• 대한건축학회논문집:구조계
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• 제33권12호
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• pp.37-44
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• 2017

Due to structural characteristics, construction costs and duration of a modular system would be saved by minimizing the schedule on the job site. As such, it is crucial to develop a connection that can guarantee stiffness while allowing for simple assembling. Particularly, the mid- to high-rise construction of the modular system necessitates the securing of the structural stability and seismic performance of multi-unit frames and connections, and thus, the stiffness of unit-assembled structures needs to be re-evaluated and designed. However, evaluating a frame consisting of slender members and reinforcing materials is a complicated process. Therefore, the present study aims to examine the structural characteristics of a modular unit connection based a method for reinforcing connection brackets and hinges while minimizing the loss of the cross section. Toward this end, the study modeled the beam-to-column connection of a modular system with the proposed connection, and produced a specimen which was used to perform a cycling loading test. The study compared the initial stiffness, the attributes of the hysteretic behavior, and the maximum flexural moment, and observed whether the model acquired the seismic performance, compared to the flexural strength of the steel moment frame connection that is required by the Korean Building Code. The test results showed that the proposed connection produced a similar initial stiffness value to that of the theoretical equation, and its maximum strength exceeded the theoretical strength. Furthermore, the model with a larger ceiling bracket showed higher seismic performance, which was further increased by the reinforcement of the plate.

• 대한설비공학회지:설비저널
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• 제32권10호
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• pp.17-21
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• 2003

국내 화장실 양변기의 배수 및 세정소음에 관한 실험실 측정결과를 소개하고자 한다. 1989년 대한주택공사에서 조사한 설문조사에 의하면 공동주택에서 외부로부터 들리는 소음에 대한 불만을 조사한 결과, 바닥충격음, 급배수설비 소음, 그리고, 공기전달음의 순으로 나타났다. 이와 같이 급배수시 발생소음은 공동주택 입주자의 주요한 민원중의 하나이다. 급배수설비 소음은 유체의 유동에 의하여 발생하며, 직접 공기중을 전파하여 가는 “공기전달음”과 배관지지 재료 및 구조체 등을 통해 재차 공기중을 전파하여가는 “고체전달음” 으로 구분된다. 여기서 “공기전달음”이란 실내에서 발생한 소리가 구조체를 진동하고 구조체는 인접실의 구조체 주변의 공기를 진동하여 소리가 방사되거나 또는 인접실간에 열려 있는 통로를 거쳐 전달되는 소음을 말하고 “고체전달음”이란 음원이 접하고 있는 건물구조체를 통하여 진동의 형태로 전달되는 소음을 일컫는다. 공동주택에서 배수관은 아래층 천장배관에 해당되므로 배수관에서 발생하는 소음은 아래층으로 직접 전달된다. 이러한 배수설비 소음은 배관재의 종류, 배관스페이스의 구조 및 위치 등에 따라 소음레벨이 달라지게 된다.(중략)

• 한국소음진동공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국소음진동공학회 2012년도 추계학술대회 논문집
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• pp.280-285
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• 2012

The 1st assessment (performance test) was applied to assure the floor impact sound performance for developing the dry double- floor with the change of rubber hardness of the upper panel's support and the ceiling structure of the sub-floor. Depends on the change of the rubber hardness in substructure, the heavy-weight sound impact value is improved up to 3 dB, and the light-weight sound impact value is moved up to 21 dB, comparing with the bare-slab. Also, the improved value for the floor impact sound conjugating with the sub-floor's ceiling was 5dB. Based on this result, the 2nd assessment (performance test) was made the state that the rubber hardness of the sub-floor support was ranged between 50 and 70 for considering the stability of walking patients. In addition to this process, the assessment was carried out with a variety of ceiling structure applied to the dry doublefloor structure with the air flow system on the sub-floor's ceiling. The result for the 2nd assessment proved that TYPE-11 had the better sound reduction performance in the heavy-weight impact sound test than other types, and also for the light-weight impact sound TYPE-11 had the 29 dB sound reduction performance overall. Henceforth, based on the result the research for the sound reduction performance from the floor impact sound shall be ongoing process as well as the development of a double-dry floor and a sound reduction ceiling to suitable on the field.

