• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.54 no.4
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• pp.291-297
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• 2012

This study was carried out to investigate the effect of dietary phytase on nitrogen and phosphorus excretion of gestating and lactating sows (Yorkshire ${\times}$ Landrace ${\times}$ Duroc). Twelve gestating sows and twelve lactating sows were used in this study and were divided into 2 groups (1 control group and 1 treatment group, 6 replications/group) the control group was without phytase and the treatment group was fed with phytase (750 FTU/kg) in the diet, respectively. Body weights of gestating and lactating sows were $208.9{\pm}13.8$ kg and $190.5{\pm}22.9$ kg, respectively. In gestating sows, feed intake was greater in phytase fed group than the control (P<0.05), but water intake and total excretion were not different between the groups. In lactating sows, feed and water intakes and total excretion were not different between the groups. The N intake of lactating sows was higher in phytase fed group than control (P<0.05) but N excretion ratio was not different. In lactating sows, N intake and excretion and N excretion ratio were not significantly different between the groups. P excretion and excretion ratio in gestating sows decreased by phytase treatment (P<0.05) as compared to control. In lactating sows, N intake and excretion was not significantly different by added phytase (P>0.05). Finally, dietary addition of phytase decreased P excretion in feces of gestating and lactating sows.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.257-264
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• 2009

This work was conducted to investigate the effects of phytase on N and P excretion of laying hens excreta. Three hundred sixty ISA Brown layers were selected to investigate excreta excretion for 65 weeks and to investigate the effect of phytase on total excretion and N and P excretion of layers from 55 weeks. The experimental diets were fed the starter (0~5 wk), grower (5~12 wk), developer (12~16 wk), prelay diets (16 wk~first egg), layer diets for starting period (first egg~32 wk), middle (32~45 wk), finishing diets (45~55 wk, 55 wk~). Thirty ISA Brown layers were selected to investigate the effect of phytase supplementation on total N and P excretion of layers at 55 weeks and assigned randomly to 3 treatments groups (10 birds/treatment) and phytase was added to basal diets at 300 and 600 FTU/kg. Average body weight, feed intake, water intake, and excreta excretion were 1,622, 105.7, 187.2 and 124.7 g/bird/day, respectively. Excreta of birds fed phytase were DM (33.2, 31.2, 30.5 g/day), N (0.46, 0.42, 0.40 g/day) and P (0.51, 0.49, 0.48 g/day) and reduced as dietary phytase increased, Finally, dietary phyase can reduce the N and P excretion, but the amount of excreta was not different depending from the phytase addition in layers. This work investigated the N and P excretion of laying hens excreta and were considered that dietary phytase can reduce the N and P excretion for short period.

• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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• v.17 no.sup
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• pp.35-42
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• 2011

This work was conducted to investigate the effect of dietary phytase on growth performance and excreta excretion of growing-finishing pigs for 7 days. Eighty three crossbreeds (Yorkshire ${\times}$ Landrace ${\times}$ Duroc) of growing-finishing pigs were used in this work, and divided into 6 treatments. Six treatments were compared in a $2{\times}2$ factorial arrangement with 2 groups (5 replications/group, 8 head/replications) with the additive phytase and 3 groups(growing I, II and finishing phase) with growing phases. Initial weights with growing phases were $58.6{\pm}3.9$. $83.2{\pm}3.8$ and $111.4{\pm}5.4kg$, respectively. Body weight gain was high in phytase treatment (P<0.01) and low at finishing phase. Feed conversion ratio was high in no phytase treatment and at finishing phase (P<0.05). Feed and water intakes have no significant difference with phytase existence and growing phases. Feces excretion decreased with growing phase (P<0.05), and was low at phytase treatment (P<0.05). There was no significant difference on urine excretion (P>0.05). Nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) intake was not found significant difference with phytase and growing phases. N excretion had no significant difference on phytase existence and growing phase (P>0.05), but P excretion decreased at phytase treatment (P<0.05). N and P excretion ratio was low at phytase treatment (P<0.05). Finally, dietary phytase resulted in improvement of growth performance and reduction of excreta excretion of growing-finishing pigs.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.255-263
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• 2011

