• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.41 no.6
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• pp.652-656
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• 2009

A cylindrical ultraviolet (UV) sterilization system was developed for decreasing microorganisms in takju. The takju was passed through 110 strips of honeycomb-type teflon tubing with 9 UV lamps (1,395 W) set between the teflon tubes. Thus, during passage, the takju was effectively exposed to the UV rays without loss. In terms of the overall quality aspects of the takju, the optimum sterilization condition was set for 4 min at 2 L/min. A 2-3 log cycle decrease in viable cell numbers of total bacteria and fungi was observed at this operating condition. Quality changes in the UV-sterilized takju were examined via UV irradiation of samples followed by storage at 30oC for 8 days. To evaluate the quality changes, pH, amino nitrogen content, acidity, reducing sugar content, and viable cell numbers of total bacteria and fungi were measured. Increases in pH, acidity, and amino nitrogen content were observed in both the takju control and UV sterilized takju with increasing storage time. However, reducing sugar content was decreased in both samples. The L, a, and b values of the control takju and UV sterilized takju showed similar trends over the storage period. Viable cell numbers of fungi did not change in the control or UV sterilized takju during storage, showing approximately $10^8\;CFU/mL$ and $10^4-10^5\;CFU/mL$, respectively. In addition, viable cell numbers of total bacteria remained lower in the UV sterilized takju over 4 days compared to the non-sterilized takju.

• Journal of Pharmacopuncture
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.5-20
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• 2006

Objectives : This study was carried out to identified the effects of distilled cultivated wild ginseng pharmacopuncture to the obesity. Methods : Cultivated wild ginseng pharmacopuncture was administered on the points of chung-wan(CV12), $Ch'{\breve{o}}nch'u$(ST25), and Chok-samni(ST36) on lowering lipid and oxidative capacity in biochemical and molecular biological aspects were investigated in obese rats fed with high fat diet. Results : 1. The contents of plasma ${\beta}-lipoprotein$ showed a tendency to decrease in the pharmacopuncture groups compared to the control group. In the pharmacopuncture groups, the values of ST25 and ST36 pharmacopuncture groups showed lower value. 2. The contents of plasma free fatty acids showed a tendency to decrease in pharmacopuncture groups compared to the control group. However, in the pharmacopuncture groups, the values were not significantly different. 3. Plasma triglyceride and glucose showed lower value in the ST25 pharmacopuncture groups compared with the other groups. 4. The activity of AST showed a tendency to decrease in the pharmacopuncture groups. However, the activity of ALT was not significantly different in all the treatment groups. 5. Plasma total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol showed lower value in the ST25 and ST36 pharmacopuncture groups and HDL-cholesterol showed higher value in the CV12 pharmacopuncture groups than that of the other treatment groups. 6. Liver total cholesterol values didn't show significant difference in all the treatment groups, and triglyceride showed lower value in the pharmacopuncture groups. 7. The contents of plasma TEARS showed lower value in the ST25 pharmacopuncture group and contents of liver TBARS showed a tendency to decrease in the pharmacopuncture groups. However these values didn't show significant difference in the pharmaco puncture groups. 8. Liver super oxide dismutase activity showed higher value in the ST25 and ST36 pharmacopuncture groups, and the value of liver glutathione peroxidase and catalase activity showed a tendency to increase in the pharmacopuncture groups. However, these values showed no significant difference in the pharmacopuncture groups. 9. Expression of apo-B and E mRNA in liver cells was lower in the ST25 pharmacopuncture group than that of the other treatment groups. However, expression of $TNF-{\alpha}$ and leptin mRNA in adipose cell showed no difference among all the treatment groups. 10. ST25 pharmacopuncture group showed a good histological character of liver. It showed similar to that of normal group. However other treatment groups and control group showed slight vasodilation and slight fat accumulation. Conclusion : These results indicate that distilled cultivated wild ginseng pharmacopuncture suppressed adipose tissue mass and lipid peroxidation, and increased antioxidant capacity.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.42-54
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• 2018

