• Title/Summary/Keyword: 탄소고정효율

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Photosynthetic Responses of four Oak Species to Changes in Light Environment (광환경 변화에 대한 네 참나무 수종의 광합성 반응)

  • Kim, Sun-Hee;Saung, Ju-Han;Kim, Young-Kul;Kim, Pan-Gi
    • Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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    • v.10 no.4
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    • pp.141-148
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    • 2008
  • This study was conducted to investigate the photosynthetic responses of four Oak species (Quercus mongolica, Q. serrata, Q. acutissima and Q. variabilis) by shading treatment. We investigated light response curve, photosynthesis (A)-intercellular $CO_2$ concentration (Ci) curve, leaf growth and chlorophyll content at the level of 35, 55 and 75% shading treatments and under the full sunlight. In our results, Q. variabilis and Q. acutissima showed increased leaf growth, chlorophyll content and net apparent quantum yield but reduced chlorophyll a/b and carboxylation efficiency under the low light intensity. Therefore, light absorption and light utilization efficiency were improved under the low light intensity. Q. mongolica showed the similar responses that Q. variabilis and Q. acutissima showed, but net apparent quantum yield was reduced. The effects of shading treatment on Q. serrata were lower than those of other three species.

Preparation of Hybrid Beads Containing Polysulfone Modified with Carbon Nanotubes, Tributyl Phosphate and Di-(2-ethylhexyl)-phosphoric Acid and Removal Characteristics of Sr(II) (Polysulfone에 Carbon Nanotubes, Tributyl Phosphate와 Di-(2-ethylhexyl)-phosphoric Acid를 고정화한 하이브리드 비드의 제조와 Sr(II)의 제거 특성)

  • Kam, Sang-Kyu;Suh, Jung-Ho;Yun, Jong-Won;Lee, Min-Gyu
    • Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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    • v.29 no.3
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    • pp.264-269
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    • 2018
  • PSf/D2EHPA/TBP/CNTs beads were prepared by immobilizing carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and two extractants, di-(2-ethylhexyl)-phosphoric acid (D2EHPA) and tributyl phosphate (TBP) on polysulfone (PSf). The prepared PSf/D2EHPA/TBP/CNTs beads were characterized by SEM, TGA, and FTIR. The removal rate of Sr(II) by PSf/D2EHPA/TBP/CNTs beads was well described by the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. The maximum removal capacity of Sr(II) obtained from Langmuir isotherm was found to be 5.52 mg/g. The results showed that the removal efficiency of Sr(II) by PSf/D2EHPA/CNTs beads prepared in this study was significantly improved compared to that of using PSf/D2EHPA/CNTs beads without TBP.

Production of Hydrogen Gas by Thermochemical Transition of Lauan in Fixed Bed Gasification (고정층 가스화에 의한 나왕톱밥으로부터 수소제조특성)

  • Jung, Hye-Jin;Kim, Chul Ho;Son, Jae-Ek;Kim, Lae-Hyun;Shin, Hun Yong
    • Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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    • v.19 no.2
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    • pp.209-213
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    • 2008
  • The fixed bed gasification reactor with 1 m hight and 10.2 cm diameter was utilized for the hydrogen production from biomass wastes. Lauan sawdust was used for non-catalytic and catalytic gasification reaction as a sample in the fixed bed reactor. The fixed bed temperature and catalyst are the major variables affecting the process operation. Thus, the effect of fixed bed temperature and the catalysts on gas composition were studied at the temperature range from $400^{\circ}C$ to $700^{\circ}C$. The yield of hydrogen was increased at higher temperature in the fixed bed reaction. Fractions of hydrogen, carbon monoxide and methane gas in the product gas increased when sodium carbonate ($Na_2CO_3$) and potassium carbonate ($K_2CO_3$) catalysts were used. Furthermore, sodium carbonate catalyst was more effective to obtain higher hydrogen yield compared to potassium carbonate catalyst.

