• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
• /
• v.15 no.2
• /
• pp.114-122
• /
• 2002

This study investigated the species composition and distribution of woody plants, and flora of vascular plants of Cheonjiyeon where is located in the most southern region of Korea. Twenty-nine taxa of trees were distributed in the valley, and of these, deciduous broad-leaved trees were 13. Of the total number of 2,547 trees, 1,429 were deciduous broad-leaved trees and remainder was broad-leaved evergreen. Deciduous broad-leaved trees covered 48.7% of the tree canopy while evergreen broad-leaved trees covered only 42.3%. The total number of shrub taxa was 37 with more evergreen shrub taxa than deciduous. Evergreen shrubs occupied 64.4％ of shrub canopy while deciduous shrubs covered only 35.4％. The result of the investigation of flora showed that there are 446 taxa of flora including 114 families, 320 genera, 397 species, 1 subspecies, 39 varieties, and 9 forma. Of these, two species, Rubus hongnoensis Nakai and Lycoris chejuensis K. Tae et S. Ko, are endemic plants of Jeju Island. The flora includes 17 taxa of rare plants that are distributed only in Jeju Island in Korea. Also, the flora includes 1 taxon, Elaeocarpus sylvestris (Loureiro) Poiret var. ellipticus (Thunb.) Hara, of Korean natural monument, 2 taxa, Psilotum nudum (L.) Griseb. and Crypsinus hastatus (Thunb.) Copeland, of legally protected wildlife and plants, 38 taxa of naturalized plants, and 75 taxa of introduced plants.

• Journal of dental hygiene science
• /
• v.16 no.1
• /
• pp.93-100
• /
• 2016

The purpose of this study was to compare the changes of retentive force in different stud attachment systems for implant retained overdenture. Two commercially available attachments with different retentive forces were investigated: Kerator (pink, blue, red) and O-ring (orange, red). Two implant fixtures were vertically embedded in base mountings. Five pairs of each attachment were evaluated. A universal testing machine was used to evaluate the retentive force of two attachments during wear simulation. Surface characteristics of each attachment system were evaluated with scanning electron microscopy. Five pairs of each attachment were evaluated. Kerator pink showed the highest initial retention. After 2,500 cycles of wear-simulation, Kerator pink noted the largest decrease in retention. According to results of surface analysis, Worn surfaces were obtained in matrices and patrices. Heavy wears were observed in matrices. After 2 year-wear simulation, most attachments exhibited retention loss. Attachments using different kind of material exhibited dissimilar surface alterations.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
• /
• v.37 no.4
• /
• pp.537-541
• /
• 2005

Estimation of concentrations of PAHs [benzo(a)anthracene, chrysene, benzo(b)fluoranthene, benzo(k)fluoranthene, benzo(a)pyrene, dibenzo(a,h)anthracene, benzo(g,h,i)perylene, indeno(1,2,3-c,d)pyrene] in cereals, pulses, potatoes, and their products available in Korean markets gave mean levels of 0.13, 0.08, 0.06, 0.03, 0.08, 0.15, 0.45, and $0.14{\mu}g/kg$, respectively, with recoveries between 82.6-106.6%. Methodology involved saponification and extraction with n-hexane, purification on Sep-Pak Florisil cartridges, and high performance liquid chromatography using a fluorescence detector.

• Health Policy and Management
• /
• v.25 no.3
• /
• pp.185-196
• /
• 2015

Background: Issues concerning with the classification accuracy of Korean Outpatient Groups (KOPGs) have been raised by providers and researchers. The KOPG is an outpatient classification system used to measure casemix of outpatient visits and to adjust provider risk in charges by the Health Insurance Review & Assessment Service in managing insurance payments. The objective of this study were to refine KOPGs to improve the classification accuracy and to evaluate the refinement. Methods: We refined the rules used to classify visits with multiple procedures, newly defined chemotherapy drug groups, and modified the medical visit indicators through reviews of other classification systems, data analyses, and consultations with experts. We assessed the improvement by measuring % of variation in case charges reduced by KOPGs and the refined system, Enhanced KOPGs (EKOPGs). We used claims data submitted by providers to the HIRA during the year 2012 in both refinement and evaluation. Results: EKOPGs explicitly allowed additional payments for multiple procedures with exceptions of packaging of routine ancillary services and consolidation of related significant procedures, and discounts ranging from 30% to 70% were defined in additional payments. Thirteen chemotherapy drug KOPGs were added and medical visit indicators were streamlined to include codes for consultation fees for outpatient visits. The % of variance reduction achieved by EKOPGs was 48% for all patients whereas the figure was 40% for KOPGs, and the improvement was larger in data from tertiary and general hospitals than in data from clinics. Conclusion: A significant improvement in the performance of the KOPG was achieved by refining payments for visits with multiple procedures, defining groups for visits with chemotherapy, and revising medical visit indicators.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
• /
• v.27 no.4
• /
• pp.416-423
• /
• 2007

