• Journal of the Economic Geographical Society of Korea
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.38-55
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• 2009

Recently, attention has been drawn to the issue of local community revitalization. In the U.S., CDC(Community Development Corporation) has become a main vehicle for revitalizing dilapidated inner-city communities. Using the case of Philadelphia in the U.S., this paper investigates the way in which local community revitalization or downtown revitalization can be successfully achieved through the formation of social capital and public-private partnership. Futhermore, exploring the cases of West Philadelphia CDC and University City, this paper seeks to provide insight into the dynamics of successful community development. In order to examine the dynamics, this paper focuses on local governance in terms of both the reciprocal partnerships and the close networking among participating agents. The implications of the case studies of this research for the Korean context would be that the bottom-up approach starting from the local-scale community revitalization and local governance is very crucial and indispensable for the sustainable regional or national development.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.35 no.2 s.121
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• pp.1-12
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• 2007

근래 한국에서도 대표적 공공공간인 공원의 조성 및 관리와 관련하여 파트너십에 대한 관심이 일고 있다. 주민들이 만들어가는 공원, 다양한 힘의 역학구조 속에서 공공성 유지, 지속 가능한 사회 구현에 도움이 될 것이라는 전망 때문이다. 이에 본 연구에서는 추후 한국에서의 실천과 제도정비에 도움이 될 수 있도록, 영국에서는 어떻게 정책적으로 파트너쉽을 유도하는지 그리고 커뮤니티는 이를 어떻게 수용하여 자신들의 사례를 만들어 가는가를 살펴보았다. 사례연구에 있어서는 질적 연구방법을 택했으며, 분석보다는 사례가 갖는 내러티브(narratives)를 다층적으로 서술하는데 초점을 두었다. 이것은 거대 내러티브가 사라지고 있는 현대 사회에서 일반적 원칙보다는 개별 사례의 구체성을 밝히는 것이 보다 중요하다는 일부 사회학 연구자들의 견해를 수용한 것이다. 더욱이, 주민참여 관련 사례는 지역특성과 주민의 영향을 많이 받기 때문에 이러한 연구방법이 유용할 것이다. 더불어, 이러한 방식은 자못 추상적 이해에 그칠 외국 사례를 보다 구체적으로 이해하는데 적합할 것이다. 연구결과에 있어, 먼저 영국에서는 지방의제21(LA21)이 지방정부의 서비스에 대한 근본적 태도와 체계를 바꾸는데 기여했다는 것을 알 수 있었다. 일례로, 뉴캐슬(Newcastle upon Tyne)시는 직접 서비스를 제공하기 보다는 주민들의 참여를 촉진하고 도와주는 방향으로 역할을 전환하고 있었다. 그리고 다양한 자금지원체계는 직접적으로 파트너십을 독려하고 있었다. 영국 뉴캐슬(Newcastle upon Tyne) 웨이브리 파크(Waverley Park) 사례를 살펴본 바에 따르면, 파트너십에 대한 지방정부의 태도가 성공적 파트너십에 있어 중요한 요소임을 확인할 수 있었다. 이 사례에서는 프렌즈그룹 이외, 커뮤니티 외부의 비영리 단체가 참여하지 않았는데, 이는 지방정부가 적극적으로 주민들의 참여를 촉구하고 도왔기 때문이다. 이외, 커뮤니티의 구성원과 공무원들의 개인적 역할도 중요하다는 것을 알 수 있었다. 중앙정부는 단지 자금뿐만이 아니라 다양한 사례에서 축적한 정보를 커뮤니티에 지원하고 전 과정을 모니터링 하고 있었는데, 간접적 참여라고 할 수 있다. 앞에서 언급했듯이, 본 연구는 영국에서의 파트너십과 관련된 제도, 그리고 제도가 구체적 현실에서 작동되면서 나타나는 특수성을 살펴보는 데 주력했다. 그런데 사례 연구에서 발견한 특수성을 한국에서의 시사점으로 명시하는 것은 한계가 있을 수 있다. 그래서 시사점은, 제도적 차원에서 한국과 영국을 비교하여 간략하게 제시했다. 첫째, 지방의제 21의 수용 방식이다. 한국의 지방정부 또한 지방의제 21을 실천하기 위해 협의회 등을 설치하였지만 행정 시스템을 전반적으로 변화시키고 있는 영국과는 차이점이 있다. 둘째, 공원과 녹지에 대한 지원금이 제공될 때, 지역주민의 동의를 요구하는 것은 커뮤니티의 참여를 독려하고 주인의식을 갖도록 하는데 효과적이라는 것도 시사점이 될 수 있다. 한국에서도 녹색복권 등 세원 이외의 자금이 공원 및 녹지 공간에 투입되고 있으나 주민들이 직접 이를 이용하도록 되어 있지는 않다. 즉, 커뮤니티의 참여와 관련되어 쓰이고 있지는 않다. 세 번째는, 커뮤니티와 공원과의 관계로 공원 설계와 관리에 있어서 영국에서는 커뮤니티가 직접 고객(client)으로서 역할을 하고 있었다. 한국에서도 계획 및 설계 과정에 주민을 참여시키는 경우가 있으나 의견청취 정도에 머물고 있고, 몇몇 시민단체를 중심으로 시민들이 직접 공원 관리에 참여하는 경우도 있으나 운동(movement)차원에 머물고 있을 뿐 이를 위한 제도적, 법적 토대가 구축되어 있지는 않다.

