• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.47 no.6
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• pp.37-44
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• 2019

This study was conducted to identify the distribution characteristics of small village wetlands in Geumsan County, an inland mountain zone, and comparing with Seocheon County, a coastal plain area with different ecological environment characteristics. Using Arc-GIS (v10.1) the village wetland code was extracted to derive the possible location of the village wetland, and the final distribution of the village was obtained by performing indoor judging work based on satellite images, aerial photographs, topographical maps, Korea Land Information System (KLIS), land use level, land cover degree (division), and land use status by local surveying and indoor analyzing. Although Geumsan County (576.66km2) is more than 60% larger than Seocheon County (358.04km2), 607 villages in Geumsan County and 570 villages in Seocheon County are capable of making similar levels of 106.5% of wetlands, but only a fraction of those in Seocheon County were found to be 67.6%. The density of the village wetlands was much lower than that of Seocheon County, a coastal plain area, because there were many mountainous areas in Geumsan County, and most of the wetlands temporarily created for water supply were removed during the analysis phase of the Jeongsa Image, so the actual wetlands of the village were judged to be only two-thirds different from those of Seocheon County.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.398-405
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• 1999

This study was carried out to investigate exercise load of visitors and physical condition of stairway in the trail of Keumsan located in Hallyo-Haesang National Park. Total trail length of Keumsan is 2,126m, and the number of step-trail section are 15, and the total length of step-trail section is 1,000.4m. Average gradient of step-trail was 20~40%. But the gradient and length were 45.7% and 268.5m in the section 11, and 58.4% and 188.6m in the section 12. The greatest gradient was 67.8% in the section 13. During the climbing in trail, heart rate were 104~184beats/min.. And in the step-trail section 11, 12, and 13, IHR, ELI, and %HRmax were 166.5%, 89.1%, 92.9%, and 167.4%, 89.6%, 93.2%, and 157.8%, 84.5%, 89.9%, respectively.

• Journal of the Korean earth science society
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.218-231
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• 2005

The purpose of this study was to investigate essential information about the geological and geomorphological characteristics of the Odaesan landscape, in order to efficiently preserve and develop resources selected from among that are highly valuable scholastically and esthetically. A total of 147 geological and geomorphological landscape resources were studied during the course of this study. Landscape type mostly discovered was the tectonic topography, followed by the topographies of weathering, river, mountain, lacustrine, and periglacier, respectively in decreasing order. Among the varieties of geological and geomorphological landscape resources, 4 outcrops were utilized as tourist resources and 5 outcrops were considered as valuable sites for scientific research. Geological and geomorphological landscape resources for academic research were considered to have practical uses such as geological and geomorphological fieldwork for students and thematic geotourism courses for the public.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.21-27
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• 2020

Completed in September 1796, Suwon Hwaseong Fortress is a defense facility with 49 facilities spanning 5,744m. During the Japanese occupation and the Korean War, many buildings and walls were damaged, and in 1975, it was restored to its current state through the restoration and restoration project in Suwon. Six of the entire facilities have not been restored by urbanization, of which the restoration of water spaces, including ditches buried in the ground, could be used as a place of rest and viewing for visitors. Tourists visiting Suwon Hwaseong, are satisfied with exploring the historic sites, but feel insufficient for enjoying the natural scenery around the castle. The best way to create a natural landscape in Suwon Hwaseong, where urbanization has been developed, is to create a water space to make you feel the traditional garden. Therefore, the location, shape, and functions of the unrestored water space of Hwaseong Fortress were analyzed through the analysis of 『Hwaseong Seongyeog Uigwe』 and 『Hwaseong Full Map』. The purpose of this study is to derive the traditional landscaping method by analyzing the characteristics of water space.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.95 no.6
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• pp.768-777
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• 2006

The purpose of this study lies in formulating the landscape preference model using a conditional logit that involves the effect of visual elements as well as landscape itself on landscape preferences. To measure landscape preferences, a photo-questionnaire composed of paired photographs of the Cairngorms National Park of Scotland and the Jirisan National Park of Korea was distributed to visitors to the Jirisan National Park of Korea. Visual elements of landscape quantitatively measured by photogrammetry were reduced to orthogonal principal components that were subsequently used as explanatory variables in a conditional logit. As a result, the mixed conditional logit including the effect of landscape itself satisfied the Independence of Irrelevant Alternatives (IIA) property and showed reliable goodness of fit (${\rho}^2=0.25$). It was concluded that the mixed conditional logit including the effect of landscape itself was appropriate for landscape preference model rather than usual conditional logit excluding the effect.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.347-355
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• 2007

Asiatic black Bear(Ursus thibetanus ussuricus) cubs aged one or two were introduced from Russia(Primosky krai) and North Korea for reinforcement of the bear population and they were released to grow wild in Jirisan National Park. We did research on the characteristics of the denning sites of the Asiatic black cubs, which were released before, from Oct. 2004 to Apr. 2006, and the results were as follows: The released bears hibernated in three types of dens,; tree hollows, rock hollows or ground nests. The hibernating sites were dominated by a community of oak trees and its location was at an average of $923{\pm}221m$ height above the sea level ; the average slope incline was $25.9{\pm}7.9^{\circ}$, and the average denning duration was $98{\pm}9$ days. It was analyzed that the cubs' denning site was $2.8{\pm}2.8km$, on an average, far from the release point; $2.0{\pm}0.9km$ far from villages; $1.9{\pm}1.7km$ far from park inspection trails, and $1.9{\pm}1.0km$ on the average far from a driveway. It is assumed that environmental attributes of the denning sites were closely correlated to those of the release points.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.72-85
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• 1992