변환시설 발생 해체금속폐기물의 용용제염처리

  • Hwang, Du-Seong;Kim, Dong-Ho;Lee, Gyu-Il;Choe, Yun-Dong;Park, Jin-Ho;Jeong, Un-Su
    • Proceedings of the Korean Radioactive Waste Society Conference
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    • 2009.06a
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    • pp.63-64
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    • 2009
  • 변환시설의 해체 시 발생한 해체폐기물은 2009년 현재까지 약 354톤이며, 이들 중 탱크, 배관, 반응기, 펌프류 동의 해체금속폐기물이 약 191톤으로 54% 를 차지하고 있다. 이들 해체금속폐기물은 제염 처리공정을 통하여 전량 자체처분폐기물로 전환시키는 것을 목표로 두고 있다. 이는 오염된 금속류를 효과적으로 제염한 다음 자체처분시킴으로서 방사성폐기물에 대한 처분비용을 저감할 수 있기 때문이다. 해체금속폐기물 중 스테인레스강 해체폐기물은 질산 용액을 사용한 초음파화학제염공정으로 제염한 후 자체처분폐기물로 53톤을 전환하였다. 탄소강 해체물의 경우 스팀제염공정으로 제염한 결과 제영 효율은 좋았으나 변환시설 가동 중 유지 보수를 위하여 페인팅을 하였던 해체물의 경우 페인트를 제거하지 않을 경우 스팀제염장치로는 제염이 안 되었다. 탄소강 해체금속폐기물은 약 117톤 발생하였으며, 이들 중 모터, 펌프 등을 제외한 제염 대상 폐기물은 약 80톤이며, 이들을 용융 제염 및 감용을 위하여 기초 연구를 수행한 결과를 바탕으로 약 180kg/batch 용량의 금속용융제염 설비를 제작 설치하여 탄소강 해체금속폐기물 용융제염 처리를 수행 중에 있다. 금속용융은 장치가 간단하고 폐기물 처리량이 비교적 적고 단속적인 운전에 매우 효과적인 고주파 유도로를 사용하였다. 용융장치는 고주파 발진장지와 용해로체로 구성된 고주파 유도설비와 냉각계통으로 구성된다. 고주파발진장치는 철제 200kg을 용해할 수 있는 용량을 갖추었으며, 실험 및 실제 처리 등 용해로체의 크기 변경이 필요할 경우에는 고주파발진기의 출력 주파수를 변경할 수 있게 하였다. 용융 장치의 발진기 부분의 입력전원은 3상, 440V, 60Hz 이며, 출력전원은 200kW, 출력주파수는 lkHz, 3kHz, 5kHz로 구성되어 있으며, 회당 180kg 의 폐기물을 용융할 시에는 3kHz로 고정하여 사용하였다. 용해로체 부분 중 고주파유도가열부는 heating coil 및 절연부로 구성되어 있고, 그 외 support frame과 lever로 구성되어 있다. 용해로체와 고주파 발진장치의 냉각을 위한 냉각설비는 냉각기와 냉매의 저장을 위한 저장조로 구성되어 있으며, 냉각기의 용량은 20RT 이다. 용융로체의 직경은 약 28cm로 크기가 큰 해체물의 장입이 어려워 작은 크기로 세절을 해야만 하며,용융로의 용량을 증가시킬 경우 해체물을 작은 크기로 세절하는 비용을 절감할 수 있을 것이다. 용융 중 시료 채취는 매 배치마다 수행하였으며, 그림3과 같은 시료 채취용 주형 틀에 국자모양의 채취기로 채취하였다. 해체물의 용융시 ingot를 생성하기 위해서 주형틀에 용융물을 장입하기 전 시료를 채취하였다 그림4는 생성된 ingot이며, 이들의 방사능 농도는 배치마다 차이는 있지만 최대 0.05 Bq/g 이하로 나타나 자체처분 폐기물로 전량 전환 가능하였다 그림5 는 해체물에 함유된 우라늄과 불순물을 제거한 슬래그로 방사능농도는 약 12Bq/g 으로 나타났으며, 이들의 발생량은 약 3wt% 정도로 폐기물 발생량이 작았다. 따라서 금속폐기물의 경우 용융제염으로 처리할 경우 폐기물 발생량을 최대로 줄일 수 있어 처리 효율이 기타 처리 공정보다 효율적인 것으로 판단된다.

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Influence of Tungsten Carbide/Carbon Coating on the Preload and Tightening Torque of Implant Abutment Screws (임플랜트 지대주 나사의 텅스텐 카바이드/탄소 코팅이 전하중 및 조임회전각에 미치는 영향)

  • Shin, Hyon-Mo;Cho, Wook;Jeong, Chang-Mo
    • Journal of Dental Rehabilitation and Applied Science
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    • v.25 no.1
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    • pp.53-59
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    • 2009
  • The purpose of this study was to clarify the clinical efficiency of tungsten carbide/carbon coating on obtaining optimal preload of abutment screw compared with non-coated screw in external-hex implant system. In the present work, rotational value and the compressive force between abutment and fixture of abutment screws without coating and with coating tightened to 30Ncm were measured. Mean compressive force of coated screw was 504.6N. Then uncoated screw was tightened to clamping the abutment and the implant to 504.6N, and the tightening torque value and the rotational value was recorded. The following conclusions were drawn within the limitation of this study. Compressive force of coated screw was higher than that of uncoated screw after tightening at 30Ncm. The tightening torque that was nedeed to clamping the uncoated screw equal to coated screw tightened to 30Ncm was 55.6Ncm. In case of equal compressive force, there was no significant difference in rotation value between coated and uncoated screw.

