• Journal of the Speleological Society of Korea
• /
• no.53
• /
• pp.51-56
• /
• 1998

지금은 이미 지하수가 말라버리고 건조한 동굴이 되었지만 프린스 맘모스 동굴과 같이 큰 포화수대 기원의 터널이나 지하천이 사행하면서 거의 수평으로 발달한 장대한 동굴계는 미국의 대동굴 지대의 전형이라고 할 수 있다. 이 켄터키를 중심으로 북쪽은 펜실베니아, 남쪽은 알라바마까지의 애팔레치아 지방까지 펼쳐진다. 대조적으로 북조지아의 에리존즈동굴은 이 지방의 동굴과 달리 일직선으로 뻗어져 있다. 10이상의 길이로, 양단은 거대한 수직동굴로 되어 있으며 피지온산의 밑을 관통하고 있다. 입구의 수직동굴은 환타스틱 피트, 인크레져블 피트라 불리우며 양쪽모두 150M의 깊이이다. 미국동부의 동굴은 이차생성물은 일반적으로 그렇게 발달되어 있지 않은 것이 하나의 특징이다. 그러나 예외도 있는데 버지니아의 루뤠이 동굴에는 멋진 생성물을 볼 수 있고 관광동굴화 되어 있다.(중략)

• KOREAN POULTRY JOURNAL
• /
• v.44 no.10
• /
• pp.118-121
• /
• 2012

지난 8월 16일 농림수산검역검사본부는 7개 산란계농장을 추가로 동물복지 축산농장 인증을 마쳤다. 동물복지 축산농장(산란계)은 총 19개로 지정되었으며 안성시에서 유일하게 김종찬 사자의 '해샘찬농장'이 인증을 받았다. 해샘찬농장은 고가다리 밑 터널을 입구로 사용해 마치 요새와 같은 모양새를 띄고 있다. 철저한 출입제한과 방역활동으로 질병예방에 만전을 기하고 있다. 김종찬 사장은 본회 안성채란지부 사무국장과 계란자조금관리위원으로 활동하며 산란계 산업 발전과 농가 권익향상을 위해 책임과 임무를 다하고 있다. 김종찬 사장을 만나 농장 운영 방법과 산란계산업이 나아갈 방향에 대해 들어보았다.

• Journal of Korean Tunnelling and Underground Space Association
• /
• v.20 no.2
• /
• pp.501-511
• /
• 2018

As a result of the recent revision of the 'Guideline for Installation and Management of Fire Prevention Facility in Road Tunnels', the thermal buoyancy has to be taken into account when calculating the capacity of jet fans for smoke control in tunnel fires. However, there is no detailed methodologies for considering thermal buoyancy, so further study is needed. In this study, the thermal buoyancy in the tunnel is calculated by 3-D numerical simulation to consider the thermal buoyancy in case of fire in tunnels, and the relationship between heat buoyancy and vehicle drag, And the method of calculating the capacity of the jet fan for smoke control in tunnels. According to the analysis results, heat buoyancy acts as a resistance force in the case of a down-slope tunnel, and the pressure rise of jet fan for smoke control is not simply determined by the value of heat buoyancy at the entrance of the tunnel and the value of the vehicle drag at the exit. And it is analyzed that it is necessary to carry out a comprehensive review according to the location of the fire vehicle in tunnels.

• Journal of Korean Tunnelling and Underground Space Association
• /
• v.15 no.5
• /
• pp.497-504
• /
• 2013

This research uses numerical analysis to examine the tunnel portal landscape affecting the brightness level of interior lighting when designing lights for road tunnels through the L20 method. In order to extract the brightness recognition per form of a tunnel entrance and to evaluate the effects of the characteristics of the materials of facilities near a tunnel portal, brightness analysis was conducted by filming brightness on a video photometer called Hi-land Elf System, and a surface brightness photometer called LMK Mobile Advanced. Tunnels in Korea are mostly distributed in mountain areas; thus, the ratio occupied by the sky, which has the highest brightness within the angle of L20, is close to zero, while most of the ratio was occupied by brightness by the area near the tunnel entrance or road surface. However, for a tunnel portal retaing wall, which allows the width of a tunnel entrance to seem wider within the L20 angle, appeared to be have higher brightness compared to nearby areas or the surface, which is an element increasing the tunnel portal brightness within the tunnel, and the road facilities near the tunnel portal appeared to have an effect on the brightness as well. Thus, when designing tunnel lights based on brightness, the form of the tunnel entrance and the area width, material, and color of areas near the tunnel portal appeared to affect outside brightness and become an element affecting the establishment of the brightness level of the interior lights of tunnels. Consequently, reviewing such matters is a prerequisite when designing tunnel portal landscape.

