess the liquefaction potential of saturated sands in most countries. However, simple results such as the maximum cyclic shear stress and the number of cycles at initial liquefaction are used in the experimental assessment of liquefaction potential, even though various results can be obtained from the dynamic test. In addition, it seemed to be inefficient because more than three dynamic tests with different stress ratio have to be carried out to draw a liquefaction resistance experimental curve. To improve the present assessment method fur liquefaction potential, a new critical resistible characteristic far soil liquefaction is proposed and verified through conventional cyclic triaxial tests with Jumunjin sand. In the proposed method, various experimental data such as effective stress path, stress-strain relationship, and the change of excess pore water pressure can be used in the determination of cumulative plastic shear strains at every 1/4 cycle. Especially, the critical cumulative plastic shear strain to initiate liquefaction can be defined in a specific point called a phase change point in the effective stress path and it can be calculated from a hysteric curve of stress-strain relationship up to this point. Through this research, it is found that the proposed cumulative plastic shear strain can express the dissipated energy to resist dynamic loads and consider the realistic soil dynamic behavior of saturated sands reasonably. It is also found that the critical plastic shear strain can be used as a registible index of soils to represent the critical soil dynamic state, because it seems to include no effect of large deformation.

• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Venturing and Entrepreneurship
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• v.16 no.6
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• pp.177-196
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• 2021

In the era of the 4th industrial revolution, high technology is causing many changes in modern society and economy. Among them, changes in industries and jobs require new competencies of future human resources. As an educational alternative to these changes, maker education and design thinking methods are spreading around the world, and it is necessary to actively apply such education in university curriculum. Therefore, this study examines the effects of the maker education using the design thinking method on the learners' competencies required as future human resources and, relationship between the development of university students' entrepreneurial competencies and learners' competencies. And the purpose of this study is to contribute to the vitalization of entrepreneurship education for university students by suggesting an educational model. For this purpose, this study investigated the prior research on maker education/environment and design thinking methods to examine concepts and characteristics, and analyzed the influences between maker education/environment and design thinking methods and the development of learners' personal, social and technological capabilities. In addition, this study analyzed the relationship between learners' developed capabilities and university students' entrepreneurial capabilities, and based on the results, suggested directions and conceptual models for education that combine maker education/environment and design thinking methods. In conclusion, maker education/environment and design thinking methods in university education have a positive effect on the cognitive, social, and technological development of learners, and this has a significant relationship with the factors of personal, social, and technological dimensions of university students' entrepreneurial competency. It is analyzed that it has a positive effect on the promotion of entrepreneurship activities of university students. Therefore, it is judged that university's interest and support should be given to the vitalization of maker education using the design thinking method for university student entrepreneurship education and future human resources nurturing.

• Journal of the Daesoon Academy of Sciences
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• v.28
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• pp.133-163
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• 2017

It is the aim of this paper to elucidate the meaning of 'Sangsaeng' in Daesoon Thought on the basis of its relation to Life and Spirit in the philosophy of Hegel. To achieve this aim, this article compares three important concepts from Daesoon Thought, namely the 'gods of heaven and earth,' 'Haewon', and 'Sangsaeng' with Hegel's 'Life,' 'Spirit,' and the 'struggle for recognition.' This paper will clarify the commonalities as well as the differences between Daesoon Thought and Hegelian philosophy. The comparison between Hegel's concept of 'life' and the 'gods of heaven and earth' shows a specific relationship between a life and a soul which is characterized by duality. The point of similarity is that the two thoughts regards the soul as the basis of all things in nature including the life itself and spirit. This is the duality of the soul in nature and spirit as the truth of nature. But the difference is that Hegel does not reduce all things in nature including life itself to the soul as the truth of nature. This paper will argue that Hegel's idea of spirit returning from nature to itself has a similarity with the essence of Haewon in Haewon-sangsaeng. Hegel insists that spirit submerges initially in nature just as human beings in Daesoon Thought have inherent Won. The realization of the spirit in the Subjective Spirit shows that the spirit sublimates this initial submergence in nature und reveals itself in corporeality. This study will suggest that this realization of spirit including the struggle for recognition may be interpreted as the meaning of Sangsaeng.