Effects of Light Intensity on Photosynthetic Activity of Shade Tolerant and Intolerant Tree Species (광도(光度)가 내음성(耐陰性)이 서로 다른 3수종(樹種)의 광합성(光合成) 생리(生理)에 미치는 영향(影響))

  • Kim, Pan-Gi;Yi, Yong-Sub;Chung, Dong-Jun;Woo, Su-Young;Sung, Joo Han;Lee, Eun Ju
    • Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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    • v.90 no.4
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    • pp.476-487
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    • 2001
  • In this study, three tree species (Populus euramericana, Kalopanax pictus and Quercus serrata) exhibiting different levels of shade tolerance were employed to investigate photosynthetic responses to the lower light condition on forest floors. Chlorophyll contents, spectral properties and photosynthetic characteristics were examined by using the tree species grown under high light intensity (PPFD $920{\mu}mol\;m^{-2}s^{-1}$) or low light intensity (PPFD $80{\mu}mol\;m^{-2}s^{-1}$). Plants grown under the low light intensity tended to have reduced leaf area, chlorophyll content per unit leaf area, light absorption and respiration in the shade intolerant tree species of P. euramericana. However, the shade tolerant species K. pictus and Q. serrata showed increased leaf area, chlorophyll content and net apparent quantum yield. Therefore, light absorption and light utilization efficiency were improved under the low light intensity. Also shade tolerant species maintained activities of photosystems and $CO_2$ fixation systems with little changes in low light intensity condition.

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Effects of Carbon Substrates on Exopolysaccharide Production by Enterobacter sp. (Enterobacter sp. 의 다당 생산에 미치는 탄소원 기질의 영향)

  • Lee Ju-Ha;Lee Shin-Young
    • KSBB Journal
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    • v.20 no.1 s.90
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    • pp.26-33
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    • 2005
  • The effects of carbon sources for exopolysaccharide production during batch cultivation of an Enterobacter sp. isolated from the composter were investigated. The highest amount of exopolysaccharide was obtained when lactose was used as carbon source. Lactose in medium was converted into glucose and galactose. Glucose was metabolized fast and was completely consumed, but about $20\%$ of lactose was accumulated as galactose. On the other hand, enzyme activity was about $350\~450$ unit with the increase of lactose concentration. Thus, it was considered that the exopolysaccharide might be produced in the course of that lactose was hydrolyzed into glucose and galactose by $\beta-galactosidase$ with respect to that enzyme activity on lactose hydrolysis was accorded to the exopolysaccharide production. When glucose and galactose were added to lactose medium, respectively, it could be considered that glucose was as a repressor and galactose was as a inducer for $\beta-galactosidase$ synthesis even though the mechanisms were not elucidated. The increase of lactose concentration was almost ineffective to the specific growth rate $(0.133\~0.151\;hr^[-1})$ but showed the difference in the biomass content. The higher carbon source concentration, the more residual sugar remained. It was assumed that the optimum lactose concentration for exopolysaccharide production was $30\~70g/L.$ On the other hand, it was considered that the nitrogen acted as growth limiting nutrients to the cell growth. In the cases of 30 and 70 g/L of the fixed carbon concentrations, the increase of the nitrogen sources concentration caused a remarkable increase within the range of $0.059\~0.225\;hr^{-1}$ and $0.141\~0.237hr^{-1}$ of the specific growth rate, respectively, while there was no significant difference in biomass.

A Study on the Separation of Food-Waste Leachate into 3 Phases (음식물쓰레기 탈리액의 삼상분리)