• KIEAE Journal
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.95-100
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• 2007

In apartment houses, said to be similar to a typical housing form, every household share the walls and floors. Many problems inevitably accompany such as an arrangement, as noise and vibration are shared among households. When investigating the percentage of apartment resident's dissatisfaction with housing environments, discontent due to noise ranks the highest. Among many different kinds of noises, noise such as floor crashing sounds show the highest indication rate in the residents' comparison of discontent. Therefore, it is the practice of insulating against noises such as floor crashing sounds that improves the apartment house environments. The factors influencing the floor impact sound insulation include floor finishing materials, shock absorbing floors (slabs included), and ceiling structures. The ceilings of the apartment houses, currently built in Korea, are set up with lower parts of slabs and paper finishing, or with double floors for protecting against floor impact sounds in order to improve the sound insulating performance. The most common the method of ceiling structure construction consists of 'wood boarded frames +Gypsum boards + ceiling papers', which is called the wood boarded frame method. This study aimed to measures and evaluates floor impact sound insulation by which the ceiling space are widened according to suppression system is added in apartment house ceiling structure.

• 대한건축학회논문집:구조계
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• 제35권10호
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• pp.143-153
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• 2019

In this study, a full scale 3-axes shake table test for M-bar and T-bar type ceilings commonly used in the country was conducted. Through damage inspection during the test, seismic performance of ceilings according to variables, such as clearance between wall mold and ceiling as well as existence of facilities, was evaluated. A test frame consisted of square hollow section members was used for the shake table test. The experimental method was performed as a fragility test using required response spectrum described in ICC-ES AC156. In the case of architectural nonstructural component that contain ceilings, it mainly is evaluated the performance by post-test visual inspection. For the evaluation of seismic performance of ceilings, this study classified and defined damaged items for targeted ceiling system referring to illustrative damage according to nonstructural performance levels accordance with ASCE 41 and previous studies. And proposed illustrative damage items classification was utilized to compare the degree of the damage according to experimental variables. The experiment results confirmed that differences in boundary conditions due to the clearance at wall mold and the installation of facilities had a significant effect on the seismic performance of the ceiling.

• 대한건축학회논문집:구조계
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• 제35권10호
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• pp.171-180
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• 2019

In Korea, the seismic design of non-structural elements was interested by Earthquake of the 2016 Gyeong-ju and 2017 Po-hang. Among the non-structural elements, the ceiling system with steel panel used in Po-hang station showed failure examples of non-seismic design ceiling. In this study, the seismic performance of suspended ceiling with steel-panel, such as those used in Po-hang Station, was evaluated by shaking table tests. The shaking table tests were performed in accordance with the ICC-ES AC156 standard with floor acceleration being applied horizontally in one direction using a $3.3{\times}3.3m^2$ frame. The ceiling system consists of steel-panels, carrying channels, main and cross T-bars, and anti-falling clips. The anti-falling clip prevents the steel panel falling completely. The shaking table test confirmed that the damage at the previous stage had a direct impact on the damage state at the next stage. Through the shaking table test, the damage state of the T-bar type steel-panel suspended ceiling system was defined.

• 제품안전
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• 7호통권151호
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• pp.60-63
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• 2006

선풍기 한 대 쯤 없는 집이 거의 없을 정도로 선풍기는 우리에게 매우 친숙한 가전제품중 하나이다. 이번에는 여름철의 풍물인 선풍기의 구조 및 원리 등에 대해서 살펴보도록 하겠다. 먼저 선풍기의 역사를 보면, 최초의 선풍기는 1600년대 천장에 매달아 놓은 추의 무게를 이용하여 기어장치의 회전축을 돌려 1장으로 된 커다란 부채를 시계추 모양으로 흔들어 바람을 일으키는 것이었다. 이어 1850년대는 현재의 탁상선풍기 모양으로 된 것에 태엽을 감아 사용하는 것이 고안되었다. 최초의 전기선 풍기는 T.A.에디슨이 발명하였으며, 이것이 점차 발달하여 보호망을 씌운 현재의 아름답고 정교한 것으로 진보되었다.

