• Journal of the Mineralogical Society of Korea
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.193-201
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• 2007

We used $^6Li$ and $^7Li$ MAS NMR to investigate the fate and local environments of Li in the interlayer of clay minerals such as hectorite, Woming-montmorillonite, beidellite, and lepidollite at room and high ($250^{\circ}C$) temperature. Although $^6Li$ NMR spectra show narrower peaks than those of $^7Li$ NMR, S/N ratio is low and there are no obvious differences in chemical shifts suggesting that it is difficult to apply $^6Li$ NMR to have information on the local environments of Li in the clay interlayers. $^7Li$ NMR spectra, however, show changes in the peak width and quadrupole patterns providing information on the local environments of Li in the interlayer even though changes in the chemical shift are not observed. In montmorillonite, two different local environments of Li are observed; one has a narrow peak with typical quadrupole patterns whereas another has a broad peak without those of the patterns. Changes in the peak width is also observed from broad to narrow in the $^7Li$ NMR spectra for beidellite but not for hectorite at high temperature. Our results suggest that the peak width change in the broad peak is attributed to the coordination changes in the water molecules around Li which is tightly bonded on the basal oxygen of Si tetrahedra as inner-sphere complexes. The narrow peak in montmorillnoite can be assigned to the Li bended as outer-sphere complexes.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.271-280
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• 2007

Tonicity-responsive enhancer binding protein(TonEBP) is a transcriptional factor essential in the function and development of the renal medulla. TonEBP plays a critical role in protecting renal medullary cells from the deleterious effect of hypertonicity. TonEBP is a key regulator of urinary concentration via stimulation of transcription of urea transporter(UT) in a manner independent of vasopressin. UT in the renal inner medulla is important for the conservation of body water due to its role in the urine concentrating mechanism. Mongolian gerbil(Meriones unguiculatus) has been as an model animal for studying the neurological disease such as stroke and epilepsy because of the congenital incomplete in Willis circle, as well as the investigation of water metabolism because of the long time-survival in the condition of water-deprived desert condition, compared with other species animal. In this study, we divide 3 groups of which each group include the 5 animals. In the study of 7 or 14 days water restricted condition, we investigated the TonEBP and UT-A by using a immunohistochemistry in the kidney. In the normal kidney, the distribution of TonEBP is generally localized on nuclei of inner medullary cells. Nuclear distribution of TonEBP is generally increased throughout the medulla in 7 and 14 days dehydrated group compared with control group. Increased nuclear localization was particularly dramatic in thin limbs. In control groups, UT-A was expressed in inner stripe of outer medulla(ISOM) and inner medulla(IM). UT-A was present in the terminal part of the short-loop of descending thin limbs (DTL) in ISOM and also present in the inner medullary collecting duct(IMCD), where the intensity of it gradually increased toward the papillary tip. In the dehydrated kidney, UT-A immunoreactivity was increased in the short-loop of DTL in ISOM and in the long-loop of DTL in the initial part of IM, where was expressed moderate positive reaction in the normal kidney. Also it was up regulated in the IMCD in initial & middle part of IM. However UT-A down regulated in the IMCD, where the intensity of it gradually decreased toward the papillary tip. These findings suggest that increased levels of TonEBP in medulla and UT-A in shot-loop of DTL and IMCD play a important role for maintain fluid balance in the water-deprived mongolian gerbil kidney.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.91-105
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• 2002

