• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Navigation and Port Research Conference
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• 2004.04a
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• pp.103-109
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• 2004

The term ton is widely used as the unit of the ship's size nowadays. Before people accepted the term ton as the unit of the ship's size, the various terms had been used for indicating the ship's size. For examples, the term ton was used in Western Europe, last in Northern Europe, cantara in Geneva, milliaria in Venice, and carra in Naple. In Asia the rice had been the most important cargo for many centuries. So the term SEOK in Korean or SHI in Chinese was used as the unit of the ship's size. Especially the Chinese used the term LIAO or RYO in Korean for indicating the ship's size. As above seen, the different terms had been used for showing the ship's size from places to places. But with the introduction of Moorsom's Tonnage Measurement in the 19th century and its spread to all over the world, the term ton was become the only unit of ship's size.

• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
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• v.28 no.5
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• pp.339-345
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• 2004

The term ton is widely used as the unit of the ship's size. Before people used the term ton as the unit of the ship's size, the various terms had been used for indicating the ship's size. For examples, the term ton was used in Western Europe, last in Northern Europe, cantara in Geneva, milliaria in Venice, and carra in Naple respectively. In Asia the rice had been the most important cargo for many centuries. So the term SEOK in Korean or SHI in Chinese was used as the unit of the ship's size. Especially the Chinese used the term LIAO in Chinese or RYO in Korean for indicating the ship's size. As above seen, the different terms had been used for showing the ship's size from places to places. But with the introduction of Moorsom's Tonnage Measurement in the middle of the 19th century and its spread to all over the world, the term ton was become the only unit of ship's size.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.1286-1291
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• 2017

In this study, Pyracantha angustifolia (Franch.) C. K. Schneid was extracted with 70% methanol at room temperature for 48 hrs and concentrated under reduced pressure to measure its total polyphenol contents; furthermore, the effect of electron donating ability was examined. Methylene chloride, ethyl acetate, and methanol were used to fractionate the extract to testify total polyphenol contents, electron donating abilities, the removal abilities of superoxide radical as well as hydrogen peroxide. The total polyphenol contents were $2007.30{\pm}109.28{\mu}g\;GAE/mL$ in 70% methanol extract, $273.39{\pm}10.19{\mu}g\;GAE/mL$ in methylene chloride fraction, $80.57{\pm}0.64{\mu}g\;GAE/mL$ in ethyl acetate fraction, and $1,160.87{\pm}44.71{\mu}g\;GAE/mL$ in methanol fraction. The total polyphenol contents showed significant differences (p<0.05) between the solvents. The electron donating ability was $79.07{\pm}7.31%$ for 70% methanol extract, $22.34{\pm}0.64%$ for methylene chloride fraction, $5.33{\pm}0.28%$ for ethyl acetate fraction, and $32.26{\pm}1.10%$ for methanol fraction. The electron donating abilities were significantly different(p<0.05) between the solvents. The removal ability of superoxide radical was $0.018{\pm}0.003$ for 70% methanol extract, $0.007{\pm}0.002$ for methylene chloride fraction, $0.0147{\pm}0.003$ for ethyl acetate fraction, and nothing for methanol fraction. The measurement of hydrogen peroxide decomposition was $0.022{\pm}0.0046$ for 70% methanol extract, $0.0027{\pm}0.0015$ for methylene chloride fraction, $0.0037{\pm}0.0012$ for ethyl acetate fraction, and $0.0009{\pm}0.0001$ for methanol fraction.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.156-165
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• 1997

Host plants and host preference of brown chafer, Adoretus tenuimaculatus Waterhouse (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) were investigated in fields and laboratory. 66 kinds of plants in 25 fanlilies were recorded as host during the field survey and 14 kinds in 5 families were verified to be eaten by artificial plant supply. Thus, host plants of A. tertuimaculatus were 186 kinds in 42 families in total including 136 kinds of plants in 32 families from literatures. 50 plants in 19 families were newly recorded as host of A. tenuimaculatus in this study. A. tenuimaculatus was the most frequently visited to J14glans sinensis and Caztanea crenata was the highest damaged plant. C. crenata, Robinia pseudoacasia, Malus sieboldii, J. sinensis, Quercus mongolica, and Q. aliena were considerably highly preferered host plant. However, A. tenuimaculatus never visited to Diospyros lotus, J. nigra, Fraxinus mandshurica, F. rhynchophylla, Pyracantha angustqolia, Paulownia coreana, and Celtis sinensis. Even the same host plant of A. tenuimaculatus. preference was different according to observed place and damage level was also different depending on observed place and time.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.59 no.3
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• pp.251-255
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• 2020

