• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.61-73
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• 2017

In order to identify the application techniques of wooden lacquerware artifacts, optical/polarized light microscopy, Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) equipped with energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX) were conducted on the lacquer films of 61 wooden lacquerware artifacts excavated from the Imdang-dong site, Gyeongsan, Korea. Powdered soil, soot, and charcoal were used as a filler for the undercoat, and iron oxide ($Fe_2O_3$) was used as a red pigment. Five different applying techniques were identified for the undercoat according to the composition of the lacquer. Eight different application techniques were identified for the final coat (on the middle layer and surface layer). Totally seventeen application techniques were identified based on the combination methods of the undercoat and finalcoat. Consequently, the undercoating techniques of Imdang-dong lacquerwares were found to be similar to those of lacquerwares from excavated in other provinces. However, the use of iron oxide as a red pigment at Gyeongsang province is very characteristic compared with others.

• Conservation Science in Museum
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• v.12
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• pp.89-92
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• 2011

Wooden object lacquerware and grass made object excavated were discovered in water. The object can be dry gradually for a long time when it is not kept at water evaporation. Wooden area of wet lacquerware wet organic materials mmersed kept lacquer only on the exterior after being decayed, and most of grass made object were adhered to the earth. In this study, the author preserved lacquerware and grass made equipment at Dahori Changwon that were relics in the Iron Age by using bees wax, rayon pper and layering technique. And, the author could remove ware from the earth to conserve lacquer and grass made object.

• Conservation Science in Museum
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• v.11
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• pp.43-48
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• 2010

Excavated lacquer wares can be divided into waterlogged lacquer wares supersatuated with moisture and dry lacquer wares with little moisture. This conservation was done with dry damaged lacquer wares excavated from Daho-ri. Lacquer ware artifacts with lacquer fragments and no surface material remaining were processed using the three following methods. The three methods are reinforcing while sustaining three-dimensional form; reinforcing with earth after cleansing so that fragments are revealed due to weak lacquer fragments; and reinforcing the whole lacquer ware or parts by connecting and supporting missing parts with rayon paper, an artificial fiber paper, if the form cannot be sustained only with lacquer fragments.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.103-111
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• 2020

To compare the cleaning effect of solvents such as water and ethanol used to clean lacquer relics, the components extracted with various solvents were analyzed. A freshly dried lacquer sample and a lacquer sample exposed to ultraviolet radiation for 24 days were treated with water, ethanol, acetone, and hexane, and the dissolved material was detected by pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The amount extracted was significantly higher in acetone and ethanol than in hexane, a nonpolar solvent. Water, a highly polar solvent, was relatively efficient for extracting low-molecular-weight materials. After experiencing 24 days of ultraviolet radiation, the lacquer exhibited a significant increase of extracted materials compared with the nonexposed one. This may be due to the degradation of the urushiol chain in the form of polymers, resulting in the formation of low-molecular-weight polar substances, including dicarboxylic acids. In addition to the deterioration status of lacquer relics, such solvent extraction properties will be a crucial consideration in selecting the appropriate cleaning solvent.

• Conservation Science in Museum
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• v.13
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• pp.33-36
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• 2012

Analysis of Flat board-shaped Lacquer ware excavated from Daho-ri was conducted. The result of species identification is identifed as Pinus spp. As a result of microscopic observation, lacquer fragment is consist of 5 layers and its thickness is about 100 ㎛. Infrared spectroscopy of the lacquer ware revealed that they had a very similar absorption band as refined lacquer, confirming that they were painted with lacquer. Result of Analysis for Circular metal ornament is alloy smelted by tin and lead. It is called Pewter. While The species of wooden objects investigated until now is broad-leaved tree; the species of flat board-shaped lacquer ware is conifer.

• Conservation Science in Museum
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• v.14
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• pp.1-5
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• 2013

This study was conducted to analysis and conserve a lacquered sheath excavated from Soochon-ri, Gongju, Korea. The lacquered sheath was collected together with iron relics. The lacquered sheath was damaged and lost the parts by the external pressure. Many parts were adhered with the rust. Firstly, the object was understanded to have the relation with the iron materials excavated together through the X-ray photographs. As the analysis of the lacquer layers, the report conducted to a study the method of production. After the analysis of relic, the conservation treatment was performed for the stability of original shape. And we made the protection frame for the storage and exhibition.

• Conservation Science in Museum
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• v.2
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• pp.1-8
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• 2000

For exhibition, conducted conservation treatment for a variety of collections acquired at home and abroad such as metallic objects, wooden-ware, paintings and lacquer-ware. Conservation treatment methods for 42 metallic objects were introduced for material types. X-ray and microscopic method were used to identify the current state of the collections and in some case if necessary, various foreign particle removing and stabilization method were used depending on material type. Historical data were stored and exhibited to public.

• Conservation Science in Museum
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• v.1
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• pp.53-59
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• 1999

Residual fatty acid of the basic material[Backgol] for reinforcement used on the edges of the lacquer ware inlaid box of Chosŏn Dynasty was analyzed. The result showed that it contained considerable amount of cholesterol. So it was confirmed to be animal material. Gas chromatography showed that its fatty acid composition is similar to that of sharkskin. On the basis of this analysis results, the damaged area of the object was restored by using sharkskin as a material for reinforcement.

• Conservation Science in Museum
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• v.14
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• pp.61-67
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• 2013

Lacquerware of Goryeo period was variously developed from the early 10th century to the 14th century and became lacquerware inlaid with mother-of-pearl which shows creativity with splendid heyday. For characteristics, splendid and close mother-of-pearl. Characteristic of decoration method is to use gold painting method, Tortoise shell and metal line. Drawing is done with gold dust and gold painting method decorating lacquerware are very splendid from an artistic and decorative aspect, but gold painting is easily lost. So, it's currently difficult to find in relics succeeded. Therefore, there are domestically insufficient studies on gold painting method in Goryeo period, so this researcher intended to observe gold painting of lacquerware excavated in Goryeo period through the microscope, investigate characteristics, mixture, etc. of gold dust and provide data of studies on the recovery of ancient technology. As the result, gold dust particle has various shapes such as irregular square, polygon and triangle under the size from 2 ㎛ to 20 ㎛. The end of gold dust is rolled and overlapped and irregular particle seems to be similar to the shape of crumpled paper. This research showed that gold dust used in gold painting of Goryeo period had used gold dust made by grinding gold leaf to gold painting.

• Conservation Science in Museum
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• v.5
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• pp.37-41
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• 2004

The immersed ancient wood relics excavated from the low swampy area of historic site in Shinchangdong, Gwangju are extremely weak. Since they are quickly dried inducing shrinkage when exposed to air, special preservative treatment is required to exhibit and preserve such items. In the case of the heavily varnished lacquerware such as the lacquered sheaths, in particular, it is extremely difficult to preserve them because chemicals are not easily penetrated and the coating might swell or come off during the process of coating. The lacquer sheaths have been preserved by carrying out freeze-drying after impregnating them in aqueous solution with low concentration of PEG#4000 40%.