• 한국공간구조학회논문집
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• 제10권3호
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• pp.75-80
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• 2010

본 연구는 음향증폭시스템 중에서 청취자에게 가장 많은 영향을 미치는 스피커 시스템의 배치방식과 스피커 특성변화에 따른 청취자들의 주관적 반응을 명료도와 음향선호도 측면에서 측정하고 비교 분석함으로써 향후 대공간의 음향증폭시스템의 설계 시 활용할 수 있는 기초자료를 제공하고자 하였다. 연구 결과, 전체적으로 실의 흡음률이 결정적인 영향을 미치며, 천장의 흡음률이 높을수록 지각된 명료도는 높아지는 것으로 나타났다. 스피커가 낮게 설치된 경우에는 적용된 스피커의 개수가 많고 지향각이 좁은 스피커들이 사용된 경우의 명료도가 가장 높게 평가되었다. 그러나 전체적으로는 스피커가 천장 흡음면에 가까울수록, 그리고 60도 이하의 좁은 지향각을 갖는 스피커를 사용할 때 높은 명료도를 얻을 수 있으며, 본 연구의 검토범위에서는 8~10개 정도의 스피커가 적용되었을 때 주관적인 명료도 및 선호도가 가장 높게 평가되었다.

• 대한건축학회논문집:구조계
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• 제34권4호
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• pp.25-33
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• 2018

In regard to modular systems, new methods, as well as middle and high-story unit design ideas, are currently being studied. These studies need to focus on the enhanced stiffness and seismic performance of these connections, and see that the development of fully restrained moment connections can improve the seismic performance. For this reason, this study evaluates the performance of the connections of the ceiling bracket-typed modular system through repeated loading tests and analyses. In order to compare them with these modular units, new unit specimens with the bracket connection being different from that of the traditional modular unit specimens were designed, and the results of repeated loading tests were analyzed. In the traditional units, the structural performances of both welding connection and bolt connection were evaluated. In regard to the testing results, the initial stiffness of the hysteresis curve was compared with the theoretical initial stiffness, and the features of all specimens were also analyzed with regard to the maximum moment. In addition, the test results were examined with regard to the connection flexural strength of the steel special moment frame specified under the construction criteria KBC2016. The connections, which were proposed in the test results, were found to be fully restrained moment connections for designing strong column-weak beams and meeting the requirements of seismic performance of special moment frames.

• 한국환경생태학회지
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• 제33권6호
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• pp.708-721
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• 2019

본 연구는 거제도에 분포하는 난대림대의 식물군집구조 특성을 파악하기 위하여, 교목층, 아교목층, 관목층에 상록활엽수가 우점하거나 분포하는 천장산 북동사면을 대상으로 조사구를 설정하였다. 조사구는 상록활엽수가 분포하는 능선, 계곡, 경사지 등 천장산을 대표할 수 있는 식생군락과 입지환경의 변화가 있는 지역을 대상으로 31개소의 방형구를 설치하였다. TWINSPAN에 의한 군락분류 결과, 참식나무-굴피나무, 참식나무-때죽나무, 참식나무-참회나무, 곰솔-참식나무, 참식나무-졸참나무, 굴참나무-굴피나무 6개 군락으로 구분되었다. 난대림의 천이경향에 의하면, 곰솔, 낙엽활엽수를 거쳐 상록활엽수로 진행된다라는 연구결과를 반영한다면, 곰솔군락 뿐만 아니라 졸참나무, 굴피나무, 굴참나무 등 낙엽활엽수가 우점하거나 경쟁하는 지역도 참식나무가 우점하는 상록활엽수로 천이가 진행될 것이다. 환경요인과 식생분포간의 관계를 살펴보면, 경사도, Na+, K+, 전기전도도, 물리적 특성 중 점토(clay) 등이 식생분포에 직간접적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 분석되었다.