• The Journal of Korean Philosophical History
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• no.42
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• pp.233-258
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• 2014

This article investigates the concept of the xing(性) used by Hu Hong. Hu Hong's philosophical system considered to top priority for xing is called xingbunlun(性本論), and he suggested the characteristics of xing as follows. First, Hu Hong regarded xing as the fundamental of whole world and related to the specific individual things, so he constructed the concept of xing in the perspective of ontology. Namely while xing is ti(體) the root of all the world, it is the realization of the uniqueness of the individual things. Also he considered xing which of the ontological aspect developed various psychological aspect contained xin (心), qing(情), yu(欲), etc. Seond, As Hu Hong regulated that wei fa(未發) is xing and yi fa(已發) is xin, he defined the ideal relation between xing and xin as xingtixinyong(性體心用). And he considered that the sage and the ordinary peoples are equal in the xing's aspect of wei fa, but they are not equal in ability of the xin in the aspect of wei fa. Hu Hong thought that the only sage realized the ideal relation between xing and xin in this world, because he keep his mind silent. So Hu Hong suggested the possibility of moral cultivation to the ordinary peoples, expressing that human nature realized the function of the mind(成性), in order that they realized ideal relation by following ren(仁). Third, unlike the traditional notion, Hu Hong understood the meaning of xing in the aspect of ontology. He interpreted the shan(善) of xingshan(性善) as the meaning of exclamation, which implied that "the innate goodness of human nature(性善)" meant "Human nature is good." Because Hu Hong thought that the meaning of xing transcended the relative concept of good and evil, and accepted the whole world affirmatively. In the opinion of Hu Hong, as the concept of xing had two ways of intentionality; likes and dislikes(好惡), things formed relationship with other in this world. Then the concept of good and evil of the ethical value judgement occurred.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.20 no.12
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• pp.597-607
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• 2019

In this study, we suggest a policy for setting the direction of Jeju Music Education with implications from the process of arranging philosophical theories related to music education and analyzing advanced cases. The philosophical theories of music education were examined by Schiller, Steiner, Dewey, Bourdieu, Reimer, and Elliotts. In addition, this study checked the lessons in music education programs in Germany, Venezuela, and Finland, and we make policy suggestions in four contexts to set the direction of music education in the Jeju community based on interviews with 10 experts. Suggestions for improving social awareness of music education, suggestions for music education in the elementary and secondary public school sectors, in the proposals for music education in the lifelong education sector, and the suggestions for institutional policy all included music education professionals recruited from among the culture and art sectors within the Jeju Special Self-Governing Province's Cultural Policy Division. Music advisors were also recruited from the music and sector music councils within the Jeju Special Self-Governing Province Council.

• Journal of Korean Philosophical Society
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• v.144
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• pp.235-256
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• 2017

This essay considers Leibniz-Clark correspondence on the nature of space and hole argument. The ontology of space had been debated under the name of substantivalism-relationism controversy. The debates between the two parties are concerned with the nature of existence of parts of space-time. Substantivalism claims that the point of space-time has existence analogous to that of material substance. Relationism argues that space-time should be understood as the framework of possible spatio-temporal relations between bodies. Although these two approaches attempt to respect theoretical context, it seems that the problems of these two interpretive schemes stems from the lack of understanding of the structure of space-time theories, especially how space-time is connected with the laws of motion. In order to appreciate the substance-relation controversy without deviating from the context of space-time theories, it is necessary then to capture how space-time theories are constituted. This essay offers the clear connection of ontology of space-time with present practices of theoretical physicists.

• Journal of Korean Philosophical Society
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• v.105
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• pp.215-242
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• 2008

Die Erkenntnistheorie von Berkeley entwickelt sich in der Auseinandersetzung mit den Lehren von Descartes und Locke, und sie ist als die idealistische Linie durch Hume mit dem deutschen Idealismus verbunden. Berkelez nimmt die Erfahrung als Ausgangspunkt der $M{\ddot{o}}glichkeit$ des Denkens an, und bei ihm kann die Erkenntnis durch die radikale Untersuchung des Objekts zur Sicherheit gelangen. Durch diese Untersuchung will er den Skeptizismus und die Spekulation, die sich auf das innere, unerfahrbare Wesen der Dinge bezieht, vernichten. Wir $k{\ddot{o}}nnen$ also bei ihm die Sinnesideen(ideas imprinted on the sense) als die Objekte der Erkenntnis, den Geist (mind) als das Subjekt der Erkenntnis und das $Ged{\ddot{a}}chtnis$ und die Einbildungkraft (memory and imagination) als die Vermittlung der Erkenntnis auffassen. Berkeley nennt solche Objekte die sinnlich von uns wahrgenommenen Dinge. Solche Dinge sind zwar wirkliche Dinge, aber sie bestehen als die durch die Sinne wahrgenommenen Ideen nicht $selst{\ddot{a}}ndig$ $au{\ss}erhalb$ der Geister, der sie wahrnimmt oder erkennt, existieren. Daher ist nach Berkeley 'esse'(das Sein solcher Dinge) 'percipi'(Wahrgenommenwerden): "esse est percipi".

