• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.147-154
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• 2012

Hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation (HSCT) is a treatment for immune deficiency, autoimmune diseases, and hematopoietic malignancies. The main complication of allogenic HSCT is graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). Oral mucosal biopsy is needed for a definitive diagnosis and treatment planning of GVHD, but this procedure causes bleeding and bacteremia in a poor general condition. We evaluated the efficacy of laser-assisted biopsy as a minimally invasive treatment. Three cases were described in this article. All patients' medical records, clinical photographs, and histopathologic findings were reviewed. All patients felt comfortable and no severe complications occurred. The quality of the obtained biopsy material was adequate for a definitive diagnosis of GVHD. Laser-assisted, minimally invasive biopsy of the oral mucosa does not cause bleeding, and it reduces the chances of infection, bacteremia, and postoperative scarring compared to the usual histopathologic biopsy procedure. It would thus be advantageous to use this procedure to biopsy GVHD patients.

• Journal of The Korean Association For Science Education
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• v.34 no.6
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• pp.523-534
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• 2014

This study aimed to develop collective intelligence (CI) based instructional models for teaching socioscientific issues on the basis of intimate collaboration with science teachers, and to investigate the participating teachers' perceptions on the effectiveness of the instructional models. Adapting the ADDIE model, we suggested three types of SSI instructional models (i.e. generative model, exploratory model, and decision-making model). Generative models emphasized the process of brainstorming ideas or possible solutions for SSI. Exploratory models focused on providing students opportunities to explore various SSI cases and diverse perspectives to understand its controversial nature and complexity. Decision-making models encouraged students to negotiate or develop a group-consensus on SSI through the dialogical process. After implementing the instructional models in the science classroom, the teachers reported that CI-based SSI instructional models contributed to encouraging students' active participation and collaboration as well as to improving the quality of their argument or discourses on SSI. They also supported the importance of developing collective consciousness on the issues in the beginning of the SSI class, providing independent time and space for reflecting on their personal values and opinions with scientific evidence, and formulating an atmosphere where they freely exchanged opinions and feedback for constructing better collective ideas.

• The Journal of the Petrological Society of Korea
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.188-199
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• 1996

Boeun granodiorite, which intruded into the metasedimentary rocks of the Ogcheon Group, show chemical natures of metaluminous and calc-alkaline. Generating and emplacing environment of the Boeun granodiorite would have been a active continental margin. Comparing to the contemporaneous Inje-Hongcheon granodiorite in the Gyeonggi massif, the Boeun granodiorite seems likely to have formed under more immature continental arc environment. Compositional changes of major, trace and rare earth elements in granodiorite and felsic dyke are not certain to indicate crystallization differentiation. From this fact, the simple fractional crystallization model would be in question to explain the magma process which controlled the formation of the Boeun granitic mass. The model calculations for Rayleigh fractionation, fractionation with variable major-component composition, assimilation-fractional crystallization (AFC) were carried out to examine the magma process of the mass. The results of former two models do not agree with the compositional variations in the mass. The AFC model can be, however, applied to the magma process. The conditions for AFC process are (1) composition of assimilated wallrock is similar to that of primary magma. (2) assimilating rate is similar to crystallizing rate, and (3) mass of assimilated wallrock is about 10% of that of the magma. These conditions deny a possibility that the assimilated wallrock was the metasedimentary rocks of the Ogcheon Group. This indicates that after having experienced the assimilation process in deeper crust, the granodiorite magma intruded into the Ogcheon group. Every model calculating suggests that the felsic dyke was differentiated not from the granodiorite magma, but from a different source magma.

• The Journal of the Petrological Society of Korea
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• v.16 no.2 s.48
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• pp.47-58
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• 2007

This study examines the distribution of basement rocks in Gyochon-ri, Muan-eup, Muan-gun, Jeonnam where ground subsidence occurred in June 2005, and traces corrosion of limestone. Mica schist and rhyolite are distributed in the surface of the study area, but thick limestone layer with large and small caverns are distributed underground. A horizon of limestone with maximum width of 300 m and 4 km of length was found along the detour which is in the north of pound subsidence. Such identification of limestone presence would be very useful to predict potential ground subsidence. Limestone in this area was disturbed by fold and fault due to severe shearing deformation. Small caverns were frequently found in anticline part of folds formed in limestone layer. Schists with different thicknesses were intercalated in the limestone with shearing deformation and consist of sheet silicate minerals (chlorite and mica) and quartz. In sections of weathered specimen, it is shown that biotite of schist part was altered into chlorite and corrosion of calcite around the schist followed. This suggest that ground water permeated between intercalated sheet silicate minerals and corrosion of limestone began. And small caverns were generated where active corrosion occurred. This study suggests that because of many reasons (for instance, reclamation of the Bulmu reservior and excess pumping), cavern water level was lowered and cave sediments were removed, and it caused ground subsidence to occur.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.370-375
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• 2003

To obtain the oil sesame, walnut, whole wheat, and rice bran were extracted for 1, 3, or 6 hr by a shanking water bath(35$^{\circ}C$ and 100 rpm), and by soxhlet extractor(80$^{\circ}C$) for 1, 3 or 6 hr, respectively. The highest yield of extracted oil was obtained from the walnut(63.07％ weight) and the whole wheat showed the lowest extraction yield of oil(1.13％ weight). Major fatty acids from the extracted oils were linoleic, oleic, and palmitic acid. The maximum contents of total phytosterol in sesame, walnut, whole wheat, and rice bran were 0.44, 1.57, 2.25, and 2.03(％ weight), respectively. Besides, total tocopherol contents in sesame, walnut, whole wheat, and rice bran were maxima 3.42, 0.16, 2.92, and 0.07(％ weight), respectively. From the extracted oils, structured lipids(SL) were synthesized by the interesterification reaction with conjugated linoleic acid(CLA) in a shanking water bath at 55$^{\circ}C$. When the reactions(1:3 substrate molar ratio, extracted oil:CLA) were conducted for 24 hr, maxima 23.75 mol％ of CLA incorporation was obtained from walnut oil and, in other cases, 16.28 - 19.15 mol％ of CLA was found in the produced SL triacylglycerol molecules.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.324-329
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• 1982