  • Kim, Sangguk;Jeong, Minji;Kwon, Hyolee
    • 한국신재생에너지학회:학술대회논문집
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    • 2010.11a
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    • pp.197-197
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    • 2010
  • 음식물쓰레기의 삼성분은 수분, 휘발분, 회분이며 이들이 차지하는 비율은 계절, 지역별로 다소 상이하지만 수분 약 80%, 회분3%, 휘발분 17%이다. 음식물쓰레기 전처리과정으로 이물질제거, 탈수공정이 있으며 탈수공정에서 다량의 탈리액이 발생한다. 본 연구에서는 탈리액을 데칸타를 이용하여 1차로 원심분리하여 고.액 분리한 액을 실험대상으로 하였다. 실험대상 탈리액의 물성은 BOD 78,800[mg/l], COD 41,000[mg/l], 부유물질 25,900[mg/l], 총질소 928[mg/l]이었다. 탈리액에는 기름성분(육류, 식용유등), 입자상물질등이 포함되어 있으며 이들은 난분해성 유기물질로, 이를 제거하는데 기존의 처리방법으로 많은 어려움이 있어 주요한 수질오염 발생원이 되고 있다. 예를들면 하수처리장 폭기조 수면에 유막을 형성하여 산소공급을 방해함으로 미생물번식을 방해하는 요인이 된다. 본 연구는 음식물쓰레기 탈리액의 수분, 고형분, 유분으로의 삼상분리에 관한 것이다. 유분은 에멀젼형태로 안정되게 수층에 분산되어 존재한다. 미세기포를 이용한 부상법의 경우 미세기포 표면과 유분의 화학적친화력이 낮아 기포표면에 유분이 잘 부착되지 않으며, 원심분리 방법만으로는 유분 분리효율이 낮고, 추출에 의한 분리시 추출액이 다량 소요되고 처리시간이 길며 추출액 비용이 많이 소요된다. 탈리액을 유분, 슬러지, 수분으로 분리하면 환경오염을 일으키는 주요성분을 신재생에너지 원료로 활용할 수 있다. 유분의 주성분이 동식물성 유지이므로 전처리시 산촉매를 이용 수분과 유리지방산을 제거하고 염기성촉매를 이용하여 전이에스테르화 반응을 거치면 바이오디젤인 FAME과 글리세롤으로 변환하므로 글리세롤을 분리하면 바이오디젤을 얻을 수 있다. 슬러지는 입자상 물질로 착화가 잘 되고 건조하면 발열량이 높으며 중금속등에 오염되지 않아 청정연료로 활용이 가능하다. 실험실에서의 탈리액 삼상분리방법은 다음과 같다. 탈리액 30ml당 추출액으로 노말헥산을 1ml를 가한 다음 플라스크에서 $80^{\circ}C$로 가열 후 방냉한다. 가열중 노말헥산의 손실을 방지하기 위하여 증발가스를 콘덴서에서 응축하여 플라스크로 재순환한다. 탈리액을 플라스크에서 꺼내어 원심분리기 rack에 300-400g씩 병에 각각 넣고 4,000rpm으로 30분간 운전한다. 탈리액은 상부로부터 유분층, 미세입자층, 수층, 슬러지층으로 분리된다. 각 층의 계면에서 2종의 성분이 약간 섞일 수 있다. 유분을 분리한 후 유분층 잔존물과 미세입자층, 수층 상층부의 혼합물을 취하여 50g씩 병에 넣고 3,500rpm으로 10분간 운전한 후 유분을 분리한다. 마지막으로 미세입자층만을 3,500rpm으로 10분간 원심분리한 후 유분을 따로 분리한다. 얻어진 유분은 rotary evaporator에서 $120^{\circ}C$로 가열하여 유분과 노말헥산을 분리하며 분리효율을 제고하기 위하여 감압하에서 운전한다. 분리된 유분의 고위발열량이 9,450[Kcal/kg]이었으며 원소분석 결과 탄소 74.7%, 수소 12.55%, 질소 0.08%, 유황분 0.0003%이었다. 분리된 유분의 양은 계절별로 시료별로 다르며 가을철에는 1.6-1.9%, 여름철은 1.0-1.3%이었다. 분리된 슬러지로부터 Hg, As, Cr, Cd, Pb 중금속 성분이 검출되지 않았으며 수분 2.8%, 휘발분 76.85%, 회분 7.52%, 고정탄소 12.83%이었고 원소분석결과 탄소 45.25%, 수소 7.46%, 질소 5.05%, 산소 34.39%, 유황분 0.33%이었으며 저위발열량은 4,480[Kcal/kg]이었다. 분리된 슬러지 양은 11-19% 이었다.

