• The Journal of the Korea institute of electronic communication sciences
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.303-310
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• 2014

The purpose of this study was to identify an effects of Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation(PNF) on articulator function of the stroke patients. This study evaluated pre- and post- articulator function, targeting the test group for whom an program by PNF was applied, the contrast group for which an articulator training program was applied, and the control group for which no intermediation was made. Each program were performed total 24 times based on 3 times per 30~50 minutes. In result, MPT, AMR ,SMR of the test group were enhanced. AMR of the contrast group did not show any significant difference in /tə/, /rə/, and /a/. Therefore, Program by PNF is informed to have a effect in advancing the articulator function of the stroke patients, especially it was effective of the tongue movement.

• Proceedings of the Acoustical Society of Korea Conference
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• 1998.06c
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• pp.143-146
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• 1998

자연스러운 한국어의 음성합성을 위해서는 음운의 지속시간의 제어가 매우 중요하다. 본 연구에서는 POW3848 어절에 대한 음성 데이터에 대해 음운 세그먼트, 음운 라벨링, 품사 태깅을 행한 음성 데이터베이스를 구축하여 한국어 음운의 지속시간을 변화시키는 시간 특징을 통계적으로 분석하였다. 이 시간 특징들 중 변화 폭이 큰 요인들을 제어요소로 각 음운의 고유길이를 최대한 배제하고 단지 음운 발성 환경의 영향에 의한 지속시간 변화만을 고려하는 정규화 지속시간에 대한 회귀트리로 한국어 음운 지속시간을 모델화 하였다. 제안된 음운 지속시간 모델을 실시간 제어 알고리즘으로 구현하여 평가한 결과, 음운 지속시간 예측오차의 88% 정도가 25ms이내 이었고 예측치와 관측치 간의 다중 상관관계수는 0.92 정도로 평가되어, 제안된 모델의 타당성이 입증되었다.

• The Journal of the Acoustical Society of Korea
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.31-39
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• 1995

In this paper, we have constructed phoneme discriminant filters [PDF] according to the linear discriminant function. These discriminant filters do not follow the heuristic rules by the experts but the mathematical methods in iterative learning. Proposed system. is based on the piecewise linear classifier and error correction learning method. The segmentation of speech and the classification of phoneme are carried out simutaneously by the PDF. Because each of them operates independently, some speech intervals may have multiple outputs. Therefore, we introduce the unified coefficients by the output unification process. But sometimes the output has a region which shows no response, or insensitive. So we propose time windows and median filters to remove such problems. We have trained this system with the 549 monosyllables uttered 3 times by 3 male speakers. After we detect the endpoint of speech signal using threshold value and zero crossing rate, the vowels and consonants are separated by the PDF, and then selected phoneme passes through the following PDF. Finally this system unifies the outputs for competitive region or insensitive area using time window and median filter.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.1161-1169
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• 2012

This study was investigate the usefulness of the DSI according to gender. The present study evaluated DSI in Korean population and Thirty voluntary participants (15 males, 15 females) who had G0 on the Grade, Roughness, Breathiness, Asthenics, Strain(GRBAS) and lived in Kyunggi-Do or Seoul, from March 2011 to June 2011. Maximum phonation time, the Highest fundamental frequency, the Lowest intensity, and Jitter(%) were measured using CSL 4500(Kay Pentax. USA). The experimenter explained the subjects the experimental condition and procedures and demonstrated the procedures, prior to the experiment. The result of in this study showed that the difference between males and females were not significants, although the Fhi was higher for females than for males. Therefore, We conclude that the DSI is a useful instrument to objectively measure the severity of dysphonia.

• 재활복지
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.169-194
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• 2018

The aim of this study is to examine changes in swallowing function and quality of life with therapeutic singing-based music therapy for patients with dysphagia. The music therapy program was based on the previous study (Kim, 2010), and designed to improve breathing, phonation, and swallowing functions focusing on laryngeal elevation. Three patients with dysphagia participated in this study and each participant received a total of 11 or 12 individual music therapy sessions and each session was conducted for 30 minutes. In this study, three kinds of measurements were used. First, the measures of maximum phonation time (MPT), fundamental frequency, average intensity, jitter, shimmer, noise to harmonics ratio (NHR) by Praat test, second, laryngeal-diadochokinesis (L-DDK) to investigate laryngeal elevation, and last, the Swallowing-Quality of Life (SWAL-QOL) was measured. These cases have shown improved breathing, phonation, swallowing function, and the scores of SWAL-QOL in all of the patients. It suggests that this music therapy intervention was effective on laryngeal elevation, and the music intervention with therapeutic singing can be effectively implemented in further research for patients with dysphagia.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Physical Medicine
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.91-107
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• 2019