Processing conditions of fish steaks and the effect of soybean protein on quality during frozen storage were investigated. Added to the fish meat were 1.0% of table salt, 0.5% of sodium bicarbonate, 0.2% of polyphosphate, 0.2% of monosodium glutamate, 2.0% of sugar, 0.2% of red pepper powder, 0.2% of white pepper powder, 0.2% of garlic powder and 0.2% of nutmeg. The mixture was minced with stone mortar and then stored at $-3^{\circ}\;to\;-5^{\circ}C$ for two days prior to frozen storage. The beneficial effects of adding soybean protein(5%) to the fish steaks were the control of color change, free drip, oxidative rancidity and in texture that exhibited the improvement of quality. The quality of frozen mackerel steaks, by sensory evaluation, was not inferior to that of hamburger on the market.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.19 no.5
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• pp.403-408
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• 1987

The effects of gamma irradiation on microbiological and chemical qualities of four kinds of poultry feeds were investigated. The viable counts of total bacteria in the samples were $10^5\;to\;10^6/g$. They were reduced by 2 to 3 log cycles after 3 to 5 kGy irradiation, and were completely eliminated with irradiation of 7 kGy. Coliforms and enteric pathogens were contaminated in high levels in all samples, ranging from $1.2{\times}10^4\;to\;1.7{\times}10^5/g\;and\;4.0{\times}10\;to\;2.6{\times}10^3/g$, respectively, They were sterilized by 3 to 5 kGy irradiation. Fungi, ranging from $10^{2}\;to\;10^4/g$, mainly osmophiles were identified as Aspergillus and Penicillium. They were eliminated to a undetectable level by 5 to 10 kGy irradiation. Six kinds of species, including Aspergillus flavus, were potential mycotoxin producers. Chemical components, such as proximate compositions, and mineral contents were not affected by the gamma irradiation. However, TBA values and amino acid content seemed to be affected by gamma irradiation.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.10 no.5
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• pp.598-603
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• 1995

Batch and continuous cell retention cultures were carried out using tapioca hydrolysate. In batch culture, reducing sugar of about 180g/$\ell$ was almost consumed in about 36 hours, and the concentration of ethanol produced was about 84g/$\ell$ making the ethanol yield 0.48 g-ethanol/g-(reducing sugar). The final yeast concentration was 8.5${\times}$107 cells/ml(about 2.1g/$\ell$). In a total cell retention culture operated with a dilution rate of 0.18h-1, the yeast concentration, the residual reducing sugar concentration, the ethanol concentration, and the volumetric ethanol productivity were about 40g/$\ell$, about 15g/$\ell$, 81.4g/$\ell$, and 14.7g/$\ell$-h, respectively. In another cell retention culture operated with a dilution rate and a bleed ratio of 0.2h-1 and 0.14, respectively, the yeast concentration increased to 22g/$\ell$ and the ethanol concentration oscillated around 68g/$\ell$. The volumetric ethanol productivity was about 13.6g/$\ell$-h and the residual reducing sugar concentration about 12g/$\ell$ containing glucose of about 4.5g/$\ell$. According to the results of batch fermentation using the solid residue from hydrolysate filtration as the substrate, it seemed to have a certain value. Thus, development of an effective reactor system to produce ethanol from this solid residue is in need.

• Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society
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• v.39 no.9
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• pp.884-889
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• 2002

In order to investigate the calcium phosphate forming ability of nanocrystalline $ZrO_2$ film, we prepared $ZrO_2/Si$ structure by using a chemical solution deposition with a zirconium naphthenate as a starting material. Precursor sol was spin-coated onto the (100)Si substrate and prefired at 500$^{\circ}C$ for 10 min in air, followed by final annealing at 800$^{\circ}C$ for 30 min in air. Crystallinity of the annealed film was examined by X-ray diffraction analysis. Surface morphology and surface roughness of the film were characterized by field emission-scanning electron microscope and atomic force microscope. After annealing, nanocrystalline $ZrO_2$ grains were obtained on the surface of the film with a homogeneous interface between the film and substrate. After immersion for 1 or 5 days in a simulated body fluid, formation of calcium phosphate was observed on $ZrO_2$ film annealed at 800$^{\circ}C$ by energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer. The fourier transform infrared spectroscopy revealed that carbonate was substituted into the calcium phosphate.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.343-351
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• 2012

Excavated archaeological iron objects are prevented from being corroded going through desalination which slow down being corroded. However archaeological iron objects are liable to be corroded due to the high ionization tendency even though they are stored in environment restricted from corrosion factors. Iron objects could be deteriorated more than just excavated. Therefore this study investigated about the characteristic of re-corrosion and the effect on objects. In study, archaeological iron nails in storage for 4 years after conservation treatments were tested. Optical microscopy and X-ray photography for appearance, XRD, SEM-EDS, Raman spectroscopy for chemical composition, IC for chloride ions concentration inside iron nails were used. As results, iron nails carried out conservation treatments measured a high concentration of chloride ions after the long storage period. The form of objects were not in good condition such as broken or destroyed when the high chloride ions concentration was detected. In addition, the yellow and red powdery corrosion product were detected on the boundary between corrosion products and substrates and they were identified as akaganeite which is symptom of active corrosion.