This work was conducted to investigate the effects of phytase on the growth performance, excreta excretion, and N and P excretion of broilers for 7 weeks. One hundred ninety two Ross broiler (one-day-old) with average weight $44.7{\pm}1.5$ g were assigned randomly to 4 treatments groups (12 birds/pen, 4 pens/treatment) as $2{\times}2$ complex factors of sex of broiler male, female) and phytase 2 treatments (0, 300 FTU/kg), and fed experimental diets for 6 weeks (starter, 0~2 wk; earlier, 2~4 wk; finisher, 4~7 wk). The experimental diets included that phytase was added to the basal diet. Body weight was high at male treatment and at phytase treatment. Feed intake was high at male treatment and was no difference between phytase and non-phytase treatment. Feed efficiency was the highest at male and phytase treatment. Manure excretion was high at male treatment and reduced at phytase treatment. Excretion of N and P was high at male treatment and at non-phytase treatment. Finally, when phyase was added to basal diet, the growth performance of broilers was improved and excreta excretion and N and P excretion of broilers were decreased.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.25 no.6
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• pp.1006-1015
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• 1996

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of dietary calcium-salt, estrogen-treatment, and estrogen/calcium treatment on calcium, phosphorus and nitrogen metabolism. Female Sprague-Dawley rats with a body weight of 250~280g were underwent ovariectomy or sham-operation. The ovariectomized rats were divided into 9 different experimental groups including the saline-treated group, the estrogen-treated group, the high calcium salt-treated group, and the estrogen/calcium treated groups and fed for 6 weeks. Each group daily intake and excretion of calcium, phosphorus and nitrogen were measured and apparent digestibility and balance were also studied. The results were as follows: The excretion level of winn calcium was significantly higher the ovariectomized rats than the sham-operation group(p<0.01) and reduced with estrogen treatment but this difference was not statistically significant. Fecal loss of calcium was higher the ovariectomized rats than the sham-operation group(p<0.001). When the estrogen was treated, fecal loss was decreased and then apparent digestibility of calcium was increased. Calcium balance was significantly higher the high calcium treated groups than the control diet groups. The excretion level of urinary Phosphorus was higher the ovariectomized rats than sham-operation group, while these showed to be decreased in the calcium salt, the estrogen and the estrogen/calcium treated groups(p<0.01). Fecal loss of phosphrous was higher in the ovariectomized rats. When the estrogen was treated, the fecal loss was decreased in the avariectomized rat than that of other groups. The excretion level of urinary nitrogen was higher the ovariectomized rats than the sham-operation, while these showed to be decreased in the estrogen, the estrogen/calcium, and the estrogen gradually reduction/calcium intensification. Fecal loss of nitrogen was decreased in tile estrogen treated group. The results in this study showed that high calcium, estrogen/calcium and estrogen gradually reduction/calcium intensification in the ovariectomized rats enhanced calcium balance compared to the ovariectomized rats without calcium treatment, but little effects on the phosphorus and nitrogen balance.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.119-128
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• 2007

The effects of microbial phytase on laying performance, egg quality, and ileal digestibility of nutrients and amino acids were examined at three levels of phytase (0, 300, 600 unit/kg) in 55-wk-old White Leghorn for 4 weeks. Egg productivity tended to increase with supplemental phytase compared to that of control. Daily feed intake of hens fed phytase also increased. Egg shell thickness was not significantly different among the treatments. Haugh unit and yolk color were not statistically different. However, egg shell breaking strength was high at phytase treatment. Excretion and absorption of nitrogen were no difference among all treatments, but those of phosphorus was higher in the phytase treatment than control. The digestibility was high at crude fiber, crude ash, calcium and phosphorus in nutrients, at lysine, methionine and phenylalanine in essential amino acids, and alanine, cystine, glutamic acid, glycine and tyrosine in non-essential amino acids. In conclusion, supplemental microbial phytase in laying hens diet may help to improve egg production and to decrease P of feces. But, further studies were needed to investigate on the digestibility.

• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.165-175
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• 1994

Attempts were made to find out nitrogen and phosphorus loads to aquatic environment resulting from feeding Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Two different size groups, small and large, were used. The average sizes of small and large tilapia were 65.2 g and 389.2 g respectively, and three kinds of commercial diets were used for each size. The 3 kinds of commercial diets for tilapia contained in average 33.8% crude protein ($5.4\%$ nitrogen) and $1.4\%$ total phosphorus. The load of nitrogen and phosphorus were measured by subtracting the amounts of nutrients retained in the body of fish from consumed nutrients. Sixty, five percentage of total feces was excreted within 24 hours after feeding at $23^{\circ}C$. Nitrogen content in the feces was higher in large fish than small ones. The apparent digestibility of dietary protein for small and large tilapia was $90.0\%$ and $89.7\%$, