• Women's Health Nursing
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.326-335
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• 2020

Purpose: This study was conducted to evaluate the construct validity, reliability, measurement invariance, and latent mean differences in the Breastfeeding Adaptation Scale-Short Form (BFAS-SF) for use with mothers at 2 weeks postpartum. Methods: This methodological study was designed to evaluate the validity, reliability, and measurement invariance of the BFAS-SF at 2 weeks postpartum, with data collected from 431 breastfeeding mothers. Confirmatory factor analysis and multi-group confirmatory factor analysis were conducted to assess the factor structure and the measurement invariance across employment status, delivery mode, parity, and previous breastfeeding experience, and the latent mean differences were then examined. Results: The goodness of fit of the six-factor model at 2 weeks postpartum was acceptable. Multi-group confirmatory factor analysis supported strict invariance of the BFAS-SF across employment status and delivery mode. Full configural invariance, full metric invariance, and partial scalar invariance across parity and full configural invariance and full metric invariance across previous breastfeeding experience were supported, respectively. The results for latent mean differences suggested that mothers who were employed showed significantly higher scores for breastfeeding confidence. Mothers who had a vaginal delivery showed significantly higher scores for sufficient breast milk and baby's feeding capability. Multiparous mothers showed significantly higher scores for baby's feeding capability and baby's satisfaction with breastfeeding. Conclusion: The validity and reliability of the BFAS-SF at 2 weeks postpartum are acceptable. It can be used to compare mean scores of breastfeeding adaptation according to employment status, delivery mode, and parity.

• The Journal of the Institute of Internet, Broadcasting and Communication
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.147-157
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• 2017

In recent years, Super-pixels have become very popular for use in computer vision applications. Super-pixel algorithm transforms pixels into perceptually feasible regions to reduce stiff features of grid pixel. In particular, super-pixels are useful to depth estimation, skeleton works, body labeling, and feature localization, etc. But, it is not easy to generate a good super-pixel partition for doing these tasks. Especially, super-pixels do not satisfy more meaningful features in view of the gestalt aspects such as non-sum, continuation, closure, perceptual constancy. In this paper, we suggest an advanced algorithm which combines simple linear iterative clustering with fuzzy clustering concepts. Simple linear iterative clustering technique has high adherence to image boundaries, speed, memory efficient than conventional methods. But, it does not suggest good compact and regular property to the super-pixel shapes in context of gestalt aspects. Fuzzy similarity measures provide a reasonable graph in view of bounded size and few neighbors. Thus, more compact and regular pixels are obtained, and can extract locally relevant features. Simulation shows that fuzzy similarity based super-pixel building represents natural features as the manner in which humans decompose images.

• International Area Studies Review
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.239-261
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• 2011

The cyclicality of productivity has been one of the essential issues in macroeconomics. Since Solow(1957) developed the dominant approach to the measurement of productivity growth, Solow's approach, which assumes the perfect competition, the constant returns to scale, and the full use of input factor has been modified particularly in Hall's(1990) and Basu's(1996) works. Their researches take account of market power, returns to scale, and variable factor utilization. This paper establishes the empirical model based on Hall's(1990) and Basu's(1996) models, estimates 4 types of Solow's reidual in manufacturing and 2 service industries over the period 1975:1-2010:4, and analyzes the cyclicality of measured productivity. The result proved the measured productivity to be procyclical in manufacturing industries and electricity and water industry, and in contrast to the Basu's, the variable factor utilization transformed the countercyclicality of measured productivity into its procyclicality in the Korean economy.

• Asia-pacific Journal of Multimedia Services Convergent with Art, Humanities, and Sociology
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• v.9 no.6
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• pp.757-772
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• 2019

The purpose of this paper is to measure the clustering change and analyze empirical results, and choose the clustering ports for Busan, Incheon, and Gwangyang ports by using Artificial Neural Network, Social Network, and Tabu Search models on 38 Asian container ports over the period 2007-2016. The models consider number of cranes, depth, birth length, and total area as inputs and container throughput as output. Followings are the main empirical results. First, the variables ranking order which affects the clustering according to artificial neural network are TEU, birth length, depth, total area, and number of cranes. Second, social network analysis shows the same clustering in the benevolent and aggressive models. Third, the efficiency of domestic ports are worsened after clustering using social network analysis and tabu search models. Forth, social network and tabu search models can increase the efficiency by 37% compared to that of the general CCR model. Fifth, according to the social network analysis and tabu search models, 3 Korean ports could be clustered with Asian ports like Busan Port(Kobe, Osaka, Port Klang, Tanjung Pelepas, and Manila), Incheon Port(Shahid Rajaee, and Gwangyang), and Gwangyang Port(Aqaba, Port Sulatan Qaboos, Dammam, Khor Fakkan, and Incheon). Korean seaport authority should introduce port improvement plans by using the methods used in this paper.

