• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.47 no.3
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• pp.257-265
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• 2009

Statement of problem & Purpose: To study the effect of different fluoridation methods after in-office bleaching on the color of teeth during severe staining with coffee. Material and methods: 44 specimens were randomly divided into four groups. Group 1 (no bleaching, no fluoride, coffee) was served as control for the influence of coffee on the color of untreated teeth. Group 2, 3 and 4 were undergone bleaching with 35% $H_2O_2$ for 30 minutes a day on 3 consecutive days. Group 2 was remained without fluoridation. Group 3 and 4 were fluoridated for 1 hour with either Cavity shield$^{(R)}$ or pH 7 Gel$^{(R)}$. All of groups were immersed in coffee solution for 7 days. Color determination was accomplished using the spectrophotometer (VITA Easyshade$^{(R)}$). Results: ${\Delta}L$ and ${\Delta}h$ increased, whereas ${\Delta}C$ decreased in the bleached groups. Pairwise comparisons with Tukey's HSD showed that there were statistically significant differences for ${\Delta}L$ and ${\Delta}h$ between the bleached groups and the non-bleached group (P < .05). ${\Delta}L$ and ${\Delta}h$ decreased continuously, while ${\Delta}C$ showed an increase after a decrease in all of groups during immersion in coffee solution. After immersion in coffee solution for 7 days there were no statistically significant differences for ${\Delta}L$, ${\Delta}C$ and ${\Delta}h$ between the groups (P > .05). Also there were no statistically significant differences for ${\Delta}L$, ${\Delta}C$ and ${\Delta}h$ between the group 3 treated with Cavity shield. and the group 4 treated with pH 7 Gel. (P > .05). Conclusion: It was concluded that fluoridation was not beneficial to the prevention of extrinsic stains after bleaching.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.14 no.11
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• pp.449-457
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• 2016

At this study, we select five colorful and high-acid fruits: grape, lemon, orange, grapefruit and kiwi, and we made a composite resin specimen and dipped into fruit juice in order to figure out influence that affects on surface corrosion and coloring. We dipped resin specimen into fruit juice by three-day and seven-day interval at $37^{\circ}C$. Control group used the resin that was not dipped into fruit juice. For surface change according to the time, it was observed by using scanning electron microscopy, and it was measured by using spectrophotometer for change of coloring degree. As a result of surface change of resin by using scanning electron microscopy, furrow size between surface particles increased, and rectangular rod-shape structure was emerged, and small prominent particles on bumps disappeared. As a result of coloring degree of resin by measuring spectrophotometer, a difference between experimental group appears with the darkest brightness in the case where it is dipped into grape extracts.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.30 no.6 s.83
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• pp.739-745
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• 2000

Ectodermal dysplasia is a hereditary disease characterized by a congenital dysplasia of one or mote ectodermal structures. Characteristic manifestations Include scanty hair and eyebrows, pigmented and hyperkeratinized skin around the eyes and mouth, frontal bossing with prominent supraorbital ridges, nasal bridge depression and dental anomalies. Hyperthermia or unexplained high fever as a result of the deficiency of sweat glands is common medical history. Findings of intraoral structures are anodontia or oligodontia with conical crowns. Consequently, generalized spacing and loss of vertical dimension of occlusion. Interdisciplinary approach has been performed to treat a 10-year old boy with ectodermal dysplasia. Orthodontists and a prosthodontist worked together on this case, and the result was satisfactory.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.273-281
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• 2007

Zinc compounds have been used in various fields - cosmetics, medicine, and dentistry -because of its effective functions to human tissues or organs. Especially, it is well known that zinc has many biologic effects in oral cavity. Zinc ion can affect various oral microorganisms, resulting in reduction of oral bacteria, dental plaque, and dental caries. Also, zinc ion has an ability to reduce amounts of oral anaerobic bacteria and oral VSC and can reduce oral malodor. The author summarized the characteristics and toxicity of zinc, several forms of zinc compounds applied in human tissues, and reviewed biologic effects of Zinc in oral cavity (anti-bacterial effects, anti-plaque effects, anti-caries effects, and anti-VSC effects of zinc). Because of many advantages of zinc in oral cavity, it can be concluded that application of zinc compound to various oral diseases will be extended and activated, and promising.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.161-165
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• 2012