Urea transport in the kidney is mediated by a family of transporter proteins that includes renal urea transporters (UT-A) and erythrocyte urea transporters (UT-B). The cDNA of five isoforms of rat UT-A, UTA1, UT-A2, UT-A3, UT-A4, and UT-A5 have been cloned. The purpose of this study was to examine the expression of UT-A (L194), which marked UT-A1, UT-A2 and UT-A4. Male Sprague-Dawley rats, weighing approximately 200 g, were divided into three group: control rats had free access to water, dehydrated rats were deprived of water for 3 d, and water loaded rats had free access to 3% sucrose water for 3 d before being killed. The kidneys were preserved by in vivo perfusion through the abdominal aorta with the 2% paraformaldehyde-lysine- periodate (PLP) or 8% paraformaldehyde solution for 10 min. The sections were processed for immunohistochemical studies using pre-embedding immunoperoxidase method and immunogold method. In the normal rat kidney, UT-A1 was expressed intensely in the cytoplasm of the inner medullary collecting duct (IMCD) cell and UT-A2 was expressed on the plasma membrane of the terminal portion of the shortloop descending thin limb (DTL) cells (type I epithelium) and of the long-loop DTL cells (type II epithelium) in the initial part of the inner medulla. Immunoreactivity for UT-A1 in the IMCD cells, was decreased in dehydrated animals whereas strongly increased in water loaded animals compared with control animals. In the short-loop DTL, immunoreactivity for UT-A2 was increased in intensity in both dehydrated and water loaded groups. However, in the long-loop DTL of the outer part of the inner medulla, immunoreactivity for UT-A2 was markedly increase in intensity in dehydrated group, but not in water loaded group. In conclusion, in the rat kidney, UT-A1 is located in the cytoplasm of IMCD cells, whereas UT-A2 is located in the plasma membrane of both the short-and long-loop DTL cells. Immunohistochemistry studies revealed that UT-A1 and UT-A2 may have a different role in urea transport and are regulated by different mechanisms.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.48 no.3
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• pp.268-274
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• 2016

The purpose of this study was to investigate the immuno-stimulatory activity of the high-molecular-weight fraction (HMWF) of Cynanchum wilfordii (CW) extracts obtained by ultrafiltration in murine macrophage RAW 264.7 cells and to assess its immuno-stimulatory effect in mice. Ultrafiltration was performed with polyethersulfone membranes (30 kDa cutoff) in a cross-flow filtration system to obtain the HMWF of CW. The results showed that the HMWF increased the production of various cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}$, interleukin-6, and nitric oxide in dose-ependent manners. In addition, HMWF treatment increased the relative spleen weight as well as splenocyte proliferation induced by concanavalin A or bacterial lipopolysaccharide in mice. Natural killer (NK) cell activity in the HMWF-treated group was significantly increased compared to that in the control group. These results suggest that the HMWF of CW can support the immune system through secretion of macrophage cytokines, thereby enhancing NK cell activity and murine splenocyte proliferation.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.43 no.4
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• pp.477-484
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• 2014

The purpose of this study was to examine the anti-inflammatory effects of ginger and processed (Beopje) ginger on colitis induced by 2.5% dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) in Balb/c mice. Beopje means a process that herbal medicines are treated by a specific Korean traditional method in order to obtain better pharmacological effects. Mice were fed saline or two different doses of ethanol extracts (ginger and processed (Beopje) ginger) once a day for 14 days. Colitis was induced from day 7 to 14 via administration of 2.5% DSS in drinking water. Experimental animals were divided into four groups: Nor (Normal, 200 ${\mu}L$ of saline without 2.5% DSS-treated group), Con (Control, 200 ${\mu}L$ of saline and 2.5% DSS treated group), G (500 mg/kg of ginger and 2.5% DSS treated group), and BG (500 mg/kg of Beopje ginger and 2.5% DSS treated group). Body weights of both ginger-administered groups increased compared to the control. Colon length increased to 7.6, and 8.0 cm in the G and BG groups, respectively, whereas that of control was 5.7 cm. Histological colon injury induced by DSS-induced colitis was reduced (P<0.05). In serum and DSS-treated colon tissues, mRNA expression levels of IFN-${\gamma}$, IL-6, TNF-${\alpha}$, and IL-12 of the Beopje ginger-treated group were significantly suppressed compared to those of the ginger-treated groups. Expression levels of iNOS and COX-2 of the Beopje ginger-treated group were significantly reduced compared to those of the ginger-treated groups (P<0.05), and BG showed stronger anti-inflammatory effects on colitis. These results indicated that ginger exerted anti-inflammatory effects on DSS-induced colitis in mice, and its effects could be increased through Beopje.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.15-27
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• 1974