• Journal of the Korean earth science society
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.422-434
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• 2011

The purpose of this research is to investigate the actual conditions of primary school science teaching and ways to improve it. In elementary science teaching, teachers themselves tend to have science misconceptions and insufficient science content knowledge. Experienced teachers argued that it could be hard for elementary teachers with lack of science content knowledge to provide their students with meaningful learning experiences of science. Based on the general characteristics of elementary teaching and the awareness of elementary teachers' insufficient science content knowledge, we explored the real situation of the elementary science classroom. We conducted open-ended interviews with teachers and focus group discussions on a regular basis to analyze and compare classes of five primary school teachers. Data analysis focused on why elementary students avoid science classes in upper grades of elementary school and why elementary science classes always need hands-on activities. We also discussed ways to turn hands-on investigation into minds-on investigation by connecting it to important ideas in science. Based on the results, we suggested ways to improve inservice teacher training such as designing supplementary in-service training focused on content knowledge for primary school teachers, setting up professional exchange or collaboration between primary and secondary teachers, and introducing subject-specialized teachers for the fifth and sixth graders of primary school. In particular, considering elementary teachers' insufficient science content knowledge, employing science subject matter specialists in the elementary school could be a useful strategy.

• The Journal of The Korea Institute of Intelligent Transport Systems
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.33-43
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• 2016

Public transportation card data, which is collected for purposes of the Integrated Public Transportation Fare System, provides neither transfer time nor transfer frequency occurring on the metropolitan city-rail (MCR). And because there are no transfer toll gates installed on the MCR, data on transfers between lines are estimated through means such as elicitations using survey questionnaire, or otherwise through macroscopic observations, which poses the risk of transfer time and frequencies being underestimated. For the accurate estimation thereof, an explanation of the transit path that arises between the Entry-and Exit-Gates must be provided. The purpose of this research is twofold : 1) to build a transit path model to reflect the current state of transfer movements on the basis of transportation card reader data, and 2) to deduce information on transfers occurring in the greater metropolis. To achieve these aims, the idea of Big Nodes is introduced in the model to align transportation card reader operation system characteristics with those of the MCR network. The link-label method is applied in the model as well to make certain that the MCR network runs in an effective manner. Administrative information obtained by the transportation card reader is used to derive transfer time and frequency both in the city's mid-zones, and in the Seoul-Gyeonggi-Incheon district's large-zones. Public transportation card data from a single specific day in year 2014 is employed in the building of the quantified transfer specific data. Extended usage thereof as providing comprehensive data of transfer resistance on the MCR is also examined.

• Journal of the Korean earth science society
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.127-140
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• 2009

The purpose of this study was to explore the characteristics of children's interactive learning focusing on the Vygotsky's ZPD (the zone of proximal development) in a natural history museum as a representative free-choice learning context. We focused on the understanding of peer dyadic discourses and data were collected from 13 peer groups of children (3rd and 4th graders) who were videotaped all conversations occurred as they visited around the exhibits with no predetermined path. The transcribed data were analyzed by the developmental level of ZPD system and the discourse within an ADL (an actual developmental level) was overwhelmingly common in the conversations between child-child dyads. The representative discourse by discourse types were parsed according to three constructs of ZPD. Children formed the intersubjectivity through semiotic mediation such as conversations and exhibits and ended up with the similar situation definition. In conclusion, the details of discourses of the most impressive dyad were looked into focusing on the scientific concept. The study implies that a natural history museum becomes a meaningful resource to offer a deeper understanding of the nature of children's learning as an informal learning setting.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Library and Information Science
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• v.17
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• pp.203-227
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• 1989