• The Journal of Engineering Geology
• /
• v.19 no.3
• /
• pp.401-408
• /
• 2009

Old national Road No. 59 that connects Danyang and Gagok has 35 dangerous cut slopes. It is relatively narrow and has a poor alignment. The torrential rains in 2002 and 2006 has caused numerous slope collapses, landslides and road settlements in this area. The old road's high risk level lead to the planning and construction of a new national road. During the construction of the new road in December 2006, the right side of Dugcheon Tunnel entrance has collapsed and tension cracks were observed on the district road above the tunnel. In order to determine the cause of failure, intensive field investigation and monitoring cracks were performed together with Lower Hemisphere Projection Analysis, Limit Equilibrium Analysis and Finite Difference Analysis.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
• /
• v.30 no.2D
• /
• pp.127-134
• /
• 2010

Tunnel sections on the highway are different from rest of sections on the highway in terms of velocity, the number of passing cars, and vehicle density which, in particular, affect drivers' behavior before and after drivers pass through the tunnel. However, literature review reveals that former studies are too focused on quantitative indicator to consider qualitative aspects. Therefore, this paper conducts survey questionnaire and IPA (Importance Performance Analysis) to find out qualitative improvements on velocity drop on the tunnel sections. The results show as follows: First, drivers require improvements of tunnel form (length and curved form inside tunnel) which is derived from long distance tunnel. Second, experts primarily ask for amendment of geometric characteristics. With comparison of requirements of both drivers and experts, there are many differences in length of tunnel and form of curved tunnel. This also presents that drivers don't satisfy with both length of tunnel and form of curved tunnel that are provided as a part of highway design factors.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
• /
• 2005.05b
• /
• pp.1001-1005
• /
• 2005

현재 평화의 댐 배수터널은 직경 10m 원형 x 4 련의 콘크리트 라이닝 터널로 구성되어 있다. 배수터널내의 흐름특성은 터널직경, 모양, 터널결사, 조도계수 및 입구부와 출구부의 기하학적 성질, 터널의 상류수위와 하류수위 등에 따라 개수로 혹은 관수로의 흐름특성이 나타난다. 따라서 터널내의 흐름은 각각의 경우에 따른 수리학적 해석이 달리 적용되어진다. 화천댐의 수위와 연계하여 평화의 댐 방류량을 산정하기 위해서는 상$\cdot$하류 수위에 따른 관로내의 흐름특성이 다양하게 변화하는 바 이에 따른 수리학적 검토가 필요하게 된다. 본 연구에서는 배수터널의 흐름별로 계산 방법을 도출하였으며 상$\cdot$하류의 수위와 단면형태를 고려하여 먼저 배수터널내의 흐름특성을 규명한 다음 그에 합당한 유량산정공식으로 배수터널 내에서 유하하는 흐름의 유량값을 산정할 수 있는 방법을 제시하였다. 본 검토에서 구축된 계산절차에 의해서 평화의 댐 수위가 급격하게 변화하는 시점인 2002년 1월, 6월 그리고 2004년 8월 시점의 평화의 댐, 화천댐의 수위를 검토하여 방류량을 산정하였다. 평화의 댐에서는 방류량을 결정하기 위한 계측시설이 없기 때문에 가장 가까운 하류부의 화천댐 유입량과 비교를 수행하게 된다. 강우가 지속되면서 화천댐의 유입량이 증가를 하게 되는데 화천댐 유역의 국지적인 호우에 따른 유입량으로 판단되는 부분을 제외하고는 화천댐 유입량과 계산된 평화의 댐 방류량에서 유사한 결과를 도출하고 있었다. 이와 같은 산정법을 바탕으로 하여 강우에 따른 평화의 댐 방류량을 정확히 산정함으로서 댐유역의 비상사태 발생 또는 임남댐의 방류 등을 추정하는데 크게 기여할 수 있을것으로 판단된다.2$으로 나타났다. 밸브 개폐도가 $100\%$일 때가 밸브를 $60\%$와 $80\%$ 개폐시켰을 때보다 $0.3kg/cm^2,\;0.29kg/cm^2$ 낮게 나타나 밸브를 전체 개방 했을 때 관로내의 수압이 상수설계기준에 적합한 수압을 유지함을 알 수 있다. 상수관로 설계 기준에서는 관로내 수압을 $1.5\~4.0kg/cm^2$으로 나타내고 있는데 $6kg/cm^2$보다 과수압을 나타내는 경우가 $100\%$로 밸브를 개방하였을 때보다 $60\%,\;80\%$ 개방하였을 때가 더 빈번히 발생하고 있으므로 대상지역의 밸브 개폐는 $100\%$ 개방하는 것이 선계기준에 적합한 것으로 나타났다. 밸브 개폐에 따른 수압 변화를 모의한 결과 밸브 개폐도를 적절히 유지하여 필요수량의 확보 및 누수방지대책에 활용할 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.8R(mm)(r^2=0.84)$로 지수적으로 증가하는 경향을 나타내었다. 유거수량은 토성별로 양토를 1.0으로 기준할 때 사양토가 0.86으로 가장 작았고, 식양토 1.09, 식토 1.15로 평가되어 침투수에 비해 토성별 차이가 크게 나타났다. 이는 토성이 세립질일 수록 유거수의 저항이 작기 때문으로 생각된다. 경사에 따라서는 경사도가 증가할수록 증가하였으며 $10\% 경사일 때를 기준으로 $Ro(mm)=Ro_{10}{\times}0.797{\times}e^{-0.021s(\%)}$로 나타났다.천성 승모판 폐쇄 부전등을 초래하는 심각한 선천성 심질환이다. 그러