Since the summer of the year 1972 ulcer disease of common carp, colour carp ana goldfish had suddenly spread widely and caused a serious mortality at fish farms especially around Gim-hae and Yang-san, near Busan. The present study aimed to find out the causative organisms, histopathological changes and the way of treatment, and the results are summarized as follows : Two kinds of pathogenic bacteria, i. e, Chondrococcus columnaris and Aeromonas sp. were isolated from the mucus of the lesion. According to the macroscopic findings, these symptoms began with the hemorrhagic spots under scales which fell out, after the collapse of the dermis, which was followed by lesion to form ulcer, and then the muscle was exposed. The fin was eroded mostly from the distal part, but sometimes from the basal part. Gills showed grey colour, and this part of the tissue collapsed. According to the histopathological findings, the dermis was exposed after the collapsed of the epithelium of the skin, and the necrosis of the musculature occurred, the muscular fibre being destroyed. The epithelial cells of gill tissue proliferated, thus gill filaments were conglutinated and collapsed. Fatty degeneration happened at the liver but the other organs seem to be normal. Treatment with the following mixtures were effective the water temperature of $22\~25^{\circ}C$, but not effective when the temperature was under as low as $13\~15^{\circ}C$. Mixture 1. Aivet (HB-115.HCI) 0.3ppm Malachite green 0.2ppm. Dipterex 0.4ppm Mixture 2. Furanace (P-7138) 0.05ppm Malachite green 0.2ppm Dipterex 0.4ppm When lesion healed, the epithelium, dermis, and the muscular fibre were regenerated.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.40 no.4
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• pp.242-248
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• 2007

To find a feasibility of utilization of food waste slurry (FWS) generated during composting, FWS was combined with pig manure slurry (PMS) in various ratios and the change of nutrient contents and offensive odor of the combined slurries before and after fermentation were studied. The initial pH was 7.67 for PMS and 8.45 for FWS. However, during the fermentation, pH increased in the combined slurries with the higher FWS rate among the treatments while decreased in thosewith higher PMS rate. EC of each slurry sample showed that the difference among combined slurry samples has been reduced during fermentation and became stabilized in $21{\sim}23dS\;m^{-1}$ after 180 days. After 180 days fermentation, total nitrogen (T-N) decreased. T-N of mixture with a half and more FWS decreased up to 0.1%, less than the critical level (0.3%). The contents of O.M., T-N, phosphorus, calcium and magnesium decreased with fermentation while those of potash and salinity increased. From initial fermentation until 30 days, a lot of $NH_3$, as an offensive odor, was produced. However, it decreased steadily, except in higher PMS rate. In terms of producing $50{\mu}g\;ml^{-1}$ of $NH_3$, the top layer took 30 days after fertilization with FWS only, 45 days for utilized treatment with F75 (25 % of PMS), 75 days for utilized with F50 (50%) and F25 (75%) and 90 days for PMS only, respectively. $RNH_2$ also had similar trend with $NH_3$ but it was produced continuously as long fermentation proceeded. In terms of $RNH_2$, the decrease in concentration up to $50{\mu}g\;ml^{-1}$ were; 45 days for FWS only(F100), 105 days for F75 utilization, 120 daysfor F50, 165 days for F25, respectively. ethyl mercaptan was produced in PMS until 180 days after fertilization but it was not produced in FWS. Sensory tests as an integrated test of offensive odor were also done. FWS showed lower than 1 after 30 days from initial fermentation, while PMS had still offensive odor even up to 180 days from initial fermentation. It is probably affected by the continuous production of ethyl mercaptan and amines. However, considering in decrease T-N content caused by volatilization while offensive odor intensity according to official standard of fertilizer is lower than 2. Further study on controlling offensive odor needs to be done.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.321-331
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• 2009

