• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.98 no.3
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• pp.263-271
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• 2009

This study aims to identify negotiation alternatives related to Post-2012 reducing emissions from deforestation (RED) and enhancement of forest carbon stock (EFCS) activities. It also aims to recommend a negotiation strategy considering environmental integrity and national interest on the basis of estimating reduction potentials of each alternative on the assumption that tradable carbon credits play an important role as positive incentives. In order to estimate greenhouse gas (GHG) reduction potentials and income potential from RED and EFCS activities, 99 countries were selected by the Global Forest Resources Assessment of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. A 'baseline and credit' method was applied to estimate RED activities. Gross-net and net-net methods were applied for EFCS activities. According to the results, Brazil, Indonesia, and the Democratic Republic of Congo have more potential to get positive incentives through RED, while China, Chile, and the Republic of Korea have more potential to get positive incentives through EFCS. This study suggests including both RED and EFCS activities in the boundary of policy approaches and endowment of positive incentives to consider GHG reduction potentials in the global scale and equity among developing countries. Making a discount rate application of forest management activities can be also recommended to factor out the effects of human-induced activities by EFCS activities.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.45 no.2
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• pp.87-92
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• 2017

The first Ebola hemorrhagic fever outbreak occurred in the Democratic Republic of Congo and Sudan in 1976 and then emerged in West Africa in 2014 with a total of 27,741 cases and 11,284 deaths. The fever is caused by the Ebola virus, which belongs to the Filoviridae family and contains a ssRNA genome. The known subtypes of the virus are Bundibugyo ebolavirus, Reston ebolavirus, Sudan ebolavirus, $Ta\ddot{i}$ Forest ebolavirus, and Zaire ebolavirus. The Ebola outbreak was historically originated majorly from the East and Central African tropical belt. The current outbreaks in West Africa caused numerous deaths and spread fear in global society. In the absence of effective treatment strategies and any vaccine, accurate diagnosis is the most important contributing factor in the management and control of the epidemic disease. WHO (World Health Organization) has announced emergency guidance for the selection and use of Ebola in in vitro diagnostic assays. Numerous companies and research institutions have studied the various diagnosis methods and identified four WHO procurement approved as diagnosis kits: RealStar Ebolavirus Screen RT-PCR kit 1.0 (Altona), Liferiver-Ebola Virus (EBOV) Real time RT-PCR kit, Xpert Ebola Assay, and ReEBOV Antigen Rapid Test Kit. The efficiency of novel diagnostic kits such as Rapid Diagnosis Test (RDT) is currently being evaluated.

• Journal of the Mineralogical Society of Korea
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.331-342
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• 2013

동아프리카 열곡대는 아라비아반도와 아프리카 북동부의 경계에서 부채꼴 형태로 남쪽으로 뻗은 대단층 함몰지구대이다. 아프리카 판 내부에 발달한 열곡대의 폭은 35~60 km이며 연장은 약 4,000km로 알려져 있다. 열곡대는 에티오피아에서 남서방향으로 발달하다 에티오피아 남부에서 동, 서 및 남서 열곡대로 나누어진다. 이 열곡대는 제3기초 올리고세(30~35 Ma)부터 에티오피아 북부 아파르 침강대를 중심으로 주 에티오피아 열곡대가 형성되고, 남쪽으로 확장되면서 마이오세에 활성화된다. 서부 열곡대는 동아프리카대지의 가장자리와 빅토리아 호의 서편을 따라 발달하며, 고각의 정단층에 의해 특징되는 전형적인 반지구대이다. 동부 열곡대(주 에티오피아 열곡대와 케냐 열곡대)는 30 Ma 전 화산활동과 지구조활동이 시작되었으나, 서부 열곡대는 Albert 호 북부에서 12 Ma 전에, Tanganyika 열곡에서는 7 Ma 전부터 시작되었다. 서부 열곡대의 남서 방향으로 분기된 남서 열곡대는 DR-콩고 남부와 잠비아의 Tanganyika 호에서부터 남서 방향으로 확장되어 보츠와나 Okavango 열곡대와 연결된다. 주 에티오피아 열곡대(MER)의 화산암류와 관련 퇴적암류는 지열, 소다회, 포타쉬(K), 천열수 금, 벤토나이트, 유황 및 부석자원으로 중요한 관련암으로 역할을 한다. 열곡관련 대표적인 광상으로는 Afar 열곡대에 분포하는 Danakhil K-광상과 Megenta 및 Blackrock 천열수 금광상이다. Danakhil K-광상은 제4기 화산활동과 높은 지열류에 의해 열곡대 내 분포하던 소금 선상지(salt fan)에서 증발작용에 의해 형성된 증발형 K-광상으로서 총 자원량은 약 12.6억톤으로 평가되었다. 이 광상에서는 4종의 K-광물인 실바이트, 카날라이트, 포리하라이트, 카이나이트가 산출한다. 아파르 침강대 내 분포하는 대표적인 천열수 금광상은 텐다호 지구대에 위치하는 Megenta 및 Blackrock 광상이다. 제4기에 EMR에서 산성의 과알칼리 화산활동에 의해 열수활동이 초래되어 현재까지도 활동하여 지열대가 형성되고, 저유황형금 광상들이 형성되었다. Megenta 저유황형 금 광상은 2009년 발견되었으며, 현재 영국의 Startex International사에 의해 탐사가 진행 중이다. 지금까지의 탐사 결과 옥수질 규화 변질암 분포지에서 5개의 광체가 분포하며, 그중 Hyena 광체에서는 규화 변질된 열수각력암에서 최고 16.75 g/t의 금 품위가 보고되었다. 동아프리카 열곡대의 서편인 부룬디에 분포하는 Gakara REE 광상은 카보너타이트 유형의 REE 광상이다. 이 광상은 $400km^2$ 면적 내 수 cm부터 수 m까지의 폭을 가지는 맥상 또는 망상세맥상의 광체를 형성한다. 주로 조립의 바스트너사이트와 모나자이트로 구성된다. 바스트너사이트의 형성시기는 $587{\pm}4Ma$인 신원생대로 알려져 있으며, 이 지역에 분포하는 카보너타이트와 알칼리암들이 신원생대에서 신생대까지의 광범위한 연대를 보이는 것은 동일한 구조선을 따라서 일어나는 반복되는 열곡활동으로 해석된다. 또한 REE, U, 인회석 자원의 관련암체로 생각되는 알카리 조면암(네펠린-조면암 포함)과 카보너타이트는 동아프리카 열곡대의 남동부 끝자락인 말라위와 모잠비크에 우세하게 분포한다.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.32 no.5
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• pp.1035-1042
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• 2000

