• Neonatal Medicine
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.190-196
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• 2009

Purpose: Candida infection has increased in neonatal intensive care units (NICU). However, recent reports on systemic candida infections in preterm newborns are rare in Korea. The aim of this study was to examine the epidemiological features of systemic candida infection in very low birth weight infants (VLBW) over the past five years. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 19 patients with systemic candida infections in VLBW that were admitted to the neonatal intensive care units of three hospitals affiliated with the College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea from January 2004 to December 2008. We analyzed the birth weight, gestational age, age at diagnosis, risk factors, co-morbidity, antifungal treatment, and mortality rates among the 19 patients. Results: Systemic candida infections occurred in 19 cases (4.7%) among the VLBW infants. The mean birth weight and gestational age were 959.0$\pm$255.9 g and 26.7$\pm$2.1 weeks. The isolated Candida species were C. albicans (4), C. parapsilosis (9), C. glabrata (2), C. famata (2), and unkown subspecies (2). Most patients had various associated risk factors, including a central venous catheter, broad spectrum antibiotics, parenteral nutrition, intravenous lipid emulsion, endotracheal intubation and $H_2$ blocker therapy. There was no significant difference in the risk factors between newborns that survived and those that died with regard to the systemic candida infection, except for gestational age. Nine (47.4%) out of 19 patients with a candida infection died and four cases (21.2%) were directly related to the candida infection. Conclusion: The prevalence of systemic candida infection is increasing in VLBW infants. The majority of Candida species has shifted to C. non-albicans, especially C. parapsilosis. Because of the high mortality associated with candida infection in the NICU, prophylaxis and early treatment based on epidemiological features is necessary.

• Industry Promotion Research
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.137-152
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• 2023

As the world progresses towards a global society as time goes by, it is a natural reality that interpreting the fortunes of people born in foreign countries will inevitably increase in the future. If the time of birth is different, a big problem arises in the theory of MyungLiollgy. Therefore, this researcher decides whether to use the local standard time of the country of birth or convert it to the Korean time zone when a foreign-born person writes four weeks, because the position of the sun determines the time and date, so the local standard time It was concluded that it was appropriate to use it, and to support the discussion on the correction of true solar time in Eastern and Western countries, we carefully selected major countries and major cities where the time difference between the currently used national standard time and the true solar time according to the actual longitude line was expected, and the results were presented. was calculated and derived. As a result of the study, it was confirmed that the time difference between the national standard time and the true solar time is much greater than the general idea. On the other hand, through the case of actual foreign-born people, it was possible to find out the great influence of summer time on the composition of the sandbar, in addition to the influence of the exact time difference on the birth date and cutting time. Through the results of this study, it is thought that we have laid the systematic foundation of the myo-logical theory on the correction of true solar time in Eastern and Western countries for the simplicity of the four weeks of foreign-born people, and this will serve as an opportunity to reduce confusion about the method of simplifying the four weeks of foreign-born people. It is assumed that it will be possible.

• Development and Reproduction
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.37-43
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• 1997

DNA 회복효소인 MPG는 DNA의 퓨린기에 결합되어 있는 메틸기 등 이물질을 염기와 함께 제거하는 작용을 한다. 본 연구에서는 노던 블롯팅 방법을 이용하여 Balb/c mice의 각 조직별로 발생단계별 mRNA 발현 정도를 조사하였다. 뇌와 콩팥조직에서는 출생직후에 발현이 가장 활발하였으며, 성체시기까지 비교적 높은 활성도가 유지되었다. 위장 조직에서는 출생직후에서 일주일 후까지는 명확히 관찰되었으나, 그 이후는 발현이 약화되었다. 간장과 폐조직에서는 그 발현 정도가 매우 약했으며, 특히, 간조직의 경우 출생 직후보다 성체에서 그 발현이 현저히 감소되었다. 이들 조직에서의 활성도는 출생후 24시간 이내에서 1주일후까지 상대적으로 높게 유지되다가 점차 감소되었다. 즉, 수유기(출생직후부터 1주일후)에는 그 활성도가 성체시기(4주에서 6개월)보다 높게 유지되었다. 이러한 결과들로 미루어 보아 늙은 생쥐가 젊고 어린 생쥐보다 alkylating mutagen들에 노출되었을대 암에 걸릴 위험성이 높다고 생각된다.