본 연구의 목적은 유사한 문화적 배경을 공유한 일본, 한국, 대만의 도서관학 교육을 비교하여 유사점과 상이점을 발견하고 그들의 배경이유를 찾아서 사회와 도서관학 교육의 관계를 밝히는 것이다. 비교의 대상이 된 교육기관은 4년제 대학(교)의 도서관학과로 일본의 다섯 대학교, 한국의 아홉 대학교, 대만의 네 대학교의 도서관학 교육을 비교하였다. 연구가 증명하려고 시도한 가설은, 1. 일본, 한국, 대만은 유사한 문화적 배경을 공유하는 한편, 미국의 도서관학 교육을 받아들였으므로, 세 나라의 도서관학 교육에는 유사점들이 있을 것이다. 2. 상이점들이 있다면, 그것들은 각 국의 특성을 반영할 것이다. 3. 세 나라의 도서관학 교육에 유사점들이 있다면 도서관학 교육의 경향, 문제점들 및 전망도 비슷할 것이다. 가설의 증명을 위하여 교육의 목적, 교수진, 남$\cdot$여학생의 비율, 입학시의 학생들의 학력수준, 교과과정, 과정수료에 요구되는 특수조건, 교과서, 연구, 학과 도서실 및 시설, 학과와 도서관과의 협력관계, 정보학 교과목, 사회가 요구하는 도서관 봉사 및 그에 대응하는 도서관학 교육의 청도, 교육의 경향, 문제점 및 장래 그리고 학과 졸업생들의 도서관 취업률 등을 비교하였다. 비교의 결과 가설을 타당한 것으로 받아들일 수 있었다. 결론에 대한 설명과 아울러 도서관학 교육의 방향을 제언하였다. 1. 미국의 도서관학 교육이 근거로 한 이론적인 배경 및 개념을 재검토하여 적합한 것은 받아들이고, 필요한 경우에는 변형하여 적용하도록 노력해야 한다. 미국과 다른 나라의 실제 도서관 업무 및 봉사에 대한 이해를 토대로 하여 사서와 교육자가 함께 자국의 상황에 적합한 고유한 도서관학을 정립하여야 한다. 2. 도서관 이용 및 봉사에 보다 관심을 기울이고 바람직한 개념을 홍보하고 그것에 호응하는 환경을 만들기 위하여 노력해야 한다. 미래의 사서인 학생들을 이용자에게 접근하여 그들을 가르칠 수 있고 도서관을 이용하도록 유도할 수 있게끔 교육을 시켜야 할 것이다. 3. 미국 이외의 나라에서 실시되는 교육제도에도 관심을 가져야 할 것이다. 4. 도서관 및 도서관학 교육에 정부의 적극적인 지원이 필요하다. 다른 전문직과 같은 대우를 받으려면, 국가고시제도가 도입되어야 할 것이다. 5. 도서관협회가 도서관학 교육에 보다 적극적으로 참여해야 한다. 사서 자격증을 관할하는 단체가 될 수도 있고 교육의 내용에도 관여할 수 있다. 6. 도서관학과와 도서관과의 협력관계가 보다 강화되어야 하며, 도서관현장을 토대로 한 연구활동이 필요하다. 진정한 의미의 문제 해결을 위한 연구활동이 없이 이론적, 실제적인 발전을 기대할 수 없다. 7. 대학(교) 도서관 및 특수도서관의 사서를 위한 전문교육은 대학원 수준에서 제공되고, 학부의 도서관학 교육은 학교도서관 및 공공도서관의 사서를 위한 교육으로 전문화되어야 한다. 8. 도서관학의 교육자들이 모여 문제를 토론하고 해결책을 모색할 수 있는 기회가 제공되어야 하며, 세 나라가 공동의 경험을 나누고 문제를 함께 해결할 수 있는 공식적인 회의나 학회의 구성이 필요하다.