• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.48 no.1
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• pp.70-76
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• 2005

Approximate composition and physicochemical properties of 7 cultivars of persimmon peel, by product of dried-persimmon, were examined. The content of crude fiber were different according to cultivars. Glucose, fructose and sucrose were isolated by HPLC; also, myristic, palmitic, palmitoleic, oleic and linolenic acid were the major fatty acids in persimmon peel. Total and free amino acid were 241.32-371.45 mg/100 g and 3.69-28.31 mg/100 g, respectively; also, aspartic and glutamic acid were the predominant amino acids, reaching a level between 19.6 and 24.8% of total amino acids. Insoluble dietary fiber content(34.89-50.76 g/100 g) was remarkably higher than soluble dietary fiber (2.44-7.09 g/100 g). Total carotenoids were in the range of 179.4-340.6 mg/100 g, and total phenolic compounds ranged from 44.07-196.98 mg/100 g, showing differences between cultivars.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.286-291
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• 2006

Various ${\beta}$-ionone resistant mutants were isolated from the wild-type red yeast Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous KCTC 7704. Although the growth of X. dendrorhous KCTC 7704 was strongly inhibited at 0.025 mM ${\beta}$-ionone, one of the ${\beta}$-ionone resistant mutants isolated at 0.1 mM ${\beta}$-ionone by NTG mutagenesis showed rather 70% of relative survival at 0.15 mM ${\beta}$-ionone. Fermentation kinetics study with the mutant was carried out at $20^{\circ}C$ for 4 days in 300-mL baffled flasks. The mutant yielded up to 2.3-fold higher carotenoids content(viz. $1.2{\mu}g$ of total carotenoids per mg of dry cells) compared with the wild-type strain. The production of metabolites such as organic acids could be neglected. Studies on the kinetics with various carbon substrates revealed both an increase in final dry cell mass and a higher total carotenoids content in cell mass with glucose when compared to fructose or sucrose. As a further part of study, the effect of pH on the fermentation kinetics was investigated in glucose-limited chemostat at a dilution rate of $0.04h^{-1}$. When compared to steady-state kinetic parameters obtained at pH 4.0, a significant reduction in cell concentration at pH 3.0 and a lower carotenoids content at pH 5.2 were evident.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.21 no.6
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• pp.808-814
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• 2014

The nutrient contents of pumpkins depend on many factors, including the species, climate, soil type, and plant part. The nutritional compositions of five pumpkin cultivars (red boujjang, mini hong, mini gold, boujjang, and yakhobak) were investigated. To analyze the nutrient contents of the edible parts, the other parts (seeds, skin, and stem) of each pumpkin were removed. The results showed that the proximate compositions of the edible parts of the pumpkins ranged from 74 to 87 g per 100 g for moisture, 1.6 to 3.2 g per 100 g for crude protein, 10.1 to 20.7 g per 100 g for carbohydrate content, and 2.0 to 3.4 g per 100 g for total dietary fiber. The proximate contents of the pumpkin samples were not significantly different. The thiamine contents of the pumpkins, except for red boujjang, varied from 0.03 to 0.15 mg per 100 g, but that of red boujjang had the highest level (0.60 mg per 100 g). The vitamin C contents of the pumpkins, except for boujjang, ranged from 13.0 to 14.0 mg per 100 g, but that of boujjang was the highest (49.0 mg per 100 g). In particular, yakhobak showed the highest total carotenoid and folate levels (279.5 and $74.0{\mu}g$ per 100 g, respectively). These results will be useful for coming up with better pumpkin varieties through breeding, and established the nutrient compositions of pumpkins.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.95 no.6
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• pp.716-722
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• 2006

Various light sources including LEDs (Light emitting diodes) affecting on shoot growth was examined using in vitro shoots of E. pellita. Generally, it appeared that ventilation treatment was the most important factor affecting on normal shoot growth, irrespective of irradiation sources. Ventilation resulted in better performance of the cultures under 100% blue LED radiation. These include better shoot growth, more number of leaves, more number of internodes, more number of axillary buds, and heavier dry matters. The highest total chlorophyll content was obtained under both cool-white fluorescent lamps and R5B5 (50% red LED + 50% blue LED). The value was $24.5{\mu}g/g$ and $20.1{\mu}g/g$, respectively. In addition, ventilation resulted in higher carotenoid content in all irradiation sources except 100% red LED radiation. In conclusion, shoot growth of E. pellita could be reached maximum by ventilation under R5B5 (50% red LED + 50% blue LED).