• Journal of Korean Tunnelling and Underground Space Association
• /
• v.17 no.3
• /
• pp.319-332
• /
• 2015

The pressure wave formed by the piston effects of the train proceeds within the tunnel when a train enters the tunnel with a high speed. Depending on the condition of tunnel exit, the compression waves reflect at a open end, change to the expansion waves, transfer to tunnel entrance back. Due to interference in the pressure waves and running train, passengers experience severe pressure fluctuations. And these pressure waves result in energy loss, noise, vibration, as well as in the passengers' ears. In this study, we performed comparison between numerical analysis and field experiments about the characteristics of the pressure waves transport in tunnel that appears when the train enter a tunnel and the variation of pressure penetrating into the train staterooms according to blockage ratio of train. In addition, a comparative study was carried out with the ThermoTun program to examine the applicability of the compressible 1-D model(based on the Method of Characteristics). Furthermore examination for the adequacy of the governing equations analysis based on compressible 1-D numerical model by Baron was examined.

• Journal of Korean Tunnelling and Underground Space Association
• /
• v.24 no.6
• /
• pp.745-756
• /
• 2022

The road tunnel is a semi-closed space that is blocked on all sides except the entrance and exit, and in the event of a fire, the smoke of the fire spreads longitudinally due to heat buoyancy caused by the fire and air currents that always exist in the tunnel. To solve this problem, smoke removal facilities are installed in road tunnels to secure a safe evacuation environment by controlling the direction of movement of smoke or directly smoking at fire points. In urban areas, the service level of urban roads decreases due to the increase in traffic due to the increase in population, and as a solution, the construction of underground roads in urban areas is increasing. When a fire occurs during hydrogen leakage through TPRD of a hydrogen fuel cell vehicle (FCEV), the fire intensity depends on the amount of leakage, and the maximum fire intensity depends on the orifice diameter of the TPRD. Considering the TPRD orifice diameter of 1.8 mm, this study analyzed the diffusion distance of fire smoke according to the wind speed of the roadway and the opening interval of the large exhaust port when the maximum fire intensity was 15 MW. As a result, it was analyzed that air flow in the tunnel could be controlled if the wind speed of the road in the tunnel was less than 1.25 m/s, and smoke could be controlled within 200 m from the fire if the damper interval was 50 m and 100 m.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers B
• /
• v.23 no.1
• /
• pp.58-68
• /
• 1999

The entry compression wave, which forms at the entrance of a high-speed railway tunnel, is closely related to the pressure transients in the train/tunnel systems as well as an impulsive noise appearing at the exit of the tunnel. In order to alleviate such undesirable phenomena, some control strategies have been applied to the compression wave propagating inside the tunnel. The objective of the current work is to investigate the effect of tunnel entrance hoods on the entry compression wave at the vicinity of the tunnel entrance. Three types of entrance hoods were tested by the numerical method using the characteristics of method for a wide range of train speeds. The results show that the maximum pressure gradient of compression wave can be considerably reduced by the tunnel entrance hood. Optimum hood shape necessary to reduce the pressure transients and impulsive noise was found to be of an abrupt type hood with its cross-sectional area 2.5 times the tunnel area. It is believed that the current results are highly useful in predicting the effects of entrance hoods and in choosing the shape of proper hood.