• Journal of Labour Economics
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.1-32
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• 2011

This paper explores the effect of relative age at elementary school entry, which is determined by birth date and school entrance law, on college entrance. First, I compare the college entrance rate between students born in January or February and those born in other months. Second, I estimate the effect of age at school entry on college entrance. Relatively older students at school entry are likely to have better educational outcomes during the first college entrance. However, these differences in educational outcomes seem to decrease the more that younger students repeat taking the college entrance exam.

• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.1-10
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• 2006

목적:임신 중 소음 스트레스가 태아에 어떤 영향을 미치는 가를 관찰하고자, 임신 중인 흰쥐에 소음 스트레스를 가한 후 출생한 새끼 흰쥐에 인삼을 투여하여 신경적 발육에 대한, 특히 새끼 흰쥐 해마의 c-Fos 관점에서 연구하였다. 결과:CIA 영역의 c-Fos-positive 세포의수는, 출생 전 소음 스트레스를 받은 대조군에 비해, 10 mg/kg의 인삼을 투여한 군에서 유의성 있는 감소를 보였다. 해마의 CA2, CA3 영역에서의 c-Fos-positive 세포의 수는 10 mg/kg의 인삼을 투여한 그룹에서, 출생 전 소음 스트레스를 받은 대조군에 비해 유의성 있는 감소를 보였다. 해마의 dentate gyrus 영역에서 c-Fos-positive 세포의 수는, 10 mg/kg의 인삼을 투여한 그룹에서, 출생 전 소음 스트레스를 받은 대조군에 비해 유의성 있는 감소를 보였다. 결론: 인삼은 태아기 소음 스트레스로 야기되는 c-Fos의 변화로 인한 해마의 기능장애에 중화제로서 사용될 수 있다. 그리고 임신 중 소음 스트레스를 경험한 엄마의 아이들에 있어서 정신과적 문제를 치료하는데 유용할 것이다.

• Neonatal Medicine
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.182-188
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• 2011

Purpose: Recently in Korea, there have been significant improvements in neonatal mortality rate (NMR) and infant mortality rate (IMR). This study aimed to investigate the proportion of the NMR among IMR, with the goal of discerning the influence of improved NMR on the reduction of IMR in the last 5 years in Korea. Methods: All data were from Statistics Korea. Changes in the NMR percentage among IMR and the percentage of the death by the distribution of the birth weight and gestational were investigated. Results: The total birth rate decreased, but the total number of preterm and low birth weight infants increased. These was a large decrease in NMR and IMR. The proportion of NMR among INR exceeded 50%. Early NMR was higher than late NMR. Among the total infant death, the mortality of preterm and low birth weight infants was high. Conclusion: Between 2005 and 2009, the total birth has declined in Korea, but the frequency of low birth weight infants is trending upward. The improvements in NMR and IMR, and the downtrend of the NMR percentage in IMR, are encouraging. It seems that the continued decrease of mortality of preterm and LBWI is required for better improvements NMR and IMR in Korea. This result is expected to be used for the basic data to improve the management of the newborns in Korea.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.23 no.1 s.29
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• pp.87-97
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• 1990