• Journal of the Korean Society of Child Welfare
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• no.27
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• pp.7-35
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• 2008

The model of family decision-making in child protection has been widely discussed and adopted in many countries. The purpose of this study was to introduce the model and, then, investigate whether this process is applicable in child care and protection services in Korea. The main goal in the study has been to explore the philosophical and practical foundations of the family involvement approach in decision-making and describe the international applications of the model. Family group conferencing, originally developed and enacted in New Zealand, has been critically examined. The potential contributions of the study may include seeking a more effective intervention for child protection through determining whether the model is appropriate or desirable in issues of philosophy, practice and policy within the Korean culture.

• Korean Journal of Social Welfare
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• v.59 no.3
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• pp.33-58
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• 2007

Capital punishment is a system which is not finished simply as one of interim penalty but does away with one person's existence eternally. It is not only opposite to the existential humanism but also contrary to social welfare's goal like social integration. Therefore, this study tries to find out the issues related to capital punishment and further tries to draw out the rightness of capital punishment abolition by critically reviewing the capital punishment system on the basis of the value and philosophy of correctional welfare. In brief, capital punishment is possible only when we negate the inviolable fundamental right which is called life right, and deny the human life existence which surpasses space and time. As long as we can not deny the macroscopic viewpoint to search out the basis of human behavior in the social system which is called culture and society, capital punishment system is contrary to the philosophy of welfare that total society is responsible for guiding members of society to pursue self realization on the basis of value like social solidarity and human dignity. Also, it is against the objective of correctional welfare to head toward special prevention by positive correction and rehabilitation. Capital punishment system ought to be abolished properly.

• Cartoon and Animation Studies
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• s.15
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• pp.29-47
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• 2009

The changes in the field of high tech media promote the development of animation films, which was considered once as a decaying industry. A large success of Disney animation films in 1980's and the possibilities of animation as an economically profitable mass products allowed this art form to play a leading role in mass culture. But, the cultural and philosophical aspects of animation works are not studied enough up to this time, despite its importance. This article is focused on the study of animation as a serious cultural and philosophical text. The object of research is the Russian animation in the period of 1960-1980 years. In this time, new trends are noticed in the history of Russian animation : aesthetical experiments in style and subjects became possible since the society freed from totalitarian atmosphere after the political destalinization by Khrushchev. In addition to, it was the time when the system of state subsidies still functioned, that animation was not the object of cultural industry yet, as it happened in the period of Perestroika. In this condition, lots of short animation films, which were remarkable not only in the context of Soviet art culture, but also in the history of world animation films, were produced. This article proposes to analyze the characteristics of realities and fantasy, portrayed in the films of this period, and examine the role and status of animation films in the social-cultural context.

• Journal of Korean Philosophical Society
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• v.105
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• pp.269-290
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• 2008

The purpose of this paper is to explore the possibility of backwards causation. For study, this paper was divided into four views as follows: The first view was sometimes suggested by the people such as M. Dummett who distinguished observers from behaviors. According to observers' view, backwards causation is impossible, whereas behaviors' view possible. However, in a real or genuine sense, it is incorrect for us to argue for impossibility of backwards causation from the observer aspect. The second view was supported by J. H. Schmidt. He analyzed the possibility of backwards causation in terms of macro and micro level analysis about the causal events. According to micro level analysis, backwards causation is possible, but macro level analysis impossible. Usually the latter makes the former something miraculous. Under the macro level analysis, backwards causation, at first, seems to be miraculous phenomena which belongs to the micro level analysis. The third view had to do with physical equation, and the fourth view physical phenomena, respectively. John Earman argued for the backwards causation by the transformation from Lorentz­-Dirac equation to a second-order integro-differential one in the field of electrodynamic acceleration. His argument was criticized because of his misunderstanding about the relationship between two equations. On the other hand, Phil Dowe defended a version of Reichenbach's own theory about the direction of causation founded on the fork asymmetrical causal relation. However his view was different from Reichenbach's because the former defended the backwards causation model of Bell phenomena in quantum mechanics. On the contrary, Reichenbach put stressed on the priority of cause in the causal process. Subjectivism has recently been defended by H. Price, under the label of perspectivism. According to him, in a certain sense causal asymmetry is not in the world, but is rather a product of our own asymmetric perspective on the world. He also suggested causal net, the symmetry of microphysics, and so on. As mentioned above, there are many kind of suggestions of backwards causation. However none of them replaced objectively the main streams of the direction of causal process. The main stream has been usually defended by pragmatical ground. That is, effects do not precede their causes although causes cannot be without their effects.