In 2019, the ash whitefly, Siphoninus phillyreae (Haliday, 1835), was firstly found on a pear tree in Jinju-si, Gyeongsangnam-do. From occurrence survey, we confirmed that S. phillyreae was occurred in seven cities, Busan, Changwon, Jinju, Gwangyang, Suncheon, Goheung, and Goseong. In addition, seven plants, such as Punica granatum, Pyrus pyrifolia, Cydonia oblonga, Prunus mume, Crataegus pinnatifida, Eriobotrya japonica, Photinia glabra, Pyracantha angustifolia, Lagerstroemia indica, and Malus prunifolia, were detected as hostplants. In this study, we present the first report of this species in Korea and describe the damage caused by S. phillyrease and its taxonomic information.

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.243-250
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• 2013

Pyracantha is a genus of thorny evergreen large shrubs in the family of Rosaceae, with common names Firethorn or Pyracantha. It's extract has also been used in cosmetics as a skin-whitening agent and functioning through tyrosinase inhibition. Recent studies have shown that pyracantha extract possesses antioxidant activities and may significantly improve lipoprotein metabolism in rats. Although the mode of action of Pyracantha extract is not fully understood, a strong relationship was observed between antioxidant and apoptosis in some types of cells. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluated the effect of pyracantha extract on blastocysts formation and their quality of the porcine parthenogenetic embryos. After parthenogenetic activation by chemicals, presumptive porcine parthenogenetic embryos were cultured in PZM-3 medium supplemented with extracts of pyracantha leaf, stalk and root for 6 day (1, 5 and $10{\mu}g/ml$, respectively). In our results, the frequency of blastocyst formation in pyracantha root extract ($5{\mu}g/ml$) treated group had increased that of other groups. Furthermore, blastocysts derived from pyracantha root extract ($5{\mu}g/ml$) treated group had increased the total cell numbers and reduced apoptotic index. Blastocyst development was significantly improved in the pyracantha root extract ($5{\mu}g/ml$) treated group when compared with the $H_2O_2$ treated group (p<0.05). Subsequent evaluation of the intracellular levels of ROS in pyracantha root extract ($5{\mu}g/ml$) treated groups under $H_2O_2$ induced oxidative stress were decreased (p<0.05). In conclusion, our results indicate that treatment of pyracantha root extract may improve in vitro development of porcine parthenogenetic embryos through its antioxidative and antiapoptotic effects.

• Journal of Ginseng Culture
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• v.5
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• pp.97-114
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• 2023

Despite numerous studies, research on ginseng in aspect of an economic and business perspective are insufficient. Recently, research to reveal the economic cause of ginseng products purchase is drawing attention. The purpose of this study is to analyze empirically the factors of ginseng products purchase by international consumers from a microeconomic perspective. Using the survey data, we empirically investigate the determinants of ginseng products purchase by international consumers visiting Korea. We use a multinomial logistic model to find the determinants that influence the purchase of ginseng products. This study finds the followings. First, the economic factor is an important determinant of ginseng products purchase. The average daily expenditure has a greater impact on ginseng products purchase than household income does. Even though the average daily expenditure is high, they tend to buy less ginseng products when they prefer other products. Second, demographically, gender and age are also important determinants of ginseng products purchase. It has been found that elderly male consumers are more likely to buy ginseng products. Third, international consumers for leisure purposes have a higher probability of buying ginseng products than tourism consumers for other purposes do. Finally, destination attributes such as security (safety), ease of use of mobile/Internet, and ease of finding directions are also important factors affecting ginseng products purchase. In addition, it is found that the convenience of using the mobile/Internet, the ease of finding directions, and the convenience of shopping increase the probability of buying ginseng products by international consumers. This study is meaningful in that it explored the determinants of ginseng products purchase by analyzing individual consumers' ginseng products choices.