• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.609-615
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• 1996

To study the effects of the fructooligosaccharide (FOS) intake on the intestinal microflora, the FOS (8g) was served to each of 5 volunteers (adult men $23{\sim}28$ years old) after every lunch for 4 weeks. Changes in fecal microflora, fecal moisture, and fecal pH were observed during the FOS intake and after the FOS intake, respectively. The fecal moisture content of the control period (4 weeks before the intake of FOS) was $81.77{\pm}1.18%$. The moisture content of the feces increased significantly at the end of the 4th week of FOS intake, and these effects lasted for 3 weeks after stopping FOS intake. The fecal pH before FOS intake was $6.56{\pm}0.09%$, while it decreased significantly (p<0.01) during the period of FOS intake. The pH reduction lasted for 4 weeks after stopping the intake of FOS. The log fecal number of Bifidobacteria during the period was $7.88{\pm}1.43%$ (CFU/g of wet feces) and it increased significantly during the FOS intake. After stopping the intake of FOS, the number of Bifidobacteria returned to those of control period. The log fecal number of Lactobacilli before the intake was $6.76{\pm}1.34%$ and significantly increased in 3 weeks due to the FOS intake. After stopping the intake of FOS, however, the number of Lactobacilli returned to those of control period. No remarkable changes were observed in the number of coliforms throughout all durations.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.81-91
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• 1968

To investigate the effects of foliage clipping time, degree, and nitrogen top-dressing after clipping on the growth and the agronomic characteristics, rice plants grown under ordinary cultural practices were clipped at the maximum tiller stage, 10 days prior to, and after that stage, respectively, with varying clipping, height, as 0, 1/3, 1/2, and 2/3 of plant height. And nitrogen was top-dressed at the rate of 0, 2, 4, 6 kg per 10 are immediately after clipping. The variety used was ＂Jinheung＂. The results obtained are outlined as follows: 1. Effect of clipping on the growth of rice plant: The subsequent growth was quite rapid during 10 days after clipping, and resulted, on the whole, in nearly complete recovery of defoliation by 20 days after clipping. a) Generally, the later the clipping time, the more growth accelerated. Rice plants clipped before the differentiation of ear primordia nearly recovered the damage, and in certain cases exceeded non-clipped plants in height. But the height of the rice plant clipped after the differentiation of ear primordia was somewhat smaller than that of non-clipped. b) Growth rate was rather rapid in the case of severe cutting, and the height of slightly clipped plants was taller than that of non-clipped plants. However, rice plants clipped to the extent of 2/3 of plant height did not fully recover the damage of defoliation compared to non-clipped plants. c) Nitrogen dressing was effective to rapid recovery of defoliation, the effect increasing with the increasing amount of application. d) Ear-heading was delayed in clipped plots, and this tendency was more apparent with later clipping time, more severe clipping, and increased amounts of nitrogen application after cutting. The range was 6 days at maximum. 2. Effect of defoliation on the yield and its components of rice plants: The yield response to clipping varied somewhat with its time, degree, and nitrogen application after cutting: yield increase of about 10% and decreasement of about 25% at maximum compared to the control plot. Grain yield of most plots was decreased. a) Clipping before the differentiation of ear primordia did not much affect the agronomic characteristics of rice plants. However, clipping after that growth stage decreased culm length, number of panicles, number of spikelets per panicle, and maturing rate of grain to some extent. Consequently this treatment resulted in decrease of about 10% in grain and straw production in spite of increase in panicle length and effective tillering rate. b) Slight, clipping decreased number of spikelets per panicle a little, and the yield of grain and straw by 4-5%, although effective tillering rate was somewhat increased. With severe clipping, panicle kngth, number of panicles, and number of spikelets per panicle decreased more, and the yield of grain and straw decreased about 10%. c) Nitrogen dressing after clipping at the rate of 2 kg per 10 are was effective in increasing grain yield. Nitrogen application over the rate of 4 kg per 10 are increased culm length, number of spikelets per panicle, and straw production, but this decreased the maturing rate, and the 1, 000-grains weight to some extent and resulted in decrease of grain yield.