• Journal of Korean Philosophical Society
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• v.105
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• pp.423-460
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• 2008

Les positions qu'essait d'expliquer les $probl{\grave{e}}mes$ divers ${\grave{a}}$ propos de la $sexualit{\acute{e}}$, faisaient ressortir les points biologiques des actions $d^{\prime}{\hat{e}}tre$ humain par ${\acute{e}}volutionnisme$ plutot qu'explique les $probl{\grave{e}}mes$ de la nature humaine, $d{\acute{e}}sirs$ sexuelles, par les $sci{\acute{e}}t{\grave{e}}s$, les cultures et les'institutions. En face des questions des $possibilit{\acute{e}}s$ d'explications biologiques sur toutes les actions sexuelles, ils sont $plac{\acute{e}}s$ en crise. Le fait que $l^{\prime}{\hat{e}}tre$ humain est un'etre historique, n'implique pas ce qu'il est evolutionnaire. Pour cette raison, c'est difficile qu'on accepte le determisme biologique, $l^{\prime}{\acute{e}}volutionnisme$, sans conditions. En opposition avec cettes $id{\acute{e}}es$, Michel Foucault voudrait insister sur le fait de penser au sexe comme les $r{\acute{e}}sultats$ des productions sociologiques, politiques. Selon Foucault, la $sexualit{\acute{e}}$ n'est pas $donn{\acute{e}}$ de la nature que le pouvoir essaierait de mater, ou un domaine obscure que le savoir tendrait de $d{\acute{e}}voiler$, mais une sorte de dispositif historique. Donc, dans cet article, j'essaie d'examiner les processus, les differences, et les $probl{\grave{e}}mes$ entre les deux positions, puis je considere les limites philosophiques, des deux argumentations, et ses implications philosophique. Cela permet d'approcher ${\grave{a}}$ l'horizon divers du discours sexuelles de la $compr{\acute{e}}hension$.

• (The)Study of the Eastern Classic
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• no.36
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• pp.135-161
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• 2009

"논어"는 진시황(秦始皇)의 "분서갱유(焚書坑儒)"로 크게 손실되었다가 한대(漢代)에 이르러 크게 "노론(魯論)", "제론(齊論)", "고론(古論)" 등 3개의 다른 판본이 출현하였다. "노론(魯論)"과 "제론(齊論)"은 각기 다른 사승관계에 의해 전수되어 오다 장우(張禹)에 의해 두 본이 하나로 합쳐지게 되었고, 이후 세상에서 널리 읽혀지게 되었다. 20세기(世紀) 말, 돈황(敦煌)과 토노번(吐魯番)에서 수많은 당사본(唐寫本)들이 발견되었는데, 그 중에 정현(鄭玄)의 "논어주(論語注)"와 하안(何晏)의 "논어집해(論語集解)" 등이 포함되어 있었다. 또한 1973년 서한(西漢) 중산(中山) 회왕(懷王) 유수(劉修)의 무덤에서도 죽간(竹簡)에 쓰여진 "논어(論語)"가 출토되었다. 본고에서는 현재 "논어" 판본 중에서 가장 이른 시기에 속하는 이들 3개의 출토문헌 자료와 전래본인 주자(朱子)의 "논어집주(論語集注)"의 비교를 통하여 한위(漢魏)시기 이래로 여러 "논어"본들이 정리되어가는 과정과 그 과정에서 파생된 제반 문제들을 살펴보았다. 이를 통하여 여러 판본들의 공통점과 차이점들을 살펴볼 수 있었고, 또한 한나라 이후 꾸준히 논란이 되어 왔던 내용과 이를 바탕으로 전래본에서 수정 보완된 부분들을 발견할 수 있었다. 기존 한국의 "논어" 연구는 후대의 전래본을 중심으로 그 철학적인 사상을 분석하는데 편중되어 왔다. 이들 연구는 상당부분 후대에 가미된 글자와 내용을 논어의 원문으로 오인하고, 이를 통해 추론해 낸 결론들도 원래의 사실과 거리가 있을 수밖에 없었다. 그러므로 우리는 20세기 이래로, 고고학적 발굴 성과에 힘입어 지하에서 출토되는 새로운 자료들에 대해 주위를 기울일 필요가 있다. 특히 최근에 출토되는 간독(簡牘)자료에 수많은 경전관련 자료들이 포함되어 있다. 이러한 일차 자료들을 정리분석하고 이를 토대로 그 안에 내재되어 있는 경학, 철학, 역사적인 의미 등을 추론해 낸다면 좀 더 근본적으로 고대사회의 정신문명을 이해할 수 있으리라 본다. 따라서 본 연구는 이러한 방향에서 "논어" 연구의 올바른 토대를 마련하기 위한 기초적 작업으로서의 의의가 있다고 하겠다.