In this study, Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge(Danshen) powder was extracted with ethanol, and its antimicrobial activity was investigated. The ethanol extract of the Danshen had antimicrobial activity against Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, and Staphylococcus aureus. The inhibition zones of the Danshen extract(3 mg/disc) against B. subtilis, E. coli and S. aureus were 13, 12 and 8.5 mm, respectively. To test the food preservation effect of Danshen and determine the optimal ratio of the Danshen extract in a formulation, Sulgidduk samples were prepared with substitutions of 0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75 and 1% Danshen extract, and then their quality characteristics were investigated over 4 days of storage. According to the results, total cell counts showed a decreasing trend with an increasing amount of added Danshen extract. Moisture contents were not significantly different among the Sulgidduk samples. As the content of Danshen extract increased, the L-values of samples decreased and the a- and b- values increased. For the textural characteristics, the hardness, gumminess, and chewiness of the Sulgidduk samples decreased as the amount of Danshen extract increased; however, they increased with the progression of storage time. In the sensory evaluation, the control group had significantly higher scores for color, flavor and after-taste as compared to the Danshen extract-added groups. With increasing Danshen extract contents, flavor and overall acceptability decreased, while Danshen flavor, bitterness and off-flavor increased. Chewiness was not significantly different among the samples. In conclusion, the results indicate that substituting 0.5% Danshen extract in Sulgidduk is optimal for quality and provides a product with reasonably high overall acceptability.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.43 no.8
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• pp.1181-1188
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• 2014

This study investigated the quality characteristics and antioxidant activities of Yukwa added with 'Donganme' sorghum bran powder and its extracts. 'Donganme' variety has the highest antioxidant activity among sorghum varieties in Korea. The added contents of sorghum bran to Yukwa were 1% and 5% bran powder of 'Donganme' (BPD 1% and 5%) as well as 0.1%, 0.5%, and 1% bran powder extracts of 'Donganme' (BED 0.1%, 0.5%, and 1%). The contents of protein, ash, and minerals of BPD 1% and 5% added Yukwa were higher compared to non-added and BED 0.1%, 0.5%, and 1% added Yukwa. The contents of flavonoids of BPD 1% and 5% as well as BED 0.1%, 0.5%, and 1% added Yukwa increased by 1.6~17.1 fold, and DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities increased by 1.8~7.4 fold and 2.3~13.6 fold, respectively, compared to non-added Yukwa. Yukwa added with BED 1% showed the highest antioxidant activity among the treatments, followed by BPD 5%, BED 0.5%, BPD 1%, and BED 0.1% added Yukwa. The expansion ratios of BPD 5% and BED 1% added Yukwa remarkably decreased compared to those of non-added and other treatments. The sensory evaluation values corroborated the results of the Yukwa expansion ratio. The acid values of Yukwa under high temperature storage ($60{\pm}1^{\circ}C$) increased rapidly after 20 days in all treatments, and those of BPD 5% and 1% added Yukwa increased slowly compared to non-added Yukwa. ABTS radical scavenging activities of Yukwa showed little change during storage in all treatments. As a results, addition of sorghum bran below BPD 1% and BED 0.5% was suitable for antioxidant activity, quality characteristics and sensory evaluation.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.38 no.6
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• pp.499-506
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• 1993

The contents of sulfur, sulfur-containing protein and amino acids of soybean seeds of 518 genotypes as well as their inheritance and selection efficiency in early breeding generation were measured to facilitate breeding for soybean with high sulfur-containing amino acids. Average seed sulfur content of 518 cultivars was 0.33%, and ranged from 0.20 to 0.45%, and that of 30 wild soybeans was 0.35%, and ranged form 0.19 to 0.62%. Correlation coefficients between seed sulfur content and sulfur-containing protein and amino acids were 0.924$^{**}$ and 0.974$^{**}$, respectively. Seed sulfur content was tended to be high in soybean genotypes with late maturity, seed coat bloom, or green cotyledon. Sulfur content had -0.312$^{**}$ correlation coeficient with sugar content and -0.384$^{**}$ with 100 seed weight. Seed sulfur content was inherited quantitatively, in which additive effect was greater than dominant one, and proportion of genes with positive effects was similar to those with negative ones. Estimated narrow- and broad-sense heritabilities were 0.75 and 0.88 for seed sulfur content, respectively. Heritability measured from selection in early breeding lines for high or low seed sulfur content was 60～62.5% or 50～62,5%, respectively. And selection for high sulfur content increased by 14.7～18.8%, whereas that for low one decreased by 8.8～15.6%, when compared to that of random population. Therefore selection in early generation seemed to be clearly effective.