Background: Allergic diseases like such as atopic dermatitis, asthma, and rhinitis have recently increased both domestically and globally. The present study was undertaken to select candidates with anti-allergic activity from plant resources. Methods and Results: Fifty-six plant extracts at $20{\mu}g/m{\ell}$ were screened against ${\beta}$-hexosaminidase production and interleukin (IL)-4 release in degranulated rat basophilic leukemia (RBL)-2H3 cells. The anti-allergy activity of three plant extracts selected from the preliminary screening experiment, Polygonatum sibiricum F. Delaroche (root), Pyrus pytifolia var. culta (Makino) Nakai (leaf), and Rehmannia glutinosa (Gaertn.) Libosch. ex Steud (root) were measured at concentrations of $2-250{\mu}g/m{\ell}$ in three cell lines as RBL-2H3, HaCaT and Jurkcat T cells. The assay showed the root extract of R. glutinosa to have an inhibitory activity of 4.2% - 28.6% on ${\beta}$-hexosaminidase production from IgE-sensitized RBL-2H3 cells. Each extract of P. sibiricum and R. glutinosa reduced IL-4 release in IgE-sensitized RBL-2H3 cells, respectively. The leaf extract of P. pyrifolia var. culta showed a significantly potent suppressive effect of 10.2% - 74.7% on the mRNA expression of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-${\alpha}$ in HaCaT cells sensitized with TNF-a and INF-g, and showed inhibitory effect of -8.6% - 90.9% on the mRNA expression of IL-2 in Jurkat T cells sensitized with PMA and A23187. Conclusions: The results showed that the root of R. glutinosa and leaf of P. pyrifolia var. culta could be useful candidates as antiallergy materials.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.43 no.2
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• pp.156-160
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• 2011

A tray type-infrared (IR) pasteurization system was developed for decreasing microorganisms in red pepper powder (RPP). The RPP was passed through a tray by a vibrating mode under the 4 IR lamps (total 8000 W) and by circulating water under the tray. Fungi was pasteurized by applying power higher than 2000 W to the RPP. The decrease in viable cell numbers of bacteria, however, was not observed under the same conditions. Conveying speed of RPP was optimized to 106-164 g/min on the basis of microbial reduction and retaining of moisture content of RPP. The water content of 32 mesh-RPP decreased rapidly after pasteurization. However, fungi in both RPPs could be sterilized regardless of particle sizes. The repetition of IR pasteurization was not favourable due to severe decrease of water content in RPP. The IR pasteurization of RPP did not cause significant difference in the capsaicinoid contents, ASTA colour value, and L, a, and b values under all investigated conditions.

• Research in Community and Public Health Nursing
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.354-362
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• 2002

Objectives: This study was conducted to examine the relationships among perceived life stress, self-esteem, and depression in middle-aged women. Methods: Data were collected from March 30 to May 25, 2000. The study subjects were 123 middle-aged women living in Pusan. The instruments used for this study were the Perceived Life Stress scale developed by Lee (1984), based on the original scale designed by Yu, et al. (1994), Self-esteem scale developed by Rho, et al. (1997), and the Depression scale developed by Ahn (1988). For data analysis, the SPSS PC+ was utilized, by which frequency and percentage, mean and standard deviation, t-test, ANOVA, Sheffe's test and Pearson's correlation coefficients were examined. The reliability of the instruments were tested by Cronbach's $\alpha$, showing the internal consistency of 0.7328 for the self-esteem scale. and 0.8987 for the depression scale. Results: 1) The results showed a relatively low perceived life stress score in the middle-aged women with a mean and standard deviation of 363.18 and 72.92 (range: .00 - 1877.38). 2) The results showed a relatively high self-esteem score in the middle-aged women with a mean and standard deviation of 29.77 and 5.06 (range: 10 - 40). 3) The results showed a relatively high depression score in the middle-aged women with a mean and standard deviation of 39.46 and 9.38 (range: 0 - 61). 4) There were no statistically significant differences in perceived life stress by demographic related factors. 5) There were statistically significant differences in self-esteem by health status (F=8.930, p= .000) and economic status (t=4.792, p= .010). 6) There were statistically significant differences in depression by age (F=3.770, p= .0261). education (F=4.850, p= .003) and regularity of menstrual cycle (F=13.180, p= .000). 7) There was no statistically significant correlation between perceived life stress, and self-esteem in the middle-aged women (r=-.077, p= .399). 8) There was no significant correlation between perceived life stress. and depression in the middle-aged women (r= .010, p= .916). 9) There was a significant negative correlation between self-esteem, and depression in the middle-aged women (r=- .359, p= .000). Conclusion: Higher self-esteem was related to a lower depression status. Therefore, it is necessary to elevate the level of self-esteem in order to reduce the level of depression in middle-aged Korean women.