PURPOSE: This study examined the effects of breathing exercise in the water on the pulmonary function and maximum phonation time in children with cerebral palsy. METHODS: The subjects were 24 children with cerebral palsy at GMFCS levels I-III, who were allocated randomly to either the aquatic breathing exercise group or general breathing exercise group 12 subjects per group. Each subject was required to complete 40 minutes of exercise twice a week for eight weeks. Those in the aquatic breathing exercise group performed aquatic breathing exercise, whereas those in the general breathing exercise group performed general aquatic exercise. RESULTS: Significant differences in $FEV_1$, PEF, VC, TV, ERV, and maximum phonation time were observed in the aquatic breathing exercise group after intervention, but there were no significant differences in either FVC, $FEV_1/FVC$, IC, or IRV. In the general breathing exercise group, there were no significant differences in the FVC, $FEV_1$, $FEV_1/FVC$, PEF, VC, IC, TV, IRV, ERV, and maximum phonation time after intervention. In terms of the pulmonary function, the two groups showed a significant difference in the change in $FEV_1$, PEF, and TV after intervention, but not in the FVC, $FEV_1/FVC$, VC, IC, ERV, IRV, and maximum phonation time. CONCLUSION: These results above show that aquatic breathing exercise training in water is more effective in improving the pulmonary function than general breathing exercise training.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.38 no.6
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• pp.492-497
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• 2004

Purpose: it is very important to differentiate breast cancer from benign mass. There are many reports to evaluate the differential diagnosis under the several diagnostic tools. We evaluated the usefulness of mammography and Tc-99m MIBI scintimammography in the differential diagnosis of breast mass and correlated with pathologic findings. Materials and Methods: This study included 80 patients (a8e: 24-72, mean: 48.4) who underwent mammography and Tc-99m MIBI scintimammography for breast masses. Scintimammographies (anterior-posterior and lateral projections) were acquired in 10 minutes and 2 hours after intravenous injection of Tc-99m MIBI. four specialists in diagnostic radioloay and nuclear medicine evaluated the findings of breast masses under the mammography and Tc-99m MIBI scintimammography, and calculated the tumor to background (T/B) ratio. The pathologic results were obtained and we statistically analyzed the correlations between pathologic results and imaging findings under the mammography and Tc-99m MIBI scintimammography by chi-square and correlation test. Results: The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of mammography for detection of breast cancer were 87.5%, 56.3%, 75.0%), and 75.0% respectively. 45 cases of 80 patients were suspicious for breast cancer under the Tc-99m MIBI scintimammography. 41 cases of 45 patients were confirmed as breast cancer and the remaining 4 cases were confirmed as benign masses. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value of Tc-99m MIBI scintimammography for detection of breast cancer were 85.4%, 87.5%, 91.1%, and 80.8% respectively. The sensitivity of scintimammography was lower than that of mammography for detection of breast cancer, however the specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value were higher. In the benign mass, the mean T/B ratio in 10 minutes was $1.409{\pm}0.30$, and that in 2 hours was $1.267{\pm}0.42$. The maximal T/B ratio of benign mass in 10 minutes was $1.604{\pm}0.42$, and that in 2 hours was $1.476{\pm}0.50$. In the malignant mass, the mean T/B ratio in 10 minutes was $2.220{\pm}1.07$, and that in 2 hours was $1.842{\pm}0.75$. The maximal T/B ratio of malignant mass was $2.993{\pm}1.94$, and that in 2 hours was $2.480{\pm}1.34$. And the T/B ratio under the early and delayed images were meaningful. Conclusion: The scintimammography is useful diagnostic tool to differentiate breast cancer from benign mass, although the sensitivity of mammography for detection of breast mass is high. Especially, the use of the T/B ratio is helpful to diagnose breast cancer.

• Phonetics and Speech Sciences
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.135-143
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• 2011

This study evaluated the respiratory capacity of spastic cerebral palsy children who were grouped by GMFCS (Gross Motor Function Classification System) levels and identified the acoustic characteristics of three different types of Korean stops (stop consonants) which are needed for the temporal coordination of larynx and supra-larynx, in these children. Thirty-two children with dysarthria due to spastic cerebral palsy were divided into two subgroups: 14 children classified at GMFCS levels I~III were placed in Group 1 and 18 classified at GMFCS levels IV~V were placed in Group 11, and 18 children with normal speech were selected and placed in the control group. /a/ pronged phonation (sustained vowel /a/) and nine Korean VCV syllables were used. Examined acoustic characteristics were maximum phonation time (MPT) and closure duration and aspiration duration. The results were as follows: 1) The MPTs of the cerebral palsy (CP) groups, both Group I and Group II, were significantly shorter than those of the normal group. 2) The closure durations of the two CP groups were longer than those of the normal group for all 9 target syllables. 3) The aspiration durations of the two CP groups were longer than those of the normal group. 4) The closure duration of the normal and CP Group I was significantly different among tense, aspirated, and lax. However, the CP Group II was different from normal. 5) The aspiration duration of the normal and CP Group I was significantly different among aspirated, tense, and lax. However, the CP Group II was different from normal. 6) The place of articulation influenced less than the manner of articulation on closure and aspiration duration.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Laryngology, Phoniatrics and Logopedics
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.164-169
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• 1999

