• Journal of environmental and Sanitary engineering
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.63-88
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• 1990

The vegetation of Mt. Joghesan of a provincial park in Cheolanamdo was surveyed over twenty times from July, 1980 to December, 1981. The plants of Mt. Jonghesan consisted of 10 forma, 107 varieties, 597 species, 424 genera and 122 families, and among them were 204 species of esculent plants, 199 species of medicina plants and 30 species of the others oil plants and fiber plants. Evergreen herbs consisted of 12 species, including Coniogramme intermedia, Asplenium sarelii, and Asplenium incisum etc. And Evergreen broad-leaved trees consisted of 22 species, including Thea sinensis, Sasa borealis, and Quercus acuta etc. And evergreen needle-leaved trees consisted of 15 species, including Torreya nacitora, Pinus densiflora, Sciadopitys japonica, and Chamaecyparis obtusa etc. The community of broad-leaved consisted of Quercus spp, Carpinus laxiflora, Sasa borealis, including leading dominant species of Lespedeza maximowiczii, Viburnum erosum, Fraxius rhynchophylla, Viburnum dilatum, Rhus trichocarpa, Zelkova serrata, Miscanthus sinensis, Eragrostis ferrugina, Carex augustinowiczii persicaria filiforme var. neofiliforme, Vicia amoena, Smilax riparia var. ussuriensis, and Aster yomena etc. The vegetation of Seunamsa areas in Mt. Joghesan was favorable but the vegetations of the other areas in the mountain were negligible. The vegetation of Koolmokchi areas which had been much destroyed by forest fires was mostly covered with Quercus spp which are resistant to forest fires. Lindera sericea, Alangium platanifolium var. macrophyllum, Ilex macropoda, Corylopsis coreana, Albizzia julibrssin of old trees, Acer mono, the community of Thea sinensis, Stewartca koreana, Cornus alba, Dryopteris bisstiana, Asplenium incisum, Camptosorus, Lepisorus thunbergianus, gastrodia elata, Cymbidium goeringii, and the community of Persicaria filiforme var. neofiliforme etc. in Mt. Jonhesan are autochthonous flora, and their preservation is required. As the Pinus densiflora forest in Mt. Joghesan which was hewn down by human power has not been restored, Jeopchi areas and Koolmokchi areas in Mt. Joghesan have no Pinnus densiflora trees 700m above the sea level.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.211-219
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• 2005

Vegetation composition and structure of Sorbus commixta - native forests of South Korea were studied using phytosociological procedures and its ecological characteristics analyzed with special respect to species correlations, importance values, and constancy classes. Vegetation types were divided (great division) into Tripterygium regelii - Quercus mongolica (Inland high mountain type) and Acer takesimense - Fague crenata var. multinervis (Ulleung Island type) and ten accompanying vegetation units. In between S. commixta and life-farms, 120 correlations were positive with 23 of these having a p-value < 0.01 for trees, 21 for shrubs, 10 for woody vines, and 25 for herbs. In trees, there was a positive correlation between S. commixta and A. takesimense and T. insularis on the $1\%$ level. In shrubs, there was a positive correlation between S. commixta and Sasa kurilensis, Callicarpa japonica, Ligustrum foliosum on the $5\%$ level. In woody vines, there was a negative correlation between S. commixta and Tripterygium regelii and Actinidia rufa on the $1\%$ level. In herbs, there was a positive correlation between S. commixta and Majanthemim dilatatum and Solidago virga-aurea var. gigantea on the $1\%$ level.

• The Korean Journal of Soil Zoology
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.133-137
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• 2000

Community and distribution of Coleoptera were investigated in 4 different regional areas (Danseoksan, Tohamsan, Namsanm and Daebon) of Kyeougju National Park from June 17, 1997 to Oct. 30, 1997 by sweeping net method. 565 individuals belonging to 139 species, 115 genera in 30 families were collected. Species diversity was much higher in the areas of Tohamsan and Danseoksan (0.716 and 0.762, respectively) than the other areas because of the good plantation for the leaf beetles. In the family Chrysomelidae, Tohamsan area revealed very high Simpson diversity index, a 0.916. On the other way, Simpson diversity index was 0 in Daebon area which had very simple plantation with beach side and pine trees. Chrysomelidae was the most abundant; 270 individuals belonging to 45 species of 34 genera. Among them, Mordellina brunneotincta Marseul was the highest frequency. And then, the species of Coccinellidae, Alleculidae, Cerambycidae, Attelabidae and Curculionidae were mostly abundant in all regional area. Stigmatium pilosellum Gorham, Mordellina brunneotincta Marseul and Rhaphirtropis guttifer Sharp were newly recorded in Korea.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.35 no.5
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• pp.525-547
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• 2021

