• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.35-41
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• 2009

Purpose: This study was designed to determine the optimum radiotherapy technique for internal mammary node (IMN) irradiation after breast-conserving surgery. Materials and Methods: We selected ten cases of early stage partial mastectomy for plan comparison. Five of the patients were treated to the right-side breast and the rest of the patients were treated to the left-side breast. For each case, four different treatment plans were made to irradiate the entire breast, IMNs and supraclavicular lymph nodes (SCLs). The four planning techniques include a standard tangential field (STF), wide tangential field (WTF), partially wide tangential field (PWT) and a photon-electron mixed field (PEM). We prescribed a dose of 50.4 Gy to the SCL field at a 3 cm depth and isocenter of the breast field. Results: The dose distribution showed clear characteristics depending on the technique used. All of the techniques covered the breast tissue well. IMN coverage was also good, except for the STF, which was not intended to cover IMNs. For the cases of the left-side breasts, the volume of the heart that received more than 30 Gy was larger (in order) for the WTF, PWT, PEM and STF. For radiation pneumonitis normal tissue complication probability (NTCP), the PWT showed the best results followed by the STF. Conclusion: Despite the variety of patient body shapes, the PWT technique showed the best results for coverage of IMNs and for reducing the lung and heart dose.

• The Journal of Society for e-Business Studies
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.69-93
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• 2012

Various influence-related relationships in Social Network Services (SNS) among users, posts, and user-and-post, can be expressed using links. The current research evaluates the influence of specific users or posts by analyzing the link structure of relevant social network graphs to identify influential users. We applied the concept of mutual interactions proposed for ranking semantic web resources, rather than the voting notion of Page Rank or HITS, to blogosphere, one of the early SNS. Through many experiments with network models, where the performance and validity of each alternative approach can be analyzed, we showed the applicability and strengths of our approach. The weight tuning processes for the links of these network models enabled us to control the experiment errors form the link weight differences and compare the implementation easiness of alternatives. An additional example of how to enter the content scores of commercial or spam posts into the graph-based method is suggested on a small network model as well. This research, as a starting point of the study on identifying influential users in SNS, is distinctive from the previous researches in the following points. First, various influence-related properties that are deemed important but are disregarded, such as scraping, commenting, subscribing to RSS feeds, and trusting friends, can be considered simultaneously. Second, the framework reflects the general phenomenon where objects interacting with more influential objects increase their influence. Third, regarding the extent to which a bloggers causes other bloggers to act after him or her as the most important factor of influence, we treated sequential referencing relationships with a viewpoint from that of PageRank or HITS (Hypertext Induced Topic Selection).

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.235-248
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• 2010

This study was carried out to the actual conditions and improvement of the eco-forests master plan in South Korea, and suggested its problems and improvement direction. Results from survey and analysis of limiting factors or constraints in the construction plans of eco-forests in Korea revealed that there were highly frequent problems involving site feasibility, topographic aspect, and existing vegetation. The results of survey on the status of land use indicated that the average ratio of the use of private estate was 29.7%, so then it was estimated that a great amount of investment in purchase of eco-forest site would be required. Results from survey on major introduced facilities showed that there was high frequency of introduction of infrastructure, building facility, recreational facility, convenience facility, and information facility, and that there was low frequency of introduction of plant culture system, ecological facility, structural symbol and sculpture, and the likes. There was just one eco-forest park where more than 500 species of plants grew, and the result of investigation indicated that the diversity of plant species in 11 eco-forest parks was lower than the standards for construction of eco-forest. Results from analysis of the projects costs revealed that investment cost in facilities was higher than planting costs, and that a large amount of investment was made in the initial stage of the project. There was no planned budget for the purpose of cultivating and maintaining the plants and vegetation after construction of eco-forest. The basic concepts in construction of eco-forests were established according to the guidelines presented by the Korea Forest Service; however, the detailed work of the project was planned with its user-oriented approach. Then the construction of eco-forest was being planned following the directions, which would lead to development of a plant garden similar to arboretum or botanical garden. Therefore, it is required that the architect who designs eco-forest as well as the public officer concerned firmly establish the concepts of eco-forest, and that, through close analysis of development conditions, a candidate site to fit the purpose of constructing eco-forest be selected, and also a substantive management plan be established upon completion of construction of eco-forest.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.22 no.5
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• pp.288-296
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• 2007

Monascus pilosus (KCCM 60160) in submerged culture was optimized based on culture medium and fermentation conditions. Monacolin-K (Iovastatin), one of the cholesterol lowing-agent which was produced by Monascus pilosus may maintain a healthy lipid level by inhibiting the biosynthesis of cholesterol. Plackett-Burman design and response surface method were employed to study the culture medium for the desirable monacolin-K production. As a result of experimental designs, optimized production medium components and concentrations (g/L) were determined on soluble starch 96, malt extract 44.5, beef extract 30.23, yeast extract 15, $(NH_4)_2SO_4$ 4.03, $Na_2HPO_4{\cdot}12H_2O$ 0.5, L-Histidine 3.0, $KHSO_4$ 1.0, respectively. Monacolin-K production was improved about 3 times in comparison with shake flask fermentation of the basic production medium. The effect of agitation speed (300, 350, 400 and 450 rpm) on the monacolin-K production were also observed in a batch fermenter. Maximum monacolin-K production with the basic production medium was 68 mg/L when agitation speed was 500 rpm. And it was found that all spherical pellets (average diameter of $1.0{\sim}1.5mm$) were dominant during fermentation. Based on the results, the maximum production of 185 mg/L of monacolin-K with the optimized production medium was obtained at pH (controlled) 6.5, agitation rate 400 rpm, aeration rate 1 vvm, and inoculum size 3%.