• Journal of the Korea Convergence Society
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• v.11 no.6
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• pp.375-381
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• 2020

The purpose of this study is a convergence study to find out the relationship between store image, price, human service, and trust on customer satisfaction among the shop selection attributes of customers using hair beauty salons. This study analyzed the data of 500 copies of questionnaires for women who used hair beauty salons within the last 6 months using the SPSS v.22 statistical package program. As a result, store image (B= 1.321, p= .004), price (B= 1.189, p= .032), human service (B= 1.013, p= .000), trust (B= .782, p = .000) was found to have a meaningful positive(+) effect on customer satisfaction, and the ranking of influence was store image (β= .445), human service (β= .377), and price (β= .252). ), And trust (β= .167). Therefore, through this study, it was found that the higher the store image, personal service, price, and trust of the customer's hair salon, the higher the customer satisfaction. We confirmed the detailed influence of the effect of customer's shop selection attributes on customer satisfaction. Among them, store image and human service were found to be factors influencing customer satisfaction. It is necessary to find an economical and efficient way to improve store image, and to cultivate competency to strengthen human service. The results of this study are expected to be used as a basis for establishing a differentiated marketing strategy of cosmetic services industry.

• Proceedings of the KSAR Conference
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• 2003.06a
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• pp.93-93
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• 2003

소의 수정란이식에 있어서 성공적인 임신을 위해서는 수란우의 적절한 영양상태, 양질의 수정란, 이식 시술자의 기술력과 수란우와 수정란의 적절한 동기화가 필수 요인이라 사료된다. 특히, 적절한 동기화를 위해서 발정관찰은 필수적이지만 번거롭고 장시간동안 관찰을 해야 하는 단점이 있다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 이러한 단점을 보완할 수 있도록 발정동기화 처리방법을 비교, 검토하여 수정란이식에 있어서 효과적인 발정동기화 방법을 모색하고자 실시하였다. 발정동기화 방법은 Fig 1과 같이 CIDR처리방법(A군)과 GnRH 처리방법(B군)을 사용하였으며, 황체의 등급은 직장검사와 초음파 진단기를 이용하여 직경이 2cm 이상, 1~2cm와 1cm 미만의 황체를 각각 1등급, 2등급과 3등급으로 분류하였다. 또한 본 실험에 공시된 수정란은 체외 생산된 한우 배반포기의 수정란을 사용하였으며, 1등급의 황체를 가진 수란우만을 선별하여 비외과적인 방법으로 황체가 존재하는 자궁각심부에 이식하였다. 임신진단은 이식 후 45~60일에 직장검사와 초음파진단을 이용하여 실시하였다. 발정동기화처리결과는 Table 1에서 보는 바와 같이 A군과 B군에서 발정발현율이 각각 100%와 96%로 나타났으며, 이식하기에 적합한 1등급 황체의 출현율이 65.4%와 56%로 A군에서 다소 높게 나타났다. 발정동기화 처리방법에 따른 수정란 이식 후 수태율은 A군에서 신선란과 동결란일 때 각각 66.7%와 60%로 나타나 B군의 22.2%와 0%의 결과보다 유의적으로 높은 결과를 나타내었다. 따라서 본 연구의 결과로 미루어 볼 때 수정란 이식을 위한 발정동기화 방법은 CIDR 처리방법을 적용하는 것이 GnRH 처리방법 보다 효율적이라 사료된다.다. 특히 기능황체에서의 특이적 발현 spot을 확인할 수 있었다. 이러한 결과들로부터 황체의 progesterone분비기능의 역할을 수행하기 위한 단백질들이 전, 중기에 발현된다는 것을 알 수 있고 퇴행황체에서는 발현이 안되고 있는 것을 알 수 있다. 이러한 결과를 토대로 다른 양상을 띤 spot을 분리하여 어떤 단백질인지를 분석하여 각각의 황체단백질의 특성을 규명할 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.적율(HCT)을 이루고 있음을 알 수 있었다. 적혈구 평균용적(Mean Corpuscular Volume ; MCV), 평균적혈구혈색소량(Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin ; MCH), 평균적혈구혈색소농도(Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration ; MCHC) 그리고 혈소판(Platelets) 분석결과 형질전환돼지가 일반돼지보다 약간 높은 수치를 나타냈으며 변화양상 또한 유사한 결과를 나타내었다. 이와 같은 시험분석결과를 토대로 사람 조혈촉진유전자(hEPO)가 형질전환된 돼지는 유즙으로 발현할 수 있도록 형질전환 되었음에도 불구하고 헤모글로빈 및 적혈구가 증가함으로서 형질전환돼지 개체의 혈장으로도 사람 조혈촉진인자가 분비하고 있음을 간접적으로 알 수 있었다. 정상돼지 보다 형질전환돼지가 약 30% 높은HCT 수준을 보였으며 이러한 현상은 사람에서는 적혈구증다증(erythrocytosis)으로 분류되고 있다. 이에 대한 고찰은 형질전환돼지 자체의 생리적 문제점(side effects)에 대한 해결과 더불어 기존의 인간질병에 대한 모델동물로서의 이용 가능성을 제시할 수 있는 것으로 사료된다.mu\textrm{m}$ 300BG는 56.32$\mu\tex