We followed up all the infants born to the married women under 50 years of age residing in Gunwee county, Kyungpook Province, between 1 April 1985 and 31 March 1987, and those born to the married women under 50 years residing in Hapchun County, Kyungnam Province, between 1 March 1987 and 28 February 1988, to their first birthday. Likewise, we followed up the infants born to the women who visited the MCH Center of South District Health Center in Taegu City for delivery between 1 April 1985 and 31 March 1987 to the 27th day after birth and obtained the infant mortality rate and the neonatal mortality rate, respectively. There were 17 infant deaths among 1,359 live births in Gunwee and Hapchun Counties and the infant mortality rate was 12.5 per 1,000 live births. Out of 17 infant deaths, 82.4 percent were neontal death and 17.6 percent were postnonatal deaths. Out of the 6,001 live births born to the women visited the MCH Center, 4,834 infants (80.6%) were followed up to the 27th day after birth. Of these 4,834 infants, 36 infants died before the 28th day after birth and thus the neonatal mortality rate was 7.4 per 1,000 live births. Comparison of the maternal characteristics and the birth weight between infants who were followed up and those who were lost to follow-up showed no significant differences. Assuming that the neonatal and postneounatal mortality ratio had been 6:4, the infant mortality rate for the infants born at the MCH Center would have been 12.3 per 1,000 live births. Taking such findings into consideration as the infant mortality rate observed in Gunwee and Hapchun Counties, the neonatal mortality rate at the MCH Center, the causes of infant deaths, and the low birth weight incidence rate, a conservative estimate of infant mortality rate of Korea would be between 12 and 15 per 1,000 live births in $1985{\sim}1988$.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.49 no.8
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• pp.857-863
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• 2006

Purpose : To evaluate the immunogenicity of hepatitis B vaccine among very low birth weight infants(VLBWI) who were vaccinated at 0, 1, 6 months of chronological age and to determine the factors associated with antibody formations. Methods : A total of 243 VLBWI admitted to Seoul and Gangneung Asan Medical Center neonatal intensive care units from 1997 to 2004 were included. Of 243, 13 infants were born to HBs Ag positive mother. All infants were given DNA recombinant vaccine at 0, 1, and 6 months of chronological age. Infants born to HBs Ag positive mothers received hepatitis B immunoglobulin at birth and a total of 4 doses of vaccinations. An antibody level over 10 mIU/mL, tested at 3-4 months after last vaccination, was regarded as a positive seroconversion. Results : The seroconversion rates were 84.4 percent and 84.5 percent for VLBWI and extremely low birth weight infants(ELBWI), respectively. Of 28 seronegative infants who were given revaccinations, 60.7 percent seroconverted, resulting in 95.3 percent, 97.5 percent seroconversion rates for VLBWI and ELBWI, respectively. 76.9 percent of infants born to HBsAg positive mothers seroconverted and none became hepatitis B carriers. Factors such as gestational age, sex, various neonatal illness, and kinds of vaccinations did not influence the formation of the hepatits B antibody, however, the higher the weight at time of first vacciation yielded better seroconversion rate. Conclusion : Revaccination of seronegative VLBWI after 3 doses of hepatitis B vaccinaton is very effective. Therefore, testing the immune status after the hepatitis B vaccination, a practice not routinely done, is highly recommended.

• Environmental Mutagens and Carcinogens
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.35-46
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• 1988

출생직후부터 새끼쥐에 유발시킨 납중독이 중추의 특정 신경계에 미치는 신경독성의 선택성 여부를 알아보고자 하였다. 특정 신경계의 한 예로 모노아민성 신경계를 선택하여 납중독의 지표로 모노아민성 신경계의 효소인 MAO (mono-amine oxidase)의활성을 측정하였으며, 비특정 조직의 지표로 Na+K+-ATPase의 활성을 측정하였다. Wistar계의 흰쥐에서 태어난 새끼들에게 출생직후부터 전실험기간을 통해 0.05% 혹은 0.2% 초산납 (PbAc2)용액을 식수로 공급하여 납중독을 유발시켰다. 생후 2, 4, 6 및 8주된 새끼쥐의 MAO 및 Na+K+-ATPase활성을 대뇌, 간뇌, 중뇌, 뇌교-연수 및 다섯부위에서 각기 측정하였다.

• The Korean Journal of Zoology
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.17-22
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• 1974

The G-6-PD (glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase) activity, the first step in the pentose phosphate shunt, of rat livers during prenatal and pstnatal development in different sexes was studied. The enzyme activity is very high (54.2 units) at 16 days of embryo ad then decreases to a low level (17.6 units) at 13days after birth. There are significant increase between 13 and 15 days of age and continuously increases to the level of 53.2 units at 19days of age. The G-6-PD activity in female rat livers was slightly higher than in males.