• Journal of the Economic Geographical Society of Korea
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.137-154
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• 2023

The purpose of this study is to find ways to utilize public-private partnerships from the perspective of governance in order to effectively promote urban regeneration projects and establish a business structure. The results of the study are summarized as follows. First, from the perspective of governance, the types of public-private partnerships in urban regeneration projects can be classified into central government-led, local government-led, private business-led, and local residents and community organizations-led. Second, it is confirmed through overseas case analysis that developed countries are effectively promoting urban regeneration projects through the formation of various public-private partnerships. Third, as a way to utilize public-private partnerships in Korean urban regeneration projects, it was proposed to diversify the types and size of urban regeneration projects, design a system to utilize various public-private partnerships, use cross-assistance methods, and form social capital necessary for transparent and effective private partnerships.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.26-39
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• 2011

This paper reviews the strategy of activating spatial data community and its impacts, focusing on the Cooperative Agreements Program(CAP) of National Spatial Data Infrastructure(NSDI), established by Federal Geographic Data Committee(FGDC) in U.S. to facilitate cooperative data sharing. After thoroughly reviewing the 20 research categories followed by 350 cases, supported by CAP for the last decade, it turned out that since NSDI issued "Future Directions Initiative" in 2004, the CAP adopted all components of NSDI as CAP categories in attempting to reinforce the partnership rather than mainly deploying standardized meta-data. Also, CAP has been utilized as a means to enforce the role of NSDI as spatial data user and provider as well, recognizing that the spatial data community is essence for expandable and sustainable NSDI. Implementing CAP resulted in the sound structure of spatial data marketplaces increasing spatial data demand and promoting the relevant business due to diverse users.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.108-119
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• 2015

