• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.789-799
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• 2014

We have analyzed the effect of planting site (elevation) and direction of fruiting on the frost damage (tolerance to transparent skin and blemishes) of persimmon (Diospyros kaki Thunb) 'Fuyu' fruit subjected to the early fall frost (November 2, 2012) in environment-friendly orchards of Changnyeong and Changwon (Gyeongsangnam-do Korea). In Changnyeong, the direction of fruiting showed a significant effect on the fruit weight and the fruit width (p<0.01), and the fruit firmness (p<0.05) while the planting site (elevation) did a highly significant effect on the fruit width and the frost damage (p<0.01), and fruit length (p<0.05). In particular, severe frost damage of fruit (15.2%) and leaves (about 90%) was observed in the plants located in the low elevation area of orchard. The damaged fruit had an transparent skin color and/or blemishes. In Changwon, there was no effect of the planting site and the direction of fruiting on the frost damage, and the fruit characteristics except the fruit width having been related to the planting site (p<0.05). So, the main effects for the fruit frost damage was a terrain factor around the orchards.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.36-41
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• 2001

This experiment was carried out to investigate temperature distribution in the double layer plastic greenhouse and chilling injury to watermelons grown during a cold season. Temperatures on eastern and western sides were about 6.2% and 14.7%, respectively, lower than that of central section in a south-north oriented greenhouse. Daily mean temperature in the northern part was about 1-2$^{\circ}C$ higher than that in the southern part of the greenhouse. In terms of vertical temperature distribution inside the greenhouse, temperature at ground surface was approximately 1$^{\circ}C$ lower during the day and 0.5$^{\circ}C$ higher during the night than that in the upper part, 2m from the ground surface. Leaf mould medium kept higher ground temperatures as compared to sandy soil, red clay soil, and in the northern and southern sides as compared to the central part of the greenhouse. A symptom of chilling injury on leaves was upward curling, followed by chlorosis and necrosis. A severe symptom of chilling injury to plants was the breakdown of vascular bundles. Root growth was more susceptible than stem or leaf growth to low temperatures. At 3$0^{\circ}C$, main and lateral roots grew vigorously, while lateral root growth was inhibited at 22$^{\circ}C$ and root growth was stopped at 14$^{\circ}C$ and 6$^{\circ}C$. Small and puffy fruits with dark green surface were produced at low temperatures. In cold season cultivation of watermelons, it is suggested that plants be transplanted in the central part and train to sides of the greenhouse in order to reduced chilling injuries.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.408-417
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• 2017

This study was conducted to examine the influence of the nurse staffing level on the level of in-hospital death and infection in cancer patients who received surgery. Secondary data were used and the subjects of this study were 24,510 patients who received surgery for six types of cancer with a high postoperative mortality rate in the first half of 2012 at 260 hospitals. Simple logistic and GEE multiple logistic regression analyses were used. After adjusting for the patient and hospital characteristics, a greater likelihood of dying was found in the nurse staffing level 2-3 group (odds ratio [OR], 1.46; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.00-2.11) and in the level 6-7 group (OR, 3.28; 95% CI, 1.87-5.74) compared to the level 0-1 group. The likelihood of in-hospital infection increased with each additional bed per nurse, being 6.63 times higher (95% CI, 3.00-14.62) in the level 2-3 group, 5.79 times higher (95% CI, 1.88-17.78) in the level 4-5 group, and 8.4 times higher (95% CI, 1.82-38.84) in the level 6-7 group, as compared to the level 0-1 group. A lower nurse staffing level was associated with higher in-hospital death and infection levels. This shows that an appropriate nurse staffing level is associated with superior postoperative cancer patient outcomes. Policies for providing adequate nurse staffing should be maintained for the sake of ensuring improved care quality and patient safety.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.46 no.1
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• pp.31-42
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• 2020