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.232-240
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• 2015

This study investigated the microbiological and nutritional characteristics of bimonthly radish sprouts purchased at a local market. The total bacteria and coliform measurements were highest in summer (June and August) and lowest in winter (February and December). The total phenol content was $16.82{\pm}0.69GAEmg/g$, and it did not significantly differ during the investigation period. The total carotenoid contents were highest in February (about $12.81{\pm}0.49$ ${\beta}$-carotene mg/g) and lowest in April (about $8.09{\pm}1.01$ ${\beta}$-carotene mg/g). However although total glucosinolates content differ between the total crude glucosinolate and the sum of the individual glucosinolates, it was highest in December. The individual glucosinolates were found to have been gucoraphenin, glucoerucin, glucobrassicin and gluconasturtiin in radish sprouts via HPLC analysis. The purchasing time of the glucoraphenin content did not significantly differ. The measured glucoerucin was highest in February and lowest in October. The gucobrassicin and gluconasturtiin were higher in summer than in winter, but did not significantly differ. The antioxidant activity (i.e., the $IC_{50}$ values of the DPPH radical scavenging) was highest in February. In conclusion, the microbial contamination, total carotenoids, and antioxidant activity changed according to the purchasing season, but the total phenolic compounds and total glucosinolates were maintained regardless of the time in the radish sprouts.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Food and Cookery Science Conference
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• 2003.10a
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• pp.101-101
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• 2003

다양한 식품 소재의 창출을 목적으로 그 기초자료로서 감국에 대한 화학적조성을 조사하였다. 일반성분은 감국의 수분함량이 10.51%, 조단백 9.38%, 지방 3.47%, 회분 4.87%, 환원당 13.12%, 조섬유가 9.03%, 비타민 C의 함량은 0.74%였다. 총 페놀 화합물의 함량 0.43mg%이였으며, 총 카로티노이드 함량은 0.84mg%로 나타났다. 아미노산 조성은 전체 아미노산 중 필수아미노산이 차지하는 비율은 41.42% 이고, 비필수아미노산의 비율은 58.58%였다. 감국의 아미노산 함량은 glutamic acid가 13.54%로 가장 많았고, 그 다음이 alanine(11.25%), aspartic acid(10.35%) 순으로 나타났다. (중략)

• Proceedings of the Plant Resources Society of Korea Conference
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• 2018.10a
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• pp.131-131
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• 2018

중국(中國) 장홍화(藏紅花)는 해발 1500m~3000m에 자생하는 고원식물이다. 장홍화는 여성질환예방과 두뇌의 신경안정, 호르몬분비 촉진, 학습증진과 기억력향상에 의한 알츠하이머 치료의 효과가 있는 것으로 알려져 있으며, 함유되어 있는 크로신은 암세포를 파괴시키어 종양세포를 줄이는 작용을 하며, 카로티노이드 성분이 항산화 활성과 면역을 증진시키어 항암효과를 가져다 준다. 또한 다량의 칼륨을 함유하고 있어서 나트륨배출에 효과적이어서 혈압을 떨어뜨리는 작용을 한다. 또한 신경전달물질의 활동을 증진시키어서 스트레스 해소와 치매 및 인지력을 높여준다고도 알려져 있다. 본 실험에서는 장홍화(藏紅花)추출액의 총 폴리페놀 함량과 항산화 물질 활성을 조사했던 바, 장홍화(藏紅花) 메탄올과 에탄올추출액에서 항산화 반응이 매우 양호하였다. 또한 총 폴리페놀 함량도 에탄올 추출물과 메탄올 추출물 처리구에서도 비슷한 결과를 나타내었다. 이러한 결과들로 미루어 볼 때 장홍화(藏紅花)의 추출액은 건강음료와 화장품의 기능성원료로도 이용이 가능할 것으로 추측되었다.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.40 no.12
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• pp.1668-1674
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• 2011