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Plant Physiological Responses in Relation to Temperature, Light Intensity, and CO2 Concentration for the Selection of Efficient Foliage Plants on the Improvement of Indoor Environment (실내 환경 개선에 적합한 식물 선발을 위한 온도, 광도, 이산화탄소 농도에 따른 관엽식물들의 생리적 반응)

  • Park, Sin-Ae;Kim, Min-Gi;Yoo, Mung-Hwa;Oh, Myung-Min;Son, Ki-Cheol
    • Horticultural Science & Technology
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    • v.28 no.6
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    • pp.928-936
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    • 2010
  • This study was conducted to select efficient foliage plants for improving indoor environment conditions through the investigation of physiological responses including photosynthetic rate according to temperature, light intensity, and $CO_2$ level. Eight popular foliage plants used in this study were $Hedera$ $helix$ L., $Cissus$ $rhombifolia$ Vahl, $Ficus$ $benjamina$ L. 'Hawaii', $Syngonium$ $podophyllum$ Schott 'Albo-Virens', $Dieffenbachia$ $sp.$ 'Marrianne', $Pachira$ $aquatica$ Aubl., $Spathiphyllum$ $wallisii$ Regel, and $Scindapsus$ $aureus$ Engler. Photosynthetic rate and transpiration rate of the plants subjected to various light intensities (0, 25, 50, 75, 100, 150, 300, and $600{\mu}mol{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}s^{-1}$ PPFD), $CO_2$ levels (0, 50, 100, 200, 400, 700, and $1,000{\mu}molCO_2{\cdot}mol^{-1}$), and two different temperatures (16 and $22^{\circ}C$) were measured. In addition, various parameters in relation to photosynthesis were calculated from the measured data. As a result, the patterns of photosynthesis varied among 8 foliage plants according to light intensity, $CO_2$ level, and temperature. Most foliage plants except $Dieffenbachia$ had high levels of apparent quantum yield, which represents the photosynthetic rate under low light intensity (PPFD $0-100{\mu}mol{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}s^{-1}$). $Hedera$ $helix$, $Ficus$ $benjamina$, $Pachira$ $aquatica$, and $Spathiphyllum$ $wallisii$ exposed to high light intensity (PPFD $200-600{\mu}mol{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}s^{-1}$) showed high levels of photosynthesis. $Cissus$ $rhombifolia$ and $Syngonium$ $podophyllum$ were low in $CO_2$ fixation efficiency compared to the other 6 foliage indoor plants. $Hedera$ $helix$ and $Spathiphyllum$ $wallisii$ showed high photosynthetic rate under high $CO_2$ level and vigorous photosynthesis was also observed in $Ficus$ $benjamina$ and $Pachira$ $aquatica$ grown under $22^{\circ}C$. Considering characteristics of indoor environment such as low light, high $CO_2$ level, and low relative humidity, therefore, $Hedera$ $helix$, $Spathiphyllum$ $wallisii$, $Ficus$ $benjamina$, and $Pachira$ $aquatica$ were efficient indoor foliage plants to improve indoor environmental conditions.

Changes on Growth, Photosynthesis and Pigment contents of the Maackia amurensis and Viburnum opulus var. calvescens under Enhanced Temperature and CO2 Concentration (온도와 CO2 농도 증가에 따른 다릅나무와 백당나무의 생장, 광합성 및 광색소 함량 변화)

  • Han, Sim-Hee;Kim, Du-Hyun;Kim, Gil-Nam;Lee, Jae-Cheon
    • Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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    • v.13 no.3
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    • pp.115-122
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    • 2011
  • The impacts of elevated temperature and $CO_2$ were studied on the seedlings of Maackia amurensis and Viburnum opulus var. calvescens. The seedlings were grown in controlled-environment growth chambers with four combinations of temperature and $CO_2$ treatments: $25^{\circ}C$ + ambient $CO_2$ (400 ppm), $25^{\circ}C$ + elevated $CO_2$ (800 ppm), $30^{\circ}C$ + ambient $CO_2$ (400 ppm), and $30^{\circ}C$ + elevated $CO_2$ (800 ppm). Under elevated temperature and $CO_2$ concentration, the dry weight decreased in seedlings of M. amurensis, but increased in seedlings of V. opulus var. calvescens. In addition, the shoot to root (S/R) ratio in M. amurensis reduced but that of V. opulus var. calvescens increased under elevated $CO_2$ concentration. The S/R ratios of two tree species increased under higher temperature. M. amurensis represented lower carboxylation efficiency under higher temperature and $CO_2$ concentration and that of V. opulus var. calvescens showed lower values under the only higher temperature. Photosynthetic pigment content of in the leaves of M. amurensis was lower under higher $CO_2$ concentration and higher under the increase of temperature, but that of V. V. opulus var. calvescens decreased according to the increase of temperature. Chlorophyll a/b ratios of M. amurensis and V. V. opulus var. calvescens decreased obviously with the increase of $CO_2$ concentration and temperature, respectively. In conclusion, the growth and physiological responses under the environmental changes such as temperature and $CO_2$ concentration depend on the tree species. Therefore, more studies are needed to predict the response of each tree species against the climate changes.