This study investigated the effect of ohmic thawing on the physicochemical properties of pork meat. The physicochemical properties of pork meat thawed by brine immersion and electrode contact ohmic systems were compared. A more rapid thawing rate was seen with the electrode contact thawing system than with brine immersion. No significant differences in pH were found with increasing voltage for both thawing methods (p>0.05). Increasing the voltage level tended to decrease drip loss, resulting in increased water holding capacity. The shear forces of pork thawed at 50 V did not differ from the control (p>0.05) for both thawing methods. Although significantly high TBARS (p<0.05) values were found at 20 and 40 V for immersion, and 0 V for contact thawing, increasing the voltage level tended to decrease the TBARS values. Regarding TVBN, no significant effect was observed with increasing voltage levels (p>0.05). The total color difference of pork was significantly higher (p<0.05) with immersion thawing than with electrode contact thawing. These results indicate that brine immersion thawing is favorable at high voltage levels, while lower voltage levels are applicable for electrode contact thawing.

• Culinary science and hospitality research
• /
• v.20 no.2
• /
• pp.65-78
• /
• 2014

This study was aimed to develop short necked clam stock, which is the base of sauce, soup, etc., using various nourishing elements in short necked clams. In short necked clam stock with different heating times, the moisture content was significantly different (p < 0.05). For the color value of short necked clam stock, L value was the highest in S1(31.15), while the highest a value was found in S5(-0.36) and the highest b value in S5(0.67). pH was the lowest as 7.35 in S5. When heating time increased, pH decreased significantly (p < 0.001). The sugar content was the highest as $3.30^{\circ}Brix$ in S5 and the lowest as $2.63^{\circ}Brix$ in S1. The salinity content was the lowest as 0.73% in S1, and it increased significantly(p < 0.001) with increased heating time. Na was the highest among the mineral contents and the highest K, Mg, Ca, Fe contents were found in S5 heated for 60 mins. Twenty one kinds of free amino acid were detected in short necked clams. The highest essential amino acid content was arginine, the highest flavor enhancing free amino acid was glycine, and the highest derivative amino acid was taurine. The test for characteristic differences of short necked clam stock showed that savory taste and savory flavor of S4 heated for 50 mins were the highest. According to the results of acceptance test, S3 showed the best results. In conclusion, short necked clam stock showed great preference with increased heating time, and the preference has increased when it was simmered for 35~40 mins.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
• /
• v.16 no.2
• /
• pp.57-65
• /
• 2008

Wastewater containing strong organic matter is very difficult to treat by utilizing general sewage treatment plant. but the wastewater is adequate to generate biomass energy (bio-gas; methane gas) by utilizing anaerobic digestion. EcoDays Plug Flow Reactor (E-PFR), which was already proved as an excellent aerobic wastewater treatment reactor, was adapted for anaerobic food wastewater digestion. This research was performed to improve the efficiency of bio-gas production and to optimize anaerobic wastewater treatment system. Food wastewater from N food waste treatment plant was applied for the pilot scale experiments. The results indicated that the efficiency of anaerobic wastewater treatment and the volume of bio-gas were increased by applying E-PFR to anaerobic digestion. The structural characteristics of E-PFR can cause the high efficiency of anaerobic treatment processes. The unique structure of E-PFR is a diaphragm dividing vertical hydraulic multi-stages and the inversely protruded fluid transfer tubes on each diaphragm. The unique structure of E-PFR can make gas hold-up space at the top part of each stage in the reactor. Also, E-PFR can contain relatively high MLSS concentration in lower stage by vertical up-flow of wastewater. This hydraulic flow can cause high buffering capacity against shock load from the wastewater in the reactor, resulting in stable pH (7.0~8.0), relatively higher wastewater treatment efficiency, and larger volume of bio-gas generation. In addition, relatively longer solid retention time (SRT) in the reactor can increase organic matter degradation and bio-gas production efficiency. These characteristics in the reactor can be regarded as "ideal" anaerobic wastewater treatment conditions. Anaerobic wastewater treatment plant design factor can be assessed for having 70 % of methane gas content, and better bio-gas yielding and stable treatment efficiency based on the results of this research. For example, inner circulation with generated bio-gas in the reactor and better mixing conditions by improving fluid transfer tube structure can be used for achieving better bio-gas yielding efficiency. This research results can be used for acquiring better improved regenerated energy system.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
• /
• v.16 no.1
• /
• pp.106-116
• /
• 2005