• School Mathematics
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.481-501
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• 2013

The purpose of this study is to review the role of dragging in dynamic geometry environments. Dragging is a kind of dynamic representations that dynamically change geometric figures and enable to search invariances of figures and relationships among them. In this study dragging in dynamic geometry environments is divided by three perspectives: dynamic representations, instrumented actions, and affordance. Following this review, six conclusions are suggested for future research and for teaching and learning geometry in school geometry as well: students' epistemological change of basic geometry concepts by dragging, the possibilities to converting paper-and-pencil geometry into experimental mathematics, the role of dragging between conjecturing and proving, geometry learning process according to the instrumental genesis perspective, patterns of communication or discourse generated by dragging, and the role of measuring function as an affordance of DGS.

• Environmental and Resource Economics Review
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.595-626
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• 2005

The purpose of this paper is to estimate technical efficiency, scale efficiency, and environmental efficiency by income level of Korean farms, and analyze the factors to decide three efficiencies. Depending on the non-parametric methods, we estimate technical using inputs and outputs of total farms without assuming of goods or behavior of optimization. The average technical efficiency of total firms under constant return to scale and strong disposability is 0.437. The technical inefficiency was caused by 47.7% in pure technical inefficiency, 11.3% in scale failure, and 3.2% in environmental inefficiency. The number of firms under increasing return to scale occupied almost 70% and 27% of total firms respectively. Higher are income class, middle debt & long debt per asset, and N effluents per cultural land, higher technical efficiency. The increases of BOD discharges per cultural land and machines per cultural land deteriorate environmental efficiency.

• Journal of IKEEE
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.472-476
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• 2023

Fundamental frequency/pitch period are major characteristics of speech signals. They are used in many speech applications like speech coding, speech recognition, speaker identification, and so on. In this paper, some of inflection points are used to estimate the pitch which is the inverse of the fundamental frequency. The inflection points are defined as points where local maxima, local minima or the slope changes occur. The speech signal is preprocessed to remove unnecessary inflection points due to the high frequency components using a low pass filter. Only the inflection points from local maxima are used to get the pitch period. While the existing pitch estimation methods process speech signals in blockwise, the proposed method detects the inflection points in sample and produces the pitch period/fundamental frequency estimates along the time. Computer simulation shows the usefulness of the proposed method as a fundamental frequency estimator.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.12 no.8
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• pp.330-342
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• 2012

Most of professional baseball teams are not good for business condition because of operation costs in spite of support of mother company. This study measured the relative efficiency and productivity change of the Korean professional baseball teams using DEA model and Malmquist Index for 2006-2008. The main results of this study can be summarized as follows. First, in case of efficiency of CCR for 2006-2008, the number of efficient professional baseball teams(CCR value is one) are two(Doosan Bears, Samsung Lions), two(Doosan Bears, SK Wyberns), two(Lotte Giants, LG Twins) respectively. Second, in case of efficiency of BCC for 2006-2008, the number of efficient professional baseball teams(BCC value is one) are three(Doosan Bears, Samsung Lions, LG Twins ), four(Doosan Bears, SK Wyberns, Samsung Lions, Kia Tigers), four(Lotte Giants, LG Twins, SK Wyberns, Samsung Lions) respectively. Third, average of Malmquist Index representing productivity change for 2006-2008 are 1.0615, 1.0293 respectively. These values mean increase of productivity. Results of this study can be used by inefficient professional baseball teams to improve inefficiency.

• Proceedings of the KIEE Conference
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• 2011.07a
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• pp.2005-2006
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• 2011

Due to the advantages of small sizes, more I/O ports, etc., Ball Grid Array (BGA) has been used in the production of printed circuit board (PCB). However, BGA voids can degrade the performance of the board and cause failure. To automatically detect the voids in X-ray image, a novel blob filter that makes use of the local image gradient magnitude is proposed in this paper. The utilization of the local image gradient magnitude makes the proposed filter invariant to the image brightness, void shape, void position, and component interference. Furthermore, different sizes of box filters are employed to analyze the image in multi-scale, and as a result, the proposed blob filter is robust to void size. Experimental results show that the proposed method can obtain void detection accuracy up to 96.104% while keep low false ratio.

• Journal of Korea Port Economic Association
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.277-300
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• 2009

By using data envelopment analysis(DEA) this research measures the efficiency of Korea's seven middle-sized seaports and their Malmquist productivity from 1998 to 2007. Under the assumption of CRS(constant returns to scale) and VRS(variable returns to scale), seaports' ranking of efficiency are measured. Kunsan Port is confirmed as a middle-performed port in the various measurements. Important finding facts are as follows. 1)Kunsan Port has the efficiency level from 53% to 57% of efficient ports' level under the assumption of CRS and VRS. 2)In terms of average efficiency level, the gap among these 7 seports' efficiency levels has been widened during the period from 1998 to 2007. 3)Kunsan Port has shown the characteristics of DRS more frequently in terms of returns to scale. 4) Kunsan Port's average total factor productivity has been lower at the rate of 0.7% during the period from 1998 to 2007. 5)Kunsan Port has shown technical progress at the rate of 3.1% in this period. In future research the more and better data will be expected to improve the understanding of Korean seaports' efficiency characteristics.