Lowe syndrome, also known as oculocerebrorenal syndrome, is a rare genetic disorder involving eyes, kidney, brain and musculoskeletal system, and occurs predominantly in males. The patient with Lowe syndrome is characterized with congenital cataracts, glaucoma, prominent forehead, thin and sparse hair, mental and growth retardation, muscular hypotonia, renal dysfunction, and metabolic bone disease. We have experienced a 10-year-old boy with Lowe syndrome who had poor oral hygiene and trouble for teeth brushing. To manage his behavior and systemic metabolic disorder, sedation was performed during dental care. Excessive calculus formation in this patient is caused by both medication and lack of ability to maintain oral hygiene. The dental management of those patients has to be focused on prevention due to difficulties in dental treatment and dangers of general anesthesia for the Lowe syndrome.

• Korean Journal of Adult Nursing
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.278-289
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• 2017

Purpose: This study was designed to investigate whether there were differences among three oral care protocols on participants' oral health status (oral status, dry mouth, halitosis, saliva pH, microorganism growth in oral cavity) and tooth stain. The three protocols were: 1) oral solution of 4% normal saline, 2) 0.1% Chlorhexidine and 3) Tantum. Methods: A nonequivalent control group pretest-posttest design was utilized. A total of 55 elderly patients residing at long-term care facilities(19 in the 4% normal saline group, 17 in the 0.1% Chlorhexidine group, 19 in the Tantum group) received oral care daily for four weeks. Data were analyzed using SPSS/WIN 22.0 program. Results: The halitosis (${\chi}^2=10.71$, p=.005) and saliva pH (${\chi}^2=6.84$, p=.033) scores were significantly improved after the oral care with 4% normal saline. Conclusion: These findings indicate that if elderly patients in long-term care facilities have complaint of the discomfort of using Chlorhexidine or Tantum, 4% normal saline is as effective at the other two. This can also be cost effective as there were no differences among the protocols in oral status, dry mouth, tooth stain or microorganism growth in oral cavity.

• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.17 no.6
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• pp.481-486
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• 2017

The study aimed to compare the whitening efficacy of a strip and gel containing 2.9% hydrogen peroxide, using a tooth whitening light activator. The whitening effect was compared through in vitro and in vivo studies. In the in vitro study, we used stained hydroxyapatite (HAP) specimens as artificial teeth. HAP specimens were made using HAP powder and polyvinyl alcohol solution, and stained by modified Stookey's method. A whitening gel and whitening strip were applied to the respective specimens for 20 minutes, with a light activator. The color changes were measured using a colorimeter. In the in vivo study, one group (test 1) used the gel with a light activator and the other group (test 2) used a strip with the same activator for 15 minutes a day, for four consecutive days. An organoleptic evaluation using a Vita shade guide and instrumental evaluation using a Shade eye-NCC (Shofu Co., Japan) were performed. The color change values (${\Delta}E^*$) in the in vitro study revealed the strip with the light activator to be more effective than the gel with the same activator (p<0.001). In the in vivo study, even though there was no significant difference between the groups with respect to the ${\Delta}E^*$, using either the Shade eye-NCC or the Vita shade guide, the change in yellowness (${\Delta}b^*$) was statistically significant (p=0.024). In conclusion, test 2 group that used 2.9% hydrogen peroxide strip with a light activator, showed a tendency towards increased whitening than test 1 group that used the gel with the same activator; however further studies are needed to validate the above finding.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.95-102
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• 2009