Summary : This study was designed to identify the difference in temperament, parent-adolescent's goodness of fit and behavioral problems between early-adolescent high risk group which can be divided into subgroups (ADHD-I and ADHD-HI/C) and normal group. Method : Subjects of this study were students of a Boy's Middle School and their parents. ADHD high risk group was determined by using three rating scales of ADHD behavioral symptoms : 1. Korean-ADHD Rating Scale, 2. Abbreviated Conners Parents Rating Scale, 3. Conners-Wells' Adolescent Self-Report Scale. Final research was based on the subjects including 25 people in ADHD-I high risk group, 70 ADHD-HI/C high risk group, 70 in normal group. Revised Dimensions of Temperament (DOTS-R) was used for students to assess their temperament, while DOTS-R : Ethnology for parents to access environmental demands. Goodness of fit between parent and adolescent was figured out by results of the two scales. Korean Youth Self Report (K-YSR) was used to examine behavioral problems. Results : When it comes to temperament of adolescents, ADHD-HI/C high risk group was found to be associated with higher scores on general activity level. In contextual parent demand to adolescent, ADHD-HI/C parents showed higher level of demands in general activity than other groups, and lower expectation of positive mood than ADHD-I parents. In parent-adolescent's goodness/poorness of fit, the research found out that ADHD-I and ADHD-HI/C had lower level of fit on pesitive/negative mood than normal group and indicated that ADHD behavioral symptoms connected with poorness of fit in emotional relationship between adolescents and their parents. In behavioral problems, ADHD-HI/C high risk group had severe externalizing and internalizing problems distinctly. It had more severe in externalizing problems than ADHD-I, while there were no differences in internalizing problems between the two subgroups. Conclusion The two ADHD subgroups in high risk adolescents had differences on temperamental activity level and on goodness of fit about positive mood. In addition, they had different patterns in externalizing/internalizing problems.

• Development and Reproduction
• /
• v.4 no.2
• /
• pp.187-193
• /
• 2000

Gonad and blood samples were taken from the cultured female Korean sea bass, Lateolabrax japonicus from October to February between 1997 and 1999. Gonadosomatic index began to increase in November and reached the highest value in December (12.8$\pm$1.5) and January (14.8$\pm$3.5), and then decreased sharply in February (2.6$\pm$1.5, p<0.05). The ovarian oocytes developed to tertiary yolk stage and reached fully-Brown stage in December and January, and then underwent atresia without maturation and ovulation in February. The plasma estradio3-17 $\beta$ level increased from November, and reached the highest value in December (1,152.3$\pm$107.2 pg/ml) and January (1,315.4$\pm$99.5 pg/ml), after then decreased in February (P<0.05). The concentration of plasma 17 $\alpha$ ,20 $\beta$-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one was not significantly changed at low levels (86.6$\pm$6.5∼93.8$\pm$2.8 pg/ml) during the experimental period (P<0.05). All the fish with fully-grown oocytes in the ovary were matured and ovulated by HCG injection. The number of floating eggs were 325,000$\pm$26,000 at HCG 1,000 luhg and 195,000$\pm$35,000 at 2,000 lUikg. There was no difference in fertilization rate and hatching rate of the eggs (P<0.05). Considering these results, we could infer that the ovarian oocyte of the cultured Korean sea bass were not matured and ovulated because of the lack of gonadotropin surge. Moreover, HCG injection could induce oocyte maturation and ovulation in the cultured fish, and the effective dose was 1,000 IU/kg.

• Korean Journal of Animal Reproduction
• /
• v.27 no.1
• /
• pp.87-93
• /
• 2003

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of embryo development by fusion condition on the nuclear transfer with brindle coated cow's ear cells. Ear cells were transferred into an enucleated oocyte and fused with cytoplasm in the fusion condition with 1.9kv/cm, 2.0kv/cm, 2.1kv/cm each 10 and 20ug duration Nuclear transfer embryo were activeted with a combination of 5ug/ml and 1.9mM 6-DMAP (4min, 4h). Fusion rate was 51∼68% range among fusion condition (1.9, 2.0, 2.1kv/cm; 10, 20us). But, cytoplasm lysis rate was increased by higher electric condition (0∼51.8% range). Each parameter's cleavage and blastocyst formation rate were 1.9kv/cm for 10us (75.8 and 19.5%), 20us (69.8 and 48.6%), 2.0kv/cm for 10us (76.9 and 20.0%), 20 us (68.5 and 40.9%), 2.1kv/cm for 10us (70.5 and 44.2%), 20 us (68.5 and 27.0%). We compared the effectiveness of cloning for between brindle coated cow's ear cells and Hanwoo fetal fibroblast cells. There was no significant differences in the fusion rate and developmental rate to the blastocyst stage. After transfer of blastocysts derived from nuclear transfer embryos, pregnancy rates of the Hanwoo fetal fibroblast cells and brindle coated cow's ear cells were checked pregnant on day 60 as assessed by ultrasonography, 40% (2/5) and 15.8% (3/19), respectively. This studies conclude that brindle coated cow's ear cells have the developmental potentiality to term by nuclear transfer. These results demonstrate that the increased the field strength was to be profitable for development of blastocyst or reduce of cytoplasm's damage than increasing the pulse duration.