Volatile compounds of kochujang prepared with meju and koji were analyzed by using a purge and trap method during fermentation and identified with GC-MSD. Thirteen alcohols, seventeen esters, seven acids, six aldehydes and nine others were identified. Twenty four volatile flavor detected immediately after making kochujang including 7 alcohols and 9 esters. Six volatile flavor compounds including 1 alcohol and 3 esters were more found after 30 day of fermentation and increased to forty nine of volatile compounds after 150 days. Six alcohols such as ethanol, 3-methyl-butanol, 2-methyl-1-propanol, 1-butanol and nine esters such as ethyl acetate, ethyl butyrate, ethyl caproate, ethyl carpylate and seven others were commonly found through the fermentation period. Peak area (%) of 1-butanol was the highest one among the volatile flavor compounds after 30 day of fermentation and ethanol showed the highest peak area after 60-90 day and 150 day of fermentation, and 3-methyl-1-butanol showed the highest peak area after 120 day of fermentation, 2-Methyl-1-propanol, ethyl butyrate, ethyl acetate, acetaldehyde, ethoxyethene, ethenone, methylbenzene were detected in the kochujang during the fermentation.

• Cross-Cultural Studies
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• v.45
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• pp.269-293
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• 2016

This research studies the characteristics of the family systems of traditional societies in Black Africa. For this purpose, this study has chosen three subtopics: the distinctive features of traditional societies, marriage customs (polygamy and polyandry), and the societal features of patriarchal and matriarchal societies. First, we analyze men's and women's roles, ownership and management of the land, dowry, and social values of livestock as the distinctive features that support the family system in traditional Black African societies. These elements play an important role in increasing the number of family members. Next we analyze marriage customs-polygamy and polyandry-which increase the number of family members, on the one hand, and secure the labor force, on the other hand. Most traditional societies in Black Africa prectice polygamy. However, the $Bashil{\acute{e}}l{\acute{e}}$ and Bahima prectice polyandry. Polygamy in traditional societies in Black Africa is based on the traditional social customs that display the authority and dignity of the family head, who has control over all family members in both patrilineal and matrilineal societies. The authority and dignity of the family head are used to keep and increase the number of family members, that is, to secure the community firmly. Finally, most traditional societies are patrilineal. However, matrilineal societies are prevalent in the so-called Matrilineal Belt, which term refers to the savanna regions where Bantu peoples reside, that is, the coastal regions from the Angolan coast, bordering the Atlantic, to the Tanzanian and Mozambique coasts that border the Indian Ocean. These societies trace descent through the maternal bloodline. The traditional family system in Black Africa is based on economic social, and political factors, as well as on the community spirit of the members, which has resulted from the choices made to increase the prosperity and well-being of the people.

• The Southeast Asian review
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.145-171
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• 2018

Laos' 2017 is a year of political "stagnation" and economic "change". In the political arena, despite the achievements such as the improvement of the corruption perception index (CPI), it is necessary to watch the progress of the reform. Diplomatically, the influence of China is expected to increase further. In particular, since November 2017, Xi Jinping's visit to Laos is expected to strengthen the framework of cooperation between the economic corridor and Lanchang-Mekong Cooperation Meeting. And Laos continued to have friendly relations with other neighboring countries, the ASEAN countries. However, the issue of the Laos-Cambodian border issue following the general election in Cambodia may recur. The economic sector maintained a high growth rate due to capital inflows from the construction of large infrastructures and the favorable tourism industry, but structural problems such as deficits in the fiscal and current account should be resolved. Korea and Laos discussed the comprehensive cooperation between the two countries through the Mekong Senior Officials' Meeting in March 2017 and the Ministerial Meeting of the Korean-Lao Foreign Minister in September 2017. Laos is Korea's eighth ODA aid (grant), and ODA will become an important diplomatic cooperation channel between the two countries in the future. In the economic relationship, the trade sector is on a declining trend, but investment and human exchanges are steadily increasing.

• Membrane Journal
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.228-240
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• 2021

The organic solvent robust polybenzimidazole (PBI) membranes were prepared as organic solvent nanofiltration (OSN) membrane for the recycling of alcoholic solvents using non-solvent induced phase separation with different dope solution concentration and coagulant composition of water/ethanol mixtures to control the membrane morphology and permeation performance. Investigation on crosslinking of polybenzimidazole indicated that the membrane crosslinked with dibromoxylene (DBX) had enough mechanical strength and solvent resistance to be applied as a OSN membranes. The crosslinked PBI membrane prepared by more than 20wt% dope concentration coagulated in water showed a rejection of > 90% to Congo Red (MW of 696.66 g/mol) while pure ethanol permeances was more than 22.5 LMH/bar at 5 bar. Investigation on coagulant composition indicated that ethanol permeance through crosslinked PBI OSN membrane increased with increasing of ethanol concentration in water/ethanol mixture coagulants.