Horse fat is known to be an effective ingredient in Asia, and the horse fat itself, which is mixed with other ingredients at the additive level, is often sold as a finished product. In this case, physical properties of the horse fat raw material are important. Many horse fats produced in Korea (Jeju) have low temperature stability, so if not stored at low temperatures, segregation may occur. In the case of Japanese horse fat, it is partially hydrogenated or is used the solid phase as the horse fat by separating the liquid phase and the solid phase that is harder and more stable than the horse fat of Jeju. In this study, the physical properties were tested to improve the temperature stability even without the partial hydrogenation process of Jeju horse fat. Various oil gelling agents were used in the study. Results confirmed that the physical properties of the hydroxystearic acid added Jeju horse fat were improved. In addition, stability evaluations at temperatures of 25 ℃, 40 ℃, 45 ℃ and flow behavior evaluations at temperatures of 25 ℃, 30 ℃, 40 ℃ were performed for Jeju horse fat with hydroxystearic acid, 100% Jeju horse fat, and 100% Japanese horse fat. Results showed that the Jeju horse fat improved in flow behavior by adding hydroxystearic acid similar to that of Japanese horse fat. In addition, when the crystal state was observed under a microscope, the thermal stability was improved by decreasing the size of the needle-type crystals with the addition of hydroxystearic acid. Jeju horse fat containing hydroxystearic acid was found to have no physical problems even when stored at room temperature for a long time.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.319-324
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• 1985

This study was designed to evaluate the feasibility of direct application of quenched slag, as a silicate fertilizer byproduct of iron and steel industry. A field experiment was conducted on a low silica content paddy soil and its effect was compared to over corresponding air-cooled slag of milled commercial silicate fertilizer on rice plant growth and yields. The yields of rice were slightly higher in the commercial air-cooled slag than in the quenched slag, however, there was no significant statistical difference. The silica content of rice plants at harvest was higher in commercial silicate fertilizer than that of quenched slag. The available soil silica was high in quenched slag at the early growing stage, however, at harvest higher in air-cooled slag, which meant that the quenched slag might release silica quickly in soil. This results indicated that the slag could be considered resource as a silicate fertilizer.

• Journal of the Korean Recycled Construction Resources Institute
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.152-160
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• 2021

Converter steel slag(BOF slag) is a vast amount of solid waste generated in the steelmaking process which has very low utilization rate in Korea. Due to the presence of free CaO which can derive bad volume stability in BOF slag, it usually land filled. For recycling BOF and identify its applicability as fine aggregate, this study investigates the fundamental characteristics of mortar with cement replaced ferronickel slag(FNS), which has the potential to be used as a binder. The results suggest that the mineral phases of BOF slag mainly include larnite(CaSiO₄), mayenite(Ca₁₂Al₁₄O₃₃) and wuestite(FeO) while olivine crystallines are shown in FNS. The results of flow and setting time reveals that the flowability and process of hardening increased when the amount of FNS and BOF slag incorporated was increased. The length change shows that the amount of change in the length of the mortar was almost constant regardless of mix proportion while compressive strength was reduced. Micro structure test results revealed that FNS or/and BOF slag mix took a long time to react in the cement matrix to form a complete hydration products. To achieve the efficient utilization of B OF slag as construction materials, proper replacement rate is necessary.

• The Journal of the Petrological Society of Korea
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.185-194
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• 2018

The basaltic rocks of Daljeon-ri columnar joint (Natural Monuments # 415) and Noeseongsan Noerok site (Natural Monuments # 547) were analysed in order to understand basalt types of two areas. The basaltic rocks of the Pohang Daljeon-ri columnar joint show a typical porphyritic texture containing phenocrysts (olivine and clinopyroxene) and groundmasses composed of clinopyroxene, plagioclase, and opaque minerals,. In contrast, basaltic rocks of Noeseongsan Noerok are characterized by fine-grained groundmass with large phenocrysts of plagioclase. Other analysis such as magnetic susceptibility, X-ray diffraction and X-ray fluorescence also support the petrological differences of two basalt rocks. The Daljeon-ri basaltic rocks are plotted on phonotephrite volcanic rocks of alkaline series in TAS(total alkali silica), and on within plate basalt in Zr-Ti diagram. The Noeseongsan basalts, on the other hand, are plotted on basaltic andesite to andesite of sub-alkaline series in TAS, and on volcanic arc basalt in Zr-Ti diagram. These results indicate that the original mantle materials between two basalt rocks were different each other, which probably originated from the change of a tectonic setting in the southeastern Korean peninsula during the Miocene.