• Korean journal of communication and information
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• v.43
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• pp.247-281
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• 2008

The purpose of this article is to re-examine the issue of Chobo's origin, which has not been clearly determinated thus far. Also, the research investigates Chobo's name, time point of discontinuance, character of the article on disaster, and civil-printed incident of Chobo during King Sunjo. As an internal bulletin, handwritten Chobo began to come out at the end of 15th century, roughly King Sungjong period of Chosun Dynasty. Systematically developed in the period of King Jungjong, it had continuously been released until November, 1907 when fairly organized and competitive commercial daily newspapers were published and when the office of secretary named Biseogam was abolished. Because handwritten Chobo was exclusive and narrow in its communication nature and difficult to read it's fast handwritten Nancho calligraphic style, in August, 1577 (10th year of King Sunjo) a few civilian in Seoul obtained a permission from authorities (Uijungboo and Sahunboo) published a wooden type printed Chobo. Unfortunately, privately printed Chobo was forced to cease in 3 month because of King Sunjo's oppressive measure. However, considering it was published for a profit by civilian and used the world's first type printing, it is highly probable that Chobo seems to be the world’s first type printing commercial daily newspaper.

• Korean journal of communication and information
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• v.43
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• pp.209-246
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• 2008

This research is a comparative analysis of article titles in the beginning period of Korean newspapers. The Independent, The Korea Daily News and The Dong-A Ilbo were chosen for this research because each was the representative newspaper of 1890s, 1900s and $1920s{\sim}1930s$ respectively. In result, The Independent's article titles had been appeared on nearly 2 years after its first issue. Before the appearance of titles, The Independent had divided articles only with section names. In 1900s, The Korean Daily News's article titles was longer than those of The independent. And in 1910, the titles of The Korean Daily News had been placed on separated line to divide articles clearly. But during these period, typographical development of titles was not shown and the width of title was remained in one column. This means, the function of title in these periods was not to represent the value of article but only to divide the articles. In 1920s, The Dong-A Ilbo had used big size types and multi-column edit and those changes enabled newspaper to introduce the concept of layout. During the decade of 1930s, The Dong-A Ilbo's titles had occupied more space on newspaper than earlier period. This could be explained from the perspective of sensationalism of commercial newspaper and a tendency of putting more weight on titles. On the dimension of expression, proportions of subjective titles in The Independent, The Korea Daily News were 44.4% and 28.3% each, but the subjective titles of The Dong-A Ilbo in 1920's were only 4.2%. This decrease can be explained by the settlement of objective journalism in Korean newspapers during $1920s{\sim}1930s$.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.65-83
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• 1994

Sevaral problems of administrative area sysem in Korea have been brought up for a long time. Because its frame has remained since Chosun and Japanese colonial period in spite of changing local administrative environment in accordance with rapid industrialization and urbanization. Recent reform of city (Shi)- county (Gun) integration is derived from this argument. But problems which permeate deeply overall system cannot be solved by partial reorganization of Shi-Gun. They may be rationalized only through the reform of the whole system. The aims of this study are to analyze problems of administrative area system entirelr and to discuss the direction of its reform from that point of view. Major problems of administrative area system are summed up into the followings. Firstly, it is found that administrative hierarchies are too many levels. Contemporary administrative hierarchical structure is 4 levels: regional autonomous government (Tukpyolshi, Jik'halshi, Do), local autonomous government (Shi, Gun), two leveis of auxiliary administrative area (Up, Myun and Ri). These hierarchies were established in late period of Chosun which transportation was undeveloped and residential activity space was confined. But today developing transportion and expanding sphere of life don't need administrative hierarchical structurl with many levels. Besides developing administrative technology reduces administrative space by degrees. Many levels of contemporary administrative hierarchical structure are main factor of administrative inefficency, discording with settlement system. Second problem is that Tukpyolshi and Jik'halshi - cities under direct control of the central government as metropolitan area - underbounded cities. Underbounded city discomforts residential life and increases external elects of local pulic services. Especially this problem is Seoul, Pusan and Daegu. Third problem is that Do-areas are mostly two larger in integrating into single sphere of life. In fact each of them consistes of two or three sphere of life. Fourth Problem is metropolitan government system that central city is seperated from complementary area, i.e. Do. It brings about weakening the economic force of Do. Fifth problem is that several cities divided single sphere of life. It is main factor of finantial inefficency and facing difficult regional administration. Finally necessity of rural parish (Myun.) is diminished gradually with higher order center oriented activty of rural residents. First of all administrative area system should corresponds with substantial sphere of life in order to solve these problems. Followings are some key directions this study proposes on the reform of administrative area system from that standpoint. 1. Principles of reorgnization -- integration of central dty with complementary area. -- correspondence of administrative hierarchical structure with settlement system. -- correspondence of boundary of administrative area with sphere of life. 2. Reform strategy -- Jik'halshi is integrated with Do and is under the contol of Do. -- Small Seoul shi (city) which have special functions as captal is demarcated in Seoul tukpyolshi and 22 autonomous distrcts of Seoul tukpyolshi is integrated into 3-4 cities. -- Neighboring cities (Shies) in single sphere of life are intrgrated into single city (Shj). -- Myun and Ri are abolished in rural region and new unit of local administrative area on the basis of lowest order sphere of life into which 3-4 Ries are integrated replaces them.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.42 no.4
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• pp.540-559
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• 2007