The analysis of visitor's behavior in Hallasan National Park was executed for a month in september, 1990. In the characteristics of trip purpose, the nature-oriented motive was 68.9% of the total. And in the characteristics of the accompanied, the ratio of such items as company, friends,2-3 persons and above 12 persons was generally high. The ratio of lunch box was 62.7％ and the item of bring back waste treatment was 69.6% in the characteristic of activity. The degree of landscape satisfaction was 3.98 and comparatively high on considering the maximum degree of 5.0, but in the degree of facility, the degree of dissatisfaction was high. Therefore the degree of total satisfaction was 3.43. In the opinion of users, the entrance by order of arrival, the adoption of reserved system and the limitation of the entrance of a group were gen- orally objected but the adoptation of nature rest-rotation system was comparatively assented Specially, visitor center was rarely used but many visitor who has attended there positively think about it. In factor analysis, 4 factors were extracted. Facilitate, social. user behavior and natural property were the most affecting factor to psychological satisfaction test. Multiple regression results showed that cleanness, land-scape, safety, no. of wastebasket and crowdness items affected the total satisfaction variable in total and local area.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.621-630
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• 2011

This research examines the push and pull factors of temple stay in Korean national parks. 152 participants of temple stay in Woljeongsa and Guryongsa in national parks in Gangwon-do area completed a survey to access their reasons for participating in temple stay(push factors) and to evaluate how well the visiting experience performed on a selected set of attributes(push factors). Demographics of respondents were similar to the visitor characteristics of Korean national parks. The result of factor analysis identified 6 push factor domains of 'self actualization', 'health enhancement', 'nature assimilation', 'relationship elevation', 'religious experience', and 'leisure experience'. 6 pull factor domains were 'recuperative quality', 'quality of a temple stay program', 'attributes of a temple', 'user convenience', 'tourism experience' and 'accessibility and transportation'. Satisfaction level of temple stay in a national park was very high of 4.71 in a 5 Likert scale. Gangwon- Do was most preferred with the percentage of 89.2 as a suitable area for temple stay in a national park. Findings of multi-dimensional tourism motivations of temple stay in a national park that encompass nature tourism, cultural tourism and religious tourism is expected to provide useful information for the future development of a more competitive temple stay program and a marketing strategy. However, more defined successive research work is required to generalize findings of wellness oriented push and pull factors of temple stay based on nature in national parks.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.342-356
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• 2014

This study aims to provide the fundamental data for restoration through the analysis of vegetation structure characteristic for managed area with deforest and fumigation among the places damaged by oak wilt disease in Bukhansan National Park. Study areas were selected in six damaged areas with 18 plots ($20m{\times}20m$) including comparing plots between year 2006 and year 2011 after preliminary study finding the exact location with easy access. Analysis items are density and coverage of under story layer, Importance Percentage of under story layer and Importance Percentage of urban adapted species and alien species. As a result, density and coverage under the canopy layer's vegetation was higher than comparing plot in Musugol valley and Soquicheon valley which 4 years and more passed. And Wondobong, Darakwon, Doseonsa and Dobong valley which had not been passed 3 years after deforestation and fumigation decreased in those of vegetation. However, the plots in Wondobong and Doseonsa was analyzed to be higher in density of shrubs than comparing plot. In terms of distirbution of species in under canopy layer which is grown as a upper vegetation, Quercus serrata and Sorbus alnifolia dominated each other in under canopy layer except for Wondobong and Darakwon. Wondobong continuously maintained Quercus mongolica and Q. mongolica and Pinus densiflora dominated in under canopy layer of Darakwon. S. alnifolia which is Urban adapted species were distributed in most study areas. In terms of alien species, Magnolia obovata and Robinia pseudoacacia were newly intruded in the opened crown, and Pueraria thunbergiana was distributed in Soquicheon valley. As the result of soil analysis, acidification(pH 4.49) and low level of organic matter(3.23%), available phosphate(1.40mg/kg) and exchangeable cation were analyzed and it was considered that those environment poorly support the vegetation growth.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.246-254
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• 2015

From 2013 to 2014, volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were analyzed to determine biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) and anthropogenic volatile organic compounds (AVOCs) at eight sites in Mt. Mudeung and one site in downtown, by using a GC/Mass-ATD (automatic thermal desorber). The concentration of terpene noted as biogenic volatile organic compounds at Pungamjeong (PA), in a forest of Chamaecyparis obtusa, was 821 pptv, which was the highest among the eight sites. This value was followed by Wonhyogyegok (WH: 785 pptv), Norritzae (NZ, coniferous forest: 679 pptv), Dongjeokgol (DJ, mixed species forest: 513 pptv), Jangbuljae (JB, Abies koreana: 476 pptv), and Seinbongsamgerri (SS, pine trees: 464 pptv). 11~15 species of terpene was detected in the forest depending on the site. At PA in May, α-pinene showed the highest value, occupied 20% of terpene followed by coumarin, sabinene, phellandrene, myrcene, borneol, eucalyptol, β-pinene, cymene, δ-limonene, γ-terpinene, camphor, camphene, and mentol in the order. The mean concentrations of AVOCs were 0.74~2.52 ppbv in the forests and 3.14 ppbv in the downtown area. From May to July, the AVOCs ratios of the downtown to each forest were 1.9~4.0. Among 10 species of AVOCs, the sum of toluene and benzene was 2.34 ppbv and occupied 75%. In June, the ratios of toluene were 44.1% at DJ site and 53.1% at JW site (downtown). The BVOCs showed a positive correlation with the AVOCs at the forest sites (r = 0.328), which was statistically insignificant (p = 0.184).