• Research in Plant Disease
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.302-307
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• 2018

From 2014 to 2016, approximately 5% of okra fruit were observed displaying gray mold symptoms at the research field of Jeollabuk-do Agricultural Research and Extension Services, Korea. The symptoms observed were water-soaked, brown or gray spots, and abundant mycelial with conidia appearing on the infected fruit. Initial infection commenced from the base of fruit and gradually moved to the pod, where it finally resulted in collapse. Colonies on potato dextrose agar were gray to grayish brown, felted and cottony expanding 65-80 mm after one week. The fungus formed several black sclerotia ranging $1.0-3.5{\times}0.5-3.0mm$ on the Petri dish after two weeks. The conidia were one-celled, ellipsoidal or ovoid, colorless or pale brown, and $6.2-15.4{\times}5.0-10.4{\mu}m$. Conidiophores arose solitary or in groups, straight or flexuous, septate, with an inflated basal cell brown to light brown, and measured $85-450{\times}10.0-40.0{\mu}m$. On the basis of the morphological characteristics and phylogenetic analyses of internal transcribed spacer rDNA, the fungus was identified as Botrytis cinerea Pers. Pathogenicity of a representative isolate was proved by artificial inoculation, fulfilling Koch's postulates. To our knowledge, this is the first report on the occurrence of B. cinerea on okra in Korea.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.20 no.9
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• pp.167-174
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• 2019

The propose od this study was to examine the extent of using physical restraint on elderly patients (over 65 years old) and who were patients in long-term care hospitals. The data was collected, from March 3 2018 to March 29 2018, from the electronic nursing records by using a recording tool, and clinical observation was also used for assessing the use of physical restraint and the related factors. Descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation coefficients and logistic regression were then performed. The usage rate for physical restraints in long-term care hospital was 83.7%, and the most common type of physical restraint was side rails. The use of physical restraints showed a positive correlation with the fall risk scores and a negative correlation with the MMSE. Logistic regression analysis showed that the Fall Risk Score (OR=1.02, 95% CI=1.01~1.03), MMSE (OR=0.94, CI=0.88~0.99) and the use of medical devices (OR=0.80, 95% CI=0.65~0.98) were related with using physical restraints. Therefore, it was confirmed that physical restraint was used in cases of a high risk of falling, severe cognitive impairment and the use of complex and fragile medical devices to treat the patient. Clinical nursing practice should be changed so that treatment alternatives can be applied for elderly patients rather than using too many physical restraints.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.50 no.2
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• pp.40-61
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• 2017

This study investigated material characteristics of composition and variable strength measurement using physicochemical and petrographic analysis for lime-soil mixture barrier tombs of Guri Galmae site in Joseon Dynasty. The tomb barriers are composed mainly of microcrystalline calcite, quartz, feldspar and mica with lime matrix. The lime matrix shows compact sheet texture, and some samples show hydration aggregates with needle-shaped textures. Gypsum occurred as a secondary process where carbonization reactions were poor. Concentrations of CaO in the tomb barrier very widely ranged from 4.43 to 36.19 wt.%, specific gravity and absorption ratio of the materials show of 1.35 to 1.62 and 20.1 to 32.6%, respectively. As the rebound hardness, the materials ranged from 10.0 to 28.4 (mean 15.7). The values are higher in the $-90^{\circ}$ direction rather than in the $0^{\circ}$ direction with the consequence that the values indicate more strength toward the vertical direction. Difference in strength by directions was caused by the directions of the tomb barriers, which is related to the processes in each stage. In the tomb barriers, ultrasonic velocity and unconfined compressive strength ranged from 1,049.2 to 1,728.9m/s and under 5.00MPa, respectively. Variation patterns between the two are very similar in values. As the result of composition and strength, the materials of higher contents on CaO are higher in strength values. Generally, techniques and skills to make the lime-soil mixture barriers are interpreted as low qualities in relatively.