• International Journal of Highway Engineering
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• v.6 no.3 s.21
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• pp.1-7
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• 2004

Roads, like bikeways, parkways and walks, are to be just capable of supporting light traffic and traveling public, but they are required to be human friendly and environmental-oriented. Lately soil-solidifier mixture, a kind of soil-cement, has developed and has been applied to the recycling and environment-oriented pavement as the surfacing material. Soil-solidifier pavement structure has been designed by only experience. To design this pavement mechanically, it is necessary to find out basic engineering properties of soil-solidifier mixture. This study focuses on finding out mechanical characteristics of the mixture according to mixture proportions and aging. Test molds with various mixture proportions are made, and then unconfined strength tests are performed for test molds with aging of the mixture. As the result of this study, it is found that the strength of the mixture increases with amount of cement and that maximum strength is achieved at 6%$\sim$8% of the ratio of solidifier and water. The strength increase rapidly until 14 days, after then slowly. After 28 days the strength of the mixture approaches to the constant value. The heat of hydration during curing of the mixture is measured no significantly. It also shows that temperature characteristics of the mixture is similar to that of soil. Since this mixture is mixed with soil and is able to improve engineering problems in pavement due to temperature, this mixture is expected to use effectively in the environment-oriented pavement for light traffic.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Fisheries and Ocean Technology
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.97-112
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• 1978

The rule 15, 16 and 17 of International Regulations for Preventing collisions at Sea direct actions to avoid collision when two power-driven vessels are crossing. But these rules do not present the safety minimum approaching distances outside which a give- way vessel deeps out of the way of a stand-on vessel. In this paper, the author analyzed the ship's collision avoiding actions from a viewpoint of ship kinematics as the method to calculate this distance. The author worked out mathematic formulas for calculating the safety minimum approaching distances outside which the give-way vessel takes the actions to avoid collisions in accordance with the cross angles of the crossing vessels' courses. Figuring out actually the values of maneuvering indices of the M. S. Koan Ack San (GT: 224tons), the training ship of the National Fisheries University of Busan and the M. S. Golden Clover (GT: 101, 235tons) of the Eastern Shipping Co., Ltd. through their Z test, the author applied these values to the calculating formulas and calculated the safety minimum approaching distances. The results of calculations are as follows; 1. The greatest distance is to be kept by the give-way vessel to avoid collision when the cross angle of courses is 90$^{\circ}$ or near it. In such case the safety minimum approaching distance of a small vessel must be more than 5 times of her own length and that of a large vessel more than 11 times of her own length. 2. Collision danger is greater when crossing angle is obtuse than in an acute angle, therefore greater distance is to be kept by the give-way vessel to avoid collision in the case of the obtuse angle. 3. The actions to be taken to avoid collisions by the give-way vessel in Rule 16 and by the stand-on vessel in Rule 17(a)(ii) of International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea, must be done outside the above safety minimum approaching distance. When inevitably such actions are to be taken within the safety minimum approaching distance, they should be accompanied with engine motions.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.483-493
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• 2005