The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of light energy on the tooth whitening effect of bleaching agent in vitro..Extracted human mandibular molars were sectioned to 2 fragments(mesial. distal) and lingual portions of crown were used in this study. All specimens were stained using a red wine for 24 hours and immersed in artificial saliva. Specimens divided into four groups, group 1 and 2 light-activated by LumaCool (LED, LumaLite, Inc., Spring Valley, USA), group 3 and 4 light-activated by FlipoWhite2 (Plasma acr lamp, Lokki. Australia). Group 1 and 3 bleached with Luma White (LumaLite, Inc., Spring Valley, USA), group 2 and 4 bleached with Polaoffice(SDI, Victoria, Australia). Bleaching treatment performed during 10 minutes every 24 hours and repeated 6 times. During bleaching treatment, distal fragments was light-activated (L) but mesial fragments was not(NL). Shade assessment employed before and after bleaching treatment using spectrophotometer. The results of the change in shade was compared and analysed between NL and L by using paired-sample T test with 95 % level of confidence. There were no significant differences between NL and L with a few exceptions. In group 2, $a^*$ value more change in L, in group 3, $b^*$ value more change in L, in group 4, $a^*$ value less change in L. After bleaching, $L^*$ value and ${\Delta}E$ increased in all groups and the value of $a^*$ and $b^*$ decreased in all groups. Within the limitation of this test conditions, the results of this study indicate that the light energy has no obvious improving impact on the tooth whitening effect of a bleaching agent.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.45-53
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• 2000

Enamel microabrasion is a means by which superficial enamel discoloration is removed using hydrochloric acid and fine pumice. As enamel microabrasion alone may not be sufficient in cases of deeper discoloration, composite resin restoration is recommended in areas where there is remaining discoloration. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of different methods and number of applications of enamel microabrasion on the shear bond strength of composite resin to enamel. Untreated control was designated as group 1. 5-second applications of a mixture of 18% HCl and fine pumice were performed 5 and 10 times on groups 2 and 3, respectively. A commercially available mixture of 10% HCl and abrasives(PREMA) was applied using a 10 : 1 gear reduction handpiece 5 and 10 times on groups 4 and 5, respectively, with each application lasting 20 seconds. After etching with 37% phosphoric acid, composite resin was bonded. Thermocycling was performed and shear bond strength was measured. The following results were obtained : 1. Group 2 showed the highest bond strength$(24.36{\pm}3.34)$, while group 3 showed the lowest$(19.35{\pm}3.43)$, Shear bond strength decreased in the following order: 2>4>5>1>3. 2. Group 2 showed bond strength significantly higher compared to groups 1 and 3(p<0.05). 3. There were no significant differences between groups 2 and 3, which had been microabraded using HCl and pumice, and groups 4 and 5, to which PREMA had been applied, when bond strengths were compared(p>0.05). 4. When modes of fracture were examined, adhesive failure was observed in groups 3 and 4, while cohesive failure was observed in groups 1, 2, 3 and 4. Only mixed failures were found group 5. 5. When viewed using a SEM, groups 2 and 3, which had been microabraded using HCl and pumice, showed surface appearances similar to that of enamel etched with phosphoric acid. Groups 4 and 5, treated with PREMA, exhibited a smooth surface similar to that of group 1. All oops showed similar, typical surface characteristics following phosphoric acid etching.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.32 no.6
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• pp.522-529
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• 2007

The purpose of this study was to compare the apical leakage of the root canal filled with the System B and the EndoTwinn(the combined application of heat and ultrasonic vibration). Sixty extracted premolars with straight root were cleaned and shaped to size 35. Group SB was obturated using System B and Group ET was filled with EndoTwinn. A size 35 of 0.06 tapered gutta-percha and Adseal were used and the plugger which could be introduced to 4 mm short of working length was selected in the obturation procedure. As the positive control, Group PC was not filled. In Group SB, ET and PC, all external surfaces of each tooth were coated with nail varnish leaving only 1 mm area around the apical foramen. In the negative control of Group NSB and Group NET, all of external tooth surface including apical foramen was coated with the nail varnish. The specimens were immersed in methylene blue dye solution for 2 days. Then the specimens were sectioned at each 1 mm from apex to 5 mm level. The final score of one specimen was given by summing up of the points at all levels. The dye leakage of Group ET was significantly less than that observed in Group SB (p < 0.05). And the frequency of gutta-percha pulling out from root canal when the plugger was removed was more often with the System B than with EndoTwinn but there was no significant difference.