• Korean Journal of Biological Psychiatry
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.70-81
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• 2006

Objective : The purpose of this study was to investigate the differences of the cognitive performance, emotional and behavioral problems among the attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder(ADHD) groups that show the difference between visual and auditory attention. Method : Using 'ADHD Diagnostic System(ADS)', visual attention and auditory attention of 98 children diagnosed as ADHD were measured. According to the omission and commission error of ADS, they were divided into three groups ; 1) the group whose each visual omission and commission error scores were higher than each auditory omission and commission error scores(VV group), 2) the group whose each auditory omission and commission error scores were higher than each visual omission and commission error scores(AA group), 3) the group that was the rest of VV and AA group(M group). And the results of both the subscales of Korean Educational Development Institute-Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children(KEDI-WISC) and the subscales of Korean Child Behavior Checklist(K-CBCL) among three groups were compared. Finally, the correlation between the visual omission, visual commission, auditory omission, auditory commission error and the results of KEDI-WISC, K-CBCL were investigated. Results : The results were as follows ; 1) In 98 ADHD children, the number of VV group(N=56) was higher than that of AA (N=10) and M group (N=32). 2) All mean scores of the subscales of KEDI-WISC of VV group were higher than those of M and AA group. The score of verbal IQ(p=.039) of VV group was significantly higher than that of AA group and the scores of block design(p=.015), Kaufman's factor 2(p=.045), performance IQ(p=.004) were significantly higher than those of M group. The score of full IQ(p=.004) were significantly higher than that of M and AA group. 3) The mean scores of all K-CBCL subscales of VV group were higher than those of M and AA group, except the score of Somatic complaint subscale. The score of Social subscale(p=.041) of VV group was significantly higher than that of AA group. The score of Withdrawn subscale(p=.021) of AA group was significantly higher than that of VV group. 4) There were no significant correlation between the scores of visual omission/commission error and those of each subscale of KEDI-WISC. But, there were many significant correlations between the scores of auditory omission/commission error and those of each subscale of KEDI-WISC. 5) There were significant correlation between the score of the visual omission error and that of Thought problem subscale(r=.205, p=.043) of K-CBCL. There were significant correlation between the scores of the auditory omission error and those of Social subscale(r=-.319, p=.001), Social problems subscale(r=.206, p=.042), Thought problem subscale(r=.235, p=.021). Finally, there were significant correlation between the scores of auditory commission error and those of Social subscale(r=-.241, p=.017), Thought problem subscale(r=.235, p=.020). Conclusion : The ADHD children whose auditory attention ability were higher than visual attention ability had relatively better cognitive performance and less emotional/behavioral problems than the others. The more comprehensive experiment will be needed about the cognitive performance, emotion and behavior problems of the ADHD children showing the difference between visual and auditory attention.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.197-208
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• 2003

Objective：In this study, we hypothesized that deficit in processing rapid linguistic stimuli is at the heart of Reading Disability(RD) and deficit in response inhibition is at the heart of Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity(ADHD). We conducted experiments to identify the core cognitive characteristics of children either with RD or with ADHD or with both, using attentional tasks and phoneme differential tests. Method：In the study 1, 28 children with ADHD, 16 children with RD+ADHD were individually administered visual/auditory performance tests. Then, the differences of performance on attentional tasks between two groups were compared while IQs of two groups were controlled. In the study 2, 13 children with RD+ADHD/RD, 13 children with ADHD, and 13 normal children were administered computerized phoneme differential tests. Result：Visual attentional tasks did not distinguish an ADHD group from a RD+ADHD group. With auditory attentional tasks, however, the comorbid group showed significantly more difficulties, causing a large variance in reaction time. RD, RD+ADHD, and ADHD groups showed more errors in phoneme differential tests than a normal control group, and each group showed distinctive performance patterns. Discussion：An ADHD group had difficulty in response inhibition and sustained attention, and children who also had RD along with ADHD magnified the auditory attentional difficulties. Even though children with RD had more trouble with responding correctly to target stimuli, their responses were not significantly different from those of children with ADHD.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.104-111
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• 2015