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.16 no.11
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• pp.784-795
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• 2016

This study was to examine the effects of smart learning on the academic performances of nursing students. The study examined and compared the level of academic achievement, critical thinking skill, and class satisfaction, between control and experimental groups after applying the smart learning program to the experimental group. The study was designed using a nonequivalent control group pretest-posttest design. The subject of this study consisted of 78 nursing students (experimental group of 37 and the control group of 41) who were the third year nursing students of a university in a S city located in J province. The data were analyzed using the SPSS 20.0 program to perform ${\chi}^2$-test, Fisher's exact test, and independent t-test. There were statistically significant differences in academic achievement (t=2.50, p=.014), critical thinking (t=4.83, p<.001), and class satisfaction (t=6.65, p<.001) between the control and experimental groups. The study results indicate that the smart learning program was effective in increasing academic achievement, critical thinking, and class satisfaction for nursing students.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.389-398
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• 1997

Non-adenergic non-cholinergic (NANC) innervation on the circular muscle of the rabbit gastric body was investigated by observing the magnitudy of relaxations induced by the elec trical field stimulation (EFS). Strips were cut from the greater curvature of the gastric body and stimulated with 5s trains of 0.5 ms pulses at 1-20 Hz, 40 V. The EFS induced transient frequency-dependent contractons, followed by a slowly recovering relaxation ewpecially at higher frequency of the EFS. In the presence of atropine and guanethidine, the contractions were virtually abolished, while the frequency-dependent relaxations by the EFS remained unaffected. The magnitude of relaxations progressively decreased as the location of the strips gets closer to the bottom of the gastric body. The relaxations were ablished by tetrodotoxin, indicating that their orgin is the NANC nerve stimulation. NG-nitro-L-arginine (L-NNA, 10-$100{\mu}M$), the inhibitor of nitric oxide (NO)-synthase, caused a concentration-dependent inhibition of the NANC relaxations. The inhibitory effects of L-NNA were not affected gy the location of the strips and were reversed by L-arginine, the precursor of NO-biosynthesis. Hemoglobin (20-$60{\mu}M$), a NO scavenger, inhibited the NANC relaxation s in a concentration-dependent manner. This inhibition was more prominent in the NANC relaxations observed in the lower portion of the gastric body and the relaxations induced ly lower frequencies of the EFS. Methyelne blue (10-$100{\mu}M$), an inhibitor of cytosolic guanylate cyclase, markedly inhibited the NANC relaxations, almost abolishing the response at a higher dose ($100{\mu}M$). These results suggest that NANX innervation of the rabbit gastric body progeressively decrease as he location of the strips gets closer to the bottom of the gastric body, and that the NANC relaxation is primarily mediated by NO-guanosine 3',5'-cyclic monophophate (cyclic GMP).

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.168-176
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• 2013

Purpose: This study was conducted to examine the effects of case-based learning on the coping ability of daycare center teachers in emergency situations. In the study knowledge of emergency treatment methods, attitude, intention and ability to perform CPR between were examined in an experimental group (daycare center teachers who participated in the small groups discussing case studies and comparing them with their own experience) and a control group. Methods: The study was designed using a nonequivalent control group pretest-posttest design. Sixty-four teachers were recruited from 40 child daycare centers in S city located in J province. Thirty-three teachers were assigned to experimental group and participated in the case-based small group learning. The data were analyzed using the SPSS 18.0 program to perform ${\chi}^2$-test, Pearson correlation coefficients and t-test. Results: The experimental group showed significantly higher posttest scores in knowledge, attitude, intention, and performance ability than those of the control group. Conclusion: The study results indicate that case-based small group learning on coping ability in emergency situation is effective in increasing knowledge, attitude, intention, and performance ability for daycare center teachers.