The main purpose of this study is to examine the use of plant species in ecological restoration projects. To this end, planting drawings from 58 sites that had completed the return of the ecosystem conservation cooperation fund for the past six years were collected and analyzed. The analysis used the construction completion and design drawings to determine the overall selection status and analyze frequency by classifying planted plants into wild and cultivated plants by nature, size, vegetation climate, and upland and wetland habitat. The investigation and analysis process found many cases of wrong plant names, so an analysis was also performed on the matter. In the 58 investigation sites, 282 plants were used for planting: 91 tree species, 69 shrub species, 11 vine species, and 111 herbal species. The most commonly used plant species was Spiraea prunifolia f. simpliciflora, followed by Sorbus alnifolia, Quercus acutissima, Zoysia japonica, Callicarpa dichotoma, and Weigela subsessilisin that order. The most commonly used tree species was Sorbus alnifolia,followed by Quercus acutissima, Zelkova serrata, Chionanthus retusus, and Cornus officinalis, in that order. The most commonly used shrub species was Spiraea prunifolia f. simpliciflora, followed by Weigela subsessilis, Callicarpa dichotoma, Rhododendron yedoense f. poukhanense. and Euonymus alatusin that order. The most commonly used herbal plant species was Zoysia japonica, followed by Dendranthema zawadskii var. latilobum, Aster koraiensis, Miscanthus sacchariflorus, and Pennisetum alopecuroidesin that order. In the analysis by vegetation climate, Spiraea prunifolia f. simpliciflora, Callicarpa dichotoma, and Sorbus alnifoliawere most used in that order in both the temperate central and the warm temperate forest zones, but the pattern does not properly reflect the climate characteristics. In the analysis by habitat, Miscanthus sacchariflorus and Lythrum salicariawere most used in the wetland. In particular, the ratio of wild plants to cultivated plants was 76% to 24%, indicating the ratio of selecting cultivated plants was high. The names of plants on the drawings were mostly common names that did not appear in the Korea National Arboretum or the National Species List of Korea. It is necessary to use proper plant names in the future. Regarding the use of planting plants for ecological restoration, it is necessary to adopt the approach of diversifying selected plants, selecting plants according to characteristics of climate zones, and lowering the specifications of plants used for ecological restoration. Moreover, it is important to fully understand the ecological characteristics of wetland plants and minimize the ratio of using cultivated plants to ensure the plant selection centered on wild plants.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Bio-Environment Control Conference
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• 1998.10a
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• pp.115-125
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• 1998

딸기는 숙근성 초본이며 내한성이 강한 과채류로 노지면적은 계속 감소하여 1996년에 907 ha이나, 시설재배면적은 계속 증가하여 6236 ha를 나타내고 있다. 이와 같이 딸기는 이제 대부분의 생산량이 시설 내에서 생산되고 있다. 유럽과 일본 등에서 딸기의 양액 재배 면적은 급속히 증가하고 있는데 비해 국내에서의 딸기 양액재배 면적은 극히 적은 면적에 지나지 않지만, 앞으로 생산성과 품질의 증가가 기대되는 작물이기 때문에 재배 면적의 증가가 기대되는 채소작물 중 하나이다. (중략)

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.88 no.4
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• pp.523-532
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• 1999