This experiment was carried out to examine the fermentation properties of yogurt prepared with bovine milk and soybean milk at the mixed ratios of 3:1, 2:1, 1:1, 1:2 and 1:3. The effect of bovine milk and soybean milk on promoting the fermentation was higher un pH was $3.75\~4.16$ when Lactobacillus salivarius ssp. salivarius CNU27, lactic culture 1(Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus(LB12)), Streptococcus salivarius ssp. thermophilus (ST36) and Lactobacillus acidophilus KCTC3150 were used. Titratable acidity was the highest when lactic culture 1[Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus(LB12), Streptococcus salivarius ssp. thermophilus(ST36)] was mea and the mixed ratio of bovine milk and soybean milk was 2:1. The average viable counts of lactic acid bacteria was the highest level of $2.17\times10^9$ cfu/ml when Lactobacillus salivarius ssp. salivarius CNU27 was used, and the mixed ratio of bovine milk and soybean milk was 1:3. the highest lactic acid production was 412.52mM when lactic culture 1[Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus (LB12), Streptococcus salivarius ssp. thermophilus (ST36)] was used, and the mixed ratio of bovine milk and soybean milk was 1:1. The production of acetic acid was the highest and the concentration was 394.01mM when lactic culture 2(Bifidobacterium longum, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Streptococcus salivarius ssp. thermophilus) was used and the mixed ratio of bovine milk and soy bean milk was 3:1. Tn the carbohydrate hydrolysis, stachyose was hydrolyzed $53.92\%$ as compared with the control when Lactobacillus salivarius subsp salivarius CNU27 was used, and the mixed ratio of bovine milk and soy bean milk was 1:3. The highest viscosity of yogurt was $1,300\~1,660$ cP when the mixed ratio of bovine milk and soybean milk was 1:3. The overall acceptability, $4.17\pm0.69$, was the highest when Lactobacillus acidophilus KCTC3150 was used and when the mixed ratio of bovine milk and soybean milk was 2:1.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.110-116
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• 2003

This study was executed to evaluate the utilization and efficiency of the ceramic biocarrier as the promoter of decomposing on the organic matters for the composting using with pig manure by analyzing of the physico-chemical properties during composting. The treatments of this experiment were consisted of the control(C),microorganism(M), M with natural zeolite(M+Z), M with synthesized zeolite(M+SZ), and M with ceramic biocarrier(M+CZ). The process term of composting was conducted for 30days in the rapidly fermented machine(as pilot system). The results of the physico-chemical properties of the composts were as follows. The changes of temperature during composting was not relative with the microorganism and zeolite materials used in the composts. At all of the treatments were similar to changing of temp. from the initial stage to the final stage. But the added microorganism treatments were higher than control. And the entire pH value of treatments were appeared the same that above temperature result, also the M+CZ and M+SZ treatment among the treatment were higher. At the results of T-C, T-N and C/N ratio, in case of T-C value, the M+CZ treatment was highly more decreased than others. However at the T-N value, there were not the differences from the each treatment. And the C/N ratio was changed according to the changes of T-C and T-N value. Especially, at the M+CZ aud M+SZ treatments were remarkably reduced by about 21.4-23.3 value. In the result of G.I for evaluating of the compost humidity, the M+CZ and M+SZ treatments were close up approximately 110 value compared with the control(G.I value 100). Therefore, the examined ceramic biocarrier amended with compost-promoting-bacteria could be applied to the production of many high quality fertilizers. It is also expected that the results of this researches could be applied to the recycle of the organic wastes based on the experimental results of ceramic biocarrier and compost-promoting-bacteria application.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.36 no.6
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• pp.893-899
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• 2004

Method for sample preparation and quantitative analysis of 19 permitted and non-permitted synthetic colors in foods was developed based on reversed-phase ion-pairing high performance liquid chromatography. For color extraction of samples, deionized water was added, and pH was appropriately adjusted with 1% ammonia water. Any undissolved matters were extracted with 50% ethanol or 70% methanol. Lipid in snacks was first removed using n-hexane with centrifugation, water was added to extract colors, followed by clean-up and concentration using Sep-Pak $C_{18}$ cartridge. Recovery efficiencies at known concentrations of 19 standard food colors spiked into foods were in 90.3-97.9% range far soft drink, 79.2-101.9% for candy, 84.1-103.4% for jelly, 86.4-100.8% for chewing gum, 83.5-103.4% for ice cream, and 78.5-95.6% for snack.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.12
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• pp.89-97
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• 1969