Recently, the ways in which individual communities own and manage parks have been both discussed and realized in America and England. Some benefits of these asset transfers are that local governments can reduce the financial cost of management as well as improve the service of the parks. In addition, communities can develop these parks as unique assets. Ultimately, this is a new understanding of parks as community commons. This study examines the policy of park asset transfers to communities in England. These transfers, which involve reallocating land and building management and/or ownership from the public sector to a community group, are part of a policy agenda known as "Big Society", which aims to create a "small government" within a "big society". The agenda is pursued by both the English Conservative and Unionist Party governments. Eight case studies of community park asset transfers in England were examined in this study, under three categories-transfer process, partnership among stakeholders, and financial structure-and synthesized along three issues-financial contribution, level of public transparency, and closeness of the relationship between park and community. In some cases, new community groups were created specifically to receive park assets, while in other communities, existing groups became the park trustees. For most parks, community groups raise park maintenance funding through diverse methods; however, these groups are often not entirely financially independent from local government. Thus, many park trustees have already created, or are planning to create, other assets from which parks can benefit. Second, some efforts for public transparency include trusts that are registered as charities, of which their public nature is admitted officially. These trusts resolve important decisions through boards of trustees, in an effort to promote income-generating business while not excluding users. Ultimately, a close relationship between park and community empowers the community to participate in managing and maintaining the park; in turn, the park's capacities are improved. Current struggles include the many limits involved in communities accepting ownership and management of a park, and a lack of local government experience regarding public-private management and maintenance of a public asset. This study, however, details interesting policy implications for Korean community involvement as well as diverse financial methods to facilitate park management.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.49 no.5
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• pp.138-150
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• 2021

This study aims to understand the background and characteristics of the UK's allotments, as the UK is one of the nations participating in allotment invigoration. This study will focus on approaches to policy, active governance, and socioeconomic impact. To address this, allotment-related issues, policies since the beginning of the 19th century were analysed. In addition to this, Sheffield City, UK, was selected as a specific case to analyse the framework of allotment management, active governance concerning allotment management, and the residents' perceptions of allotments through a questionnaire survey. It was found first that the UK government, since 1806, has been consistently producing localism policies aiming to devolve management authority into local governments, which actively obtain sites for allotments. Secondly, the structure of allotment management formed in active governance leads the overall maintenance, partnership, income generation, and monitoring of the allotments. Interestingly, the structure of the department organisation of local government in Sheffield established the position of community manager, who encourages community invigoration. However, a gap between socioeconomic aspects was found in which the allotment invigoration in lesser deprived areas outweighs the invigoration in more deprived areas. In contrast, according to the questionnaire survey, respondents in more deprived areas were more likely to be involved in allotment activities and the community. The key to addressing the socioeconomic gap in the context of allotment invigoration is the adoption of the Public-Community-Private-Partnership framework. This will be of great importance to longer-term promotion of beneficial allotment practices.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.24-37
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• 2012

In this study, Community Garden of various national and international practices trends to an advanced research, the concept of community garden participated with a group operation out of initiative to produce safety food while securing space for the community, ensuring the area that has gone through a new form of active secure urban green space plan, urban renewal movement was defined as the mean. Furthermore, for the purpose of improving the poor welfare environment by attempting to experimentally make a community garden of a disabled welfare house rooftop and how to target its planning and construction process, partnership involvement, business processes have been investigated, such as cost sharing. The whole process including a budget for development of this case was conducted by the Busan Green Trust. Standard Chartered (SC) First Bank's 50% fund share by community chest, participation of volunteers, support of Busan City and Saba-gu, outside of that, sharing parts or trial to participate by diverse partnership of enterprise, public corporation and laboratory, these are the key in developing community garden's model. Established community garden places resulted food production to users of welfare center for the disabled, participating urban agricultural experience program, horticultural therapy, complex community chapter and cultural center. Furthermore, we could find the meaning of rooftop community garden in the point that it is a low cost garden by applying movable and unmovable planters. This study is profitable for improving urban environment, ensuring community chapter and urban green areas, regenerating a city to develop experimental community garden model by using a welfare house rooftop.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture Conference
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• 2017.10a
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• pp.72-75
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• 2017