Background and Objectives : The intracordal cysts are more increasingly diagnosed and treated due to advanced laryngeal stroboscopy and laryngeal microsurgical technique. The intracordal cysts are frequently misdiagnosed as vocal polyp or nodule The purpose of this study is to evaluate clinical features of intracordal cysts. Materials and Methods : In the present series, 83 cases of the intracordal cysts treated with laryngeal microsurgery are reported. The intracordal cysts are diagnosed preoperatively with indirect laryngoscopy, laryngeal endoscopy, laryngeal stroboscopy and confirmed with laryngeal microsurgical findings and biopsies. Results : Intracordal cysts are 83 of 1900 patients treated with laryngeal microsurgery(4.4%)-ductal cysts are 56 cases and epidermoid cysts are 27 cases. Intracordal cysts are more frequent in women, forties and the frequent site is an anterior third of the true vocal cord. With the indirect laryngoscopic examination, the ductal cysts are frequently misdiagnosed as vocal polyps or nodules but the epidermoid cysts are relatively easily diagnosed. The etiologic factors of the intracordal cysts are suspected as voice abuse and upper respiratory infection. The degree of postoperative voice satisfaction is similar to that of the vocal polyps. Conclusion : Intracordal cysts are frequently misdiagnosed as polyps or nodules, therefore preoperative stroboscopic findings and laryngeal microsurgical findings is important. An ideal treatment is to enucleate the cysts avoiding rupture of cyst and injury of lamina propria of the vocal cord.

• Proceedings of the KOR-BRONCHOESO Conference
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• 1991.06a
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• pp.32-32
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• 1991

성대의 점막하 조직의 부종을 특징으로 하는 폴립양 성대는 음성의 남용 및 상기도에 대한 다양한 자극 요인들에 의하여 발생된다고 보고되어 있으며, 현재까지 부종의 기전 및 병태에 대하여도 혈괴의 유리화 현상(hyalinization), 또는 단순한 혈관의 투과력 증대 등의 논란이 많은 실정에 있어 치료방법 역시 학자에 따라 견해를 달리하고 있다. 이에 저자들은 폴립양 성대의 치료에 도움을 얻고자 최근 5년간 본 교실에서 경험한 폴립양 성대 34례(남자 18예, 여자 16예, 평균연령 53.7세)에 대한 임상 소견 및 저자들의 치료 성적을 분석 검토하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 1. 측별로는 총 34예중 양측 23예(67.6%), 편측 11예(32.4%)이었다. 2. 동반질환으로 성대에 타 질환이 있었던 예가 9예(후두용 5예, 과각화증 3예, 성대마비 1예 ; 26.5%), 수면무호흡증 5예(14.7 %)이었으며 전신질환이 있었던 예가 4예(기관지 천식 2예, 폐결핵 2예 ; 11.8%)이었다. 3. 유발요인으로는 음성남용 7예(20.6%), 상기도감염 3예(8.8%), 흡연 26 예 (76.5%)이었다. 4. 공기역학검사 및 청각심리검사가 가능하였던 14예에서 최대발성지속시간이 정상이하이었던 예가 10예(71.4%), 발성율이 정상이상이었던 예가 9예 (64.3%)이었으며, 애성의 특징도 조호성(rough)이 10예(71.4%)로 가장 많았다. 5. 총 34예를 sucking technique를 적용하여 수술적 치료를 하였는데 음성이 호전된 경우는 32예(정상 15예, 호전 17예 : 94.1%)이었으며 호전되는데 걸린 평균 기간은 2.8개월이었다. 이상의 성적으로 보아 폴립양 성대는 국소 또는 전신적으로 동반질환이 많고 흡연 등의 만성 자극 요인이 있으며 술후 음성 호전에 걸리는 기간이 길어 보다 복합적인 측면에서 치료에 임하여야 할 것으로 사료된다. with such configuration.trap with 2.88[eV] deep of injected space charge from the chathode in the crystaline regions. The origin of ${\alpha}$$_2$ peak was regarded as the detrapping process of ions trapped with 0.9[eV] deep originated from impurity-ion remained in the specimen during production process of the material, in the crystalline regions. The origin of ${\beta}$ peak was concluded to be due to the depolarization process of "C=0"dipole with the activation energy of 0.75[eV] in the amorphous regions. The origin of ${\gamma}$ peak was responsible to the process combined with the depolarization of "CH$_3$", chain segment, with the activation energy of carriers from the shallow trap with 0.4[eV], in he amorphous regions.의 증발산율은 우기의 기상자료를 이용하여 구한 결과 0.05 - 0.10 mm/hr 의 범위로서 이로 인한 강우손실량은 큰 의미가 없음을 알았다.재발이 나타난 3례의 환자를 제외한 9례 (75%)에서는 현재까지 재발소견을 보이지 않고 있다. 이러한 결과는 다른 보고자들과 유사한 결과를