These studies were made on coating of fresh fruits and vegetables with PVC under view on preservation of fresh fruits and vegetables due to restrain water evaporation of them and control gas metabolisms. The results obtained, as selection of PVC materials availble for preservation of them, procedure of the coating, useful organic solvents, concentration of PVC solution and the time of dipping, and effects of the preservation of them, were summarized as follows: 1) PVC powder 222 and PVC powder 443 were surveyed as suitable materials for coating apple, and later was excellent in lustrous aspect. 2) The coating procedure which dipt into PVC solution was suitable to treat much within a short space of time, and using of ventillator accelerate rather evaporation of the organic solvent. 3) Aceton and methyethylketon as solvent of the PVC were, in purpose of storage only, avaible, while aceton was, in view ef taste, better. 4) 10% of the PVC solutions were better to preserve the freshness of apple and 5, 4, 1 and 0.5% of them in order were gradually decreased in preservability, and 15% of them as high concentration were looked like fermentation in one week after the coating. 5) The dipping time was also better n minute than 10 seconds in a preservation but 1-2 minutes could be applied owing to be not affected of the taste due to coating. 6) The freshness of treatment groups were extend about 48 days after coating in room temperature but control lost market value with 12 days. 7) Weight of control was decreased to 10-13% but treatment which was dipped into 10% of coating solution for one minute was decreased to 3.5-4.6% and treatment for four minutes was did to 2.9-3.0%. 8) Change in respiration was less is treatment groups than control in exhaustion of $CO_2$, and water soluble sugar, reduced sugar and pH were not changed almost due to coating. 9) Pannel discussion of the taste was indicated that control was better than treatments soon after coating, but treatments were rather than control last period of storage and treatment with aceton solvent specially was better than others.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.53 no.2
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• pp.217-223
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• 2008

Amylose and protein contents are important traits determining the edible quality of rice, especially in East Asian countries. Near-Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy (NIRS) has become a powerful tool for rapid and nondestructive quantification of natural compounds in agricultural products. To test the practically of using NIRS for estimation of brown rice amylose and protein contents, the spectral reflectances ($400{\sim}2500\;nm$) of total 9,483 accessions of rice germplasm in Rural development Administration (RDA) Genebank ere obtained and compared to chemically determined amylose and protein content. The protein content of tested 119 accessions ranged from 6.5 to 8.0% and 25 accessions exhibited protein contents between 8.5 to 9.5%. In case of amylose content, all tested accessions ranged from 18.1 to 21.7% and the grade from 18.1 to 19.9% includes most number of accessions as 152 and 4 accessions exhibited amylose content between 20.5 to 21.7%. The optimal performance calibration model could be obtained from original spectra of brown rice using MPLS (Modified Partial Least Squares) with the correlation coefficients ($r_2$) for amylose and protein content were 0.865 and 0.786, respectively. The standard errors of calibration (SEC) exhibited good statistic values: 2.078 and 0.442 for amylose and protein contents, respectively. All these results suggest that NIR spectroscopy may serve as reputable and rapid method for quantification of brown rice protein and amylose contents in large numbers of rice germplasm.

• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.13-20
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• 2007

Sawdust biofiltration is an emerging bio-technology for control of ammonia emissions including compost odors from composting of biological wastes. Although sawdust is widely used as a medium for bulking agent in composting system and for microbial attachment in biofiltration systems, the performance of agitated bed composting and sawdust biofiltration are not well established. A pilot-scale composting of hog manure amended with sawdust and sawdust biofiltration systems for practical operation were investigated using aerated and agitated rectangular reactor with compost turner and sawdust biofilter operated under controlled conditions, each with a working capacity of approximately $40m^3\;and\;4.5m^3$ respectively. These were used to investigate the effect of compost temperature, seed germination rate and the C/N ratio of the compost on ammonia emissions, compost maturity and sawdust biofiltration performance. Temperature profiles showed that the material in three runs had been reached to temperature of 55 to $65^{\circ}C$ and above. The ammonia concentration in the exhaust gas of the sawdust biofilter media was below the maximum average value as 45 ppm. Seed germination rate levels of final compost was maintained from 70 to 93% and EC values of the finished compost varied between 2.8 and 4.8 ds/m, providing adequate conditions for plant growth.