We investigated the physical characteristics and changes in the functional components of red pepper paste, or gochujang, during fermentation at $20^{\circ}C$ for 90 days with different amounts of sweet persimmon powder. The viscosity of the paste decreased a little with increasing fermentation time. There was no significant difference (p<0.05) in all the treatments during fermentation. The L value, a value, and b value showed a tendency to gradually decrease with increasing fermentation time. And the samples with sweet persimmon powder showed a lower values compared to the control during fermentation. The phenolic compound content of the paste with sweet persimmon powder ranged from 13.72 mg% to 16.13 mg% at an early stage of fermentation, showing a significantly higher value (p<0.05) when increasing the amount of the powder. The content was in the range of 13.72~16.09 mg% on the 90th day in the final stage of fermentation, showing no significant difference (p<0.05) compared to those content at an initial stage of fermentation. The carotenoid content showed significantly higher values (p<0.05) when increasing the amount of sweet persimmon powder. In conclusion, sweet persimmon powder in the red pepper paste would gives a more functional effect which could be from bioactive components, such as phenolic compounds and carotenoids. But, it did not positively affect the color of the red pepper paste.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.600-608
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• 2019

The aim was to determine the physiological activity and antioxidant activity by lipid peroxidation inhibitory action of turmeric (Curcuma longa L.). Bioactive compound of total carotenoid $1.581{\pm}0.005mg$ ${\beta}$-carotene equivalents (BCE)/g dry weight. Total phenol content was the highest in the ethyl acetate (EA) extract, followed by chloroform:methanol (CM, 2:1, v/v) and 70% methanol extracts. Antioxidant effects (nitrogen oxide radical scavenging activity, nitrite scavenging activity, ${\beta}$-carotene bleaching assay, and lipid peroxidation inhibition action) of 70% methanol, CM, and EA extract of turmeric. Turmeric extracts yield were 70% methanol 16.54%, CM 5.64%, and EA 4.14%, respectively. Antioxidant activity of the samples exhibited a dose-dependent increase. However, in the current study, none of the samples evaluated showed activity as strong as the BHA (butylated hydroxyanisole) and trolox. Further, nitrite scavenging activity was the highest for the EA extract. As a result of this experiment, indicating their commercial value and potential applications in food and nutraceuticals.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.52 no.2
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• pp.157-167
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• 2019

Purpose: This study examined the antioxidant and cancer cell growth inhibitory activities of an ethanol extract and different solvent fractions of Mesembryanthemum crystallinum L. (ice plant). Methods: The ice plant was freeze-dried, extracted with 99.9% ethanol, and then fractionated with hexane, ethyl acetate, butanol, and water. The total polyphenol content (TPC), total carotenoid content (TCC), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical-scavenging activity (RSA), and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) were measured. Assays using 2',7'-dichlorofluorescin-diacetate and 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide were performed to measure the intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and cell growth, respectively. Annexin V/propidium iodide staining and cell cycle analysis were performed for the detection of apoptosis and cell cycle arrest. Results: TPC, TCC, RSA, and FRAP of the ethanol extract (EE) were 3.7 mg gallic acid equivalent/g, $13.2{\mu}g/g$, 21.0% (at a concentration of 5 mg/mL), and 21.0% (at a concentration of 5 mg/mL), respectively. Among the different solvent fractions, the butanol fraction (BF) showed the highest TPC (5.4 mg gallic acid equivalent/g), TCC ($86.6{\mu}g/g$), RSA (34.9% at 5 mg/mL), and FRAP (80.8% at 5 mg/mL). Treatment of HCT116 human colon cancer cells with EE and BF at concentrations of 250 and $500{\mu}g/mL$ reduced the levels of intracellular ROS. Concomitantly, EE and BF resulted in the dose-dependent inhibition of cell growth (at the concentrations of 125, 250, and $500{\mu}g/mL$ for 24 ~ 48 h) and the induction of apoptosis (at the concentrations of 250 and $500{\mu}g/mL$ for 48 h) in HCT116 cells. An increased G2/M cell population was also found in the BF-treated cells. Conclusion: These results suggest that ice plant possesses antioxidant and growth inhibitory activities in colon cancer cells.