Objectives : The aim of this study was to develop computerized attention tasks using smart devices for preschool aged children for assessment of auditory attention, visual attention, and attention shifting abilities. We then evaluated their construct and concurrent validity of them. Methods : Sixty-seven 5- to 7-year-old children attending kindergarten were recruited. Newly developed computerized attention tasks and existing standardized attention tests such as Advanced Test of Attention (ATA) and Children's Color Trails Test-2 (CCTT-2) were successively administered. To examine the concurrent validity of these tasks, correlation coefficients between the participants' scores on the newly developed tasks and the scores on well-known measures were calculated for assessment of each component construct. We also examined the construct validity of the tasks using the developmental trend of the auditory attention, visual attention, and attention shifting abilities with age. Results : Significant correlations were observed between the scores of computerized attention tasks using smart devices and corresponding scores of ATA-auditory task, visual task, and CCTT-2. And there were significant linear increasing trends of correct scores with age from 5 to 7 years. Conclusion : This study provides promising evidence for the utility of computerized attention tasks using smart devices for preschool-aged children.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.91-99
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• 2000

Objectives：Present study developed the computerized ADHD Diagnostic System(ADS) in order to diagnose ADHD and evaluate treatment effect of it, and conducted a standardization study for ADS. Methods：The normative group was composed of 847 children and adolescents between the age of 5 and 15(boy 429, girl 418) living in the areas of Seoul, Kyunggi-do, and Kangwon-do. 30 ADHD children with age ranged 7 to 9 years were participated present study to evaluate the validity of ADS. To establish the norms for diagnosing ADHD, the means and standard deviations of normative group were used to calculate T-scores for each age group. Results：The reliability coefficient of ADS(Cronbach's ${\alpha}$) was .85. There were significant differences in the measures of ADS except commission error between the normal and the ADHD groups. Three factors were extracted through factor analysis of ADS, which were labelled 'inattention', 'slow information processing' and 'impulsivity'. Discriminant analysis showed that ADS significantly discriminate the normal and the ADHD groups. Percentage of correct classification by ADS variables was 96.7%. Conclusion：These results put together strongly support the reliability and validity of ADS as a diagnostic instrument for ADHD.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Broadcast Engineers Conference
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• 2008.02a
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• pp.173-178
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• 2008

본 연구에서는 영상음향의 사운드디자인 구조의 차이가 수용자에게 어떠한 감응도 변화가 있는가를 알아 보았다. 실험은 60초의 TV광고음향을 음악으로만 디자인한 음향트랙과(A), 음향효과와 음악으로 디자인한 음향트랙(B)을 청취하게 하여, 어떠한 사운드 구조가 감응도(주의력, 활성도, 감성도)에 더 유의한 영향을 미치는가를 알아 보았다. 실험은5명씩의 남.여 대학생을 대상으로 이루어 졌고 안정상태와 Fp1, Fp2를 중심으로 한 전두엽측정방식으로 한 뉴로피드백(Neuro feedback)뇌파측정방법으로 측정하였다. 그 결과, 음악으로만 디자인한 A음향트랙에서의 감응도는 주의((ATQ)와 활성도(ACQ), 감성도(EQ)모두가 증가했으나 B트랙보다는 낮았다. 음악+효과음으로 디자인한 B트랙에서는 주의력(ATQ), 활성도(ACQ),는 A트랙보다 증가하였으나 EQ(감성도)는 반대로 A트랙보다 낮았다. 결과적으로 영상에서 음향은 주의력과 활성도 에는 기본적으로 뇌의 변화에 작용하나 정서적인 면은 역시 음악이 유효한 것으로 나타났다. 그러나 강한 효과음들은 음악보다 주의력과 집중도를 높이기는 하나 스트레스적(SQ)지수는 오히려 높은 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구를 통하여 방송과 영화 등의 사운드구조는 영상과의 호흡을 기본으로 하지만 실제로 시각정보와 청각정보가 동시에 합쳐져서, 심리적으로 어떠한 영향을 미치는가를 뇌신경측정으로 고찰한 것에 의의가 있다.

• 한국HCI학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2007.02a
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• pp.137-142
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• 2007

한정된 주의력 자원을 회복 시키기 위한 방법 중 피드백이 효과가 있는 것으로 보고되고 있다. 그러나 피드백의 구체적 내용에 대한 집중력 회복의 연구는 미미하다. 본 연구는 집중력을 회복할 수 있는 감각적 자극 중 정서적 피드백 간의 효과 차이를 분석 하였다. 집중력을 평가하기 위한 온라인 실험 시스템을 구축하고 시각, 청각, 촉각 피드백 자극을 제시하여 각각의 감각자극과 집중력 회복의 효과를 분석 하였다. 실험 참여자의 감각 피드백의 선호도에 따른 영향 요인을 알아보기 위하여 실험 후 주관적 설문을 실시하였다. 감각 피드백을 6명의 대학원생에게 일주일에 걸쳐 반복적으로 약200개의 자극을 제시하고 5회 이상 실험을 통하여 얻어진 30회 결과를 분석하였다. 결과적으로 피드백 별 수행 수준에서는 청각, 촉각, 시각 순으로 효과가 높았으며, 반응 시간에서는 촉각, 청각, 시각 순으로 효과적으로 나타났다.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.25-50
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• 2001