The purpose of this paper is to analyse the locations and to interpret the landscapes of the local towns in Joseon Dynasty from Feng-shui's point of view. As a result of analysing the locations of towns in Gyeongsang Province, the towns which have typical Feng-shui landscapes make up to 58% of the total. Historically, the local towns that were established in the early period of the Joseon Dynasty didn't reveal Feng-shui's landscape, but those that were established in the late period of the Joseon Dynasty revealed the Feng-shui's landscape clearly. In this article, I classify the local towns of the Gyeongsang Province into 3 types: 1. Non Feng-shui type These towns are located near the seashore. The main reason that these towns were located at the seashore was defense against an enemy. 2. Semi Feng-shui type. These towns don't have natural location but have a man-made landscape, based on the principles of Feng-shui. 3. Typical Feng-shui type. These towns were typically administrational towns which were located at the center of a local region.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.30-40
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• 2009

Statistical optimization of the production medium was carried out in order to find an optimal medium composition in itaconic acid fermentation process. Itaconic acid utilized in the manufacture of various synthetic resins is a dicarboxylic acid biosynthesized by fungal cells of Aspergillus terreus in a branch of the TCA cycle via decarboxylation of cis-aconitate. Through OFAT (one factor at a time) experiments, six components (glucose, fructose, sucrose, soluble starch, soybean meal and cottonseed flour) were found to have significant effects on itaconic production among various carbon- and nitrogen-sources. Hence, using these six factors, interactive effects were investigated via fractional factorial design, showing that the initial concentrations of sucrose and cottonseed flour should be high for enhanced production of itaconic acid. Furthermore, through full factorial design (FFD) experiments, negative effects of $KH_2PO_4$ and $MgSO_4$ on itaconic acid biosynthesis were demonstrated, when excess amounts of the each component were initially added. Based on the FFD analysis, further statistical experiments were conducted along the steepest ascent path, followed by response surface method (RSM) in order to obtain optimal concentrations of the constituent nutrients. As a result, optimized concentrations of sucrose and cottonseed flour were found to be 90.4g/L and 53.8g/L respectively, with the corresponding production level of itaconic acid to be 4.36 g/L (about 7 fold higher productivity as compared to the previous production medium). From these experimental results, it was assumed that optimum ratio of the constituent carbon (sucrose) and nitrogen (cottonseed flour) sources was one of the most important factors for the enhanced production of itaconic acid.

• Journal of the Korean earth science society
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• v.18 no.6
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• pp.500-514
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• 1997

With respect to the amphibolites in the Mungyong area of the central part of the Ogcheon Fold Belt, detail field occurrence, texture and geochemical properties within each sills and petrogenetic environment are presented. We confirmed that the amphibolites in the Sangnaeri Formation (Ogcheon Supergroup) and limestone(Cambro-Ordovician Chosun Supergroup) sequences are metamorphosed dolerite sills which are roughly concordant to bedding of country rocks. Geologic distribution of the rocks is distinctly improved compared with those of previous investigations. There are four main sills so far observed in the study area. One is emplaced in limestone(Ls Sill, about 3 m thick) and the others are emplaced in Sangnaeri Formation, which are named First Sill(about 40 m thick), Second Sill(about 100 m thick) and Third Sill(about 40 m thick) from lower to upper horizons of the meta-pelitic sequences. The thick sills are intruded by minor sills and the Third Sill is a composite sill consisting of two main and two minor sills. Each sill has fine grained chilled marginal zones and grain size increases inwards from both contacts. The Second Sill has various vein and white patch in central part and the rock compositions vary systematically from margin to central part. $SiO_2,\;Na_2O,\;K_2O\;and\;P_2O_5$ increase, whereas $TiO_2,\;FeO,\;Al_2O_3\;and\;CaO$ decrease toward the contort. We investigate the major and trace element variations of ten selected rock compositions as intruding initial magma take occurrence and chemical properties into consideration. The compositional variations of them can not be explained by fractionation crystallization of single magma. Geologic distribution, geochemical properties and previous data suggest that amphibolite precursors(basaltic magma) of the study area were intrusive as sill-like in an intracontinental rift environment.