The studies were carried out to develop an urban forest aromatic bath in the idle space within city area for handicapped persons, patients and city workers, who having less chance to visit the natural forest aromatic bath. The environmental conditions were checked in the experimental double vinyl house where native and exotic aromatic woody and herbaceous plants were growing with minimum energy input in the periods of mid-winter and mid-summer. The growth and photoperiodic responses of the plants to the low and high temperatures were observed during winter and summer respectively. The most of herbaceous plants in the double vinyl house with the controlled minimum night temperature of $-2^{\circ}C$ had no winter injury but did not grow and started the growth in April. The exotic herbs such as Catnip faassen's(Nepeta x faassenia) and Lemon bergamot(Monarda citriodora) grew better in the longer photoperiodic conditions. The growth rates of Abies koreana, Thuja koraiensis and Pinus sylvestriformis in the early spring were affected mainly by the night minimum temperature and less affected by the photoperiodic conditions during winter. The native aromatic herbs such as Robdosia japonica, Molsa punctulata, Agastache rugosa and Codonopsis lanceolata showed stimulatory growth at the 16 hours day-length in case of the high temperature vinyl hose. The height and root collar diameter growth of pine seedlings were inhibited in maxim temperatures over $40^{\circ}C$ during summer.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.98 no.3
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• pp.290-296
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• 2009

In this study, we considered the combustion of the various herbs in youngdong areas such as festuca ovina, isodeon japonicus, oplismenus undulatifolius, pueraria thunbergiana, and cirsium japonicum var. ussuriense using the ignition temperature tester, cone calorimeter, smoke density chamber. We confirmed that the range of ignition temperature was $400{\sim}455^{\circ}C$ and the time to ignition and flameout were not recorded. The total heat release of isodeon japonicus was highest and the smoke release of festuca ovina was highest, and the yield of CO and $CO_2$ of pueraria thunbergiana, and cirsium japonicum var. ussuriense were highest among the samples. As a result, we concluded that isodeon japonicus will impact the fire intensity and fire spread and festuca ovina, pueraria thunbergiana, and cirsium japonicum var. ussuriense will influence the refuge.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.104-111
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• 1994

The marsh vegetation in the vicinity of Tumunsan, Tokyusan National Park, Chollapuk-do, Korea was analysed in order to find out the vegetational characteristics. The total number of vascular plants surveyed were summarized as 39 familieis, 77 genera, 74 species, 18 varieties and 1 form. The ten species such as Juncus effusus var. decipiens, Carex leiorhyncha, Lysimachia vulgaris var. davurica, Sirpus triqueter, Scirpus karuizawensis, Caltha palustris var. membranacea, Carex doniana, Carex humilis, Vicia venosa, and Disporum smilacinum showed the Importance Value more than 10 % in herbaceous marsh vegetation. The species such as Heloniopsis orientalis, Astilbe chinensis var. davidii, Trignotis peduncularis, Lycopus ramosissimus var. japonicus, Iris nertschinskia and Hosta capitata were distributed at very limited or wide spread localities in the marsh. The marsh vegetation in this area is one of the rare and very distinct natural resources in Tokyusan National Park and the proper Action Plan of Management is strongly needed because the projected developing works in this site will act seriously in marsh vegetational changes in the future.

• Journal of Korea Technical Association of The Pulp and Paper Industry
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• v.42 no.1
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• pp.35-40
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• 2010

Corn stover, hemp woody core and tobacco stalk were treated by dilute ammonium hydroxide soaking for improving the enzymatic saccharification of cellulose and xylan to monosaccharides by commercial cellulase mixtures. As more lignin removal by dilute ammonium hydroxide impregnation led to more enzymatic saccaharification of cellulose and xylan to monosaccharides (corn stover vs tobacco stalk). There was no relationship between xylan removal by dilute ammonium hydroxide impregnation and enzymatic saccharification of polysaccharides in pretreated samples. Except corn stover, lower temperature and longer treatment ($50^{\circ}C$-6 day) was less lignin removal than higher temperature and shorter treatment ($90^{\circ}C$ 16 h). Corn stover showed the highest enzymatic saccharification of cellulose and xylan but tobacco stalk showed the lowest.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.65-71
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• 2002

The best environments such as crown density, temperature, light intensity and humidity have to be identified because these factors are strongly related to the growth and several physiological characteristics. The purposes of this study are \circled1 to collect basic data fer growth, \circled2 to identify the best growth environments. to achieve these purposes, oak, pine and mixed forest stands have been selected in this study. forest ginseng seeds were sown in these forest four years ago. Several environmental and growth factors have been surveyed. In general, mean tree age, DBH and average height are 20-25 years old, 14-17 cm and 7-9 m, respectively. The growths of forest ginseng grown in oak stand are better than those of pine and mixed stands.