Using Fourier transformation and wavelet analysis, we compared the auditory event-related potentials of the patients with attention deficit-hyperactivity disorders(abbr. ADHD, 13 boys) and normal control children(8 boys). Amplitudes of the event-related potentials which were calculated via Fourier transformation were compared between the groups and between conditions(non-target versus target) in each group. To the non-target stimuli, the patients with ADHD showed significantly greater amplitudes across almost all of the electrode sites and frequencies. To the target stimuli, the incidents which ADHD patients showed much higher amplitudes than normal controls significantly decreased, while those of the reverse results increased significantly. These results were consistent with the comparison results about negative difference wave(abbr. Nd wave) using Fourier transformation. In summary, it was proved that non-target stimulus which should be ignored elicited more robust electrical response from the patients with ADHD than normal children, but the target stimulus which reguired active processing did much less electrical activity in the patients. For the patients, they showed much inhibited electrical response to the target stimuli in some electrodes and frequency ranges. Normal children were more strongly stimulated by the target stimuli in almost all electrodes and frequency ranges than the patients, but less in prefrontal leads and frontal leads. Wavelet analysis results proved that early responses(0-300msec) to the nontarget stimuli of the patients were significantly greater than the normal controls in prefrontal, anterior frontal, some parts of temporal, and occipital lobes and that late response(300-370msec) were significantly lesser than normal children in parietal and central electrodes. Target stimuli elicited significantly higher electrical activity in both group than non-target stimuli did. Prefrontal and frontal lobes showed stronger responses in the patients than normal children irrespective of stimulus condition, but parietal and temporal lobes did higher activities in normal children than the patients only to the target stimuli. In conclusion, the patients with ADHD showed much greater responses to the stimuli which should be ignored, but failed to activated the necessary processes to the target stimuli. Also, we found that the frequency-dimension analysis and wavelet analysis were useful for the signal processing such as event related potentials.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.16 no.6
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• pp.463-470
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• 2018

The main purpose of this study was to determine the efficacy of a group psychomotor training for the visual and auditory attention in children with ADHD. We examined some of the important factors of visual and auditory attention deficits, the Omission Error and False Alarm Error using Kiphard's 6-step program for children with ADHD. The result suggests that a significant decrease in factors involved in visual attention deficits was influenced by the degree of group interaction and the time of examination. However, factors involved in auditory attention deficits were not significantly affected. Our research on the effects of psychomotor program based on the convergent intervention approach suggests that future studies investigate different paradigms of intervention methods for children with ADHD.

• Journal of Korea Entertainment Industry Association
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• v.13 no.8
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• pp.627-633
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• 2019

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of white noise on memory and attention of local community elderly during computer-based cognitive rehabilitation program(COMCOG). 30 elderly subjects were recruited and conveniently allocated into experimental and control group. Experimental group subjects carried out COMCOG with white noise. Control group subjects received COMCOG for 30 minutes, 3 times per week for 6 weeks. Neurocognitive funtion test(CNT) were used to evaluate memory and attention during pre and post. The most CNT outcome at post was significantly improved than the pre outcome in the both group(p<.05). And the experimental group showed significantly difference from control group(p<.05). The result of this study show that the COMCOG with white noise may be appropriate for improving memory and attention in elderly. This will enable the application of COMCOG with white noise in cognitive rehabilitation therapy of local elderly and it will help guide the selection of the therapist as one therapeutic basis

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.104 no.2
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• pp.277-284
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• 2015

This study aims to evaluate the impact of forest therapy on neuro-cognitive, psychosocial, and physiological aspect of adolescent internet addiction risk group. We have classified potential and high risk user group as internet addiction risk group according to the criteria of Korean Internet Addiction Proneness Scale(K Scale). Based on the results of k-scale from the adolescents in metropolitan area from May to July 2013, 25 people were selected as Internet addiction risk group. We have randomized 13 participants joining forest therapy camp and 12 participants not joining one, and analyzed the change of the two groups with Continuous Performance, Kimberly S. Young, Connor-Davidson Resilience, Relationship Change Scale, heart rate variability and cortisol. Statistically significant changes were observedd in neuro-cognitive, psychosocial, and physiological variables, Through this study, we can consider that the therapy healing may relieve the level of internet addiction and can be an alternative to control emotional stability and impulsive behavior.