도시농업 및 커뮤니티에 대한 사회적 관심에 편승하여 근래 도시의 커뮤니티가든(Community Garden)이 주목받고 있다. 북미의 커뮤니티가든은 농작물 생산 위주의 개인텃밭을 포괄한 지역사회의 구성원과 함께 만들어가는 오픈스페이스의 형태로, 화훼 등을 포괄하는 개념으로 간주되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 커뮤니티가든의 발상지인 북미 중에서도 가장 선진적인 사례로 손꼽히고 있는 미국 워싱턴주 시애틀(Seattle)시의 피패치(P-Patch)를 대상으로, 85개의 현장 전수조사를 통하여 공간설계 및 디자인요소를 추출하여 시사점을 도출하였다. 분석결과, 첫째 시애틀 피패치의 일반적인 디자인 구성요소는 기반시설, 지원시설, 휴게시설, 특수시설, 친환경시설 등 다섯 가지 기능으로 대별할 수 있는데, 지원시설로는 공구함(Tool Shed)이나 수전시설(Spigot)이, 친환경시설로는 도마(Cutting Board)나 퇴비함(Compost Bin)이 대부분 설치되어 있다. 둘째, 피패치의 공간구성 및 디자인적 특징으로는 이용자 수요 및 입지적 특성을 반영한 유연한 정원 설계를 들 수 있다. 셋째, 피패치는 다목적형 기능을 겸비한 복합적 공공장소로서 공공의 제도적 지원과 시민운동을 연계하는 기회를 제공하고 있다. 넷째, 지속가능성을 담보하기 위해 다양한 이해관계자(이용자, 코디네이터, 운영진, 전문가, 지역주민, 자원봉사자 등)와의 파트너십 구축, 다양한 재원 조달 방안 모색, 체계적인 모니터링 시스템 구축 및 운영을 지속하고 있다.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.44 no.6
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• pp.60-72
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• 2016

This study aims to suggest strategies of development and management for large parks by examining experimental cases of park governance models related to a shift away from public administration. The shifts towards governance as well as public-private partnership in city parks have involved the need for new public management. This study has analyzed two exemplary cases of Presidio Park and Sydney Harbour National Park in the aspects of planning process and management strategies, as the results derived the meaning and effect of park governance management and is also an essential prerequisite for the achievement of the model. There are six dimensions of research frames--namely policy, governance, partnership, finances and funds, design and maintenance-management, and evaluation-monitoring-taken as the basis for this study. Through the analysis, several key characteristics of these cases were elicited. First, the park planning process must be consistent in carrying a policy from planning to implementation, and furthermore, an independent operation body which can properly authorize an execution and uphold its responsibility from the public could serve in adaptable park services. Second, it has been suggested to build various partnerships with PAs and NGOs, private corporations, community groups, and academic institutes that allow it to expand the diversity of the park activities. Third, there has been experimental exploration to achieve a financially self-sufficient model by establishing internal revenue models and hence allow the reduction of reliance on public finances. The result of this type of park management would allow for improving park quality and make the park space a vital part of the local economy. Fourth, the strategies for a local community's participation are needed to allow the community to become a producer as well as a consumer. This study shows that the direction and significance of the park governance model regarding the fact that the plans sought by the two parks are extending the layout of public-centered discussion to the private sector and the third non-governmental sector including to the local community group. This shows both implications and limitations, such as the risk of privatization through non-governmental activities at the park or the violation of essential functions as a public good due to a profit-generating management policy for securing financial self-sufficiency. At the current point in which plans are under way for the development and management of large parks, a park governance model requires continuous study and expansion of discussion in the future.

• 한국사회정책
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.403-428
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• 2018

There has been constant attempts for integration of public welfare delivery system which lead to integrated case management, then this become more significant issue regarding 'community care' recently in Korea. However, most of them was limited to fractional organization rearrangement or more use of private resources rather than realising user-centred approach. Therefore, in this research, we would like to do a couple of case studies in Britain which has rich experience of reforms for integrated approaches between health and social services and Troubled Family programme resembles the integrated case management in Korea by visiting a London Borough and a local council respectively. In conclusion, we found three conditions are required to establish successful integrated delivery system: elimination of institutional barriers relating to workforce, organization, and finance; shared objectives and partnership among the professional groups and agencies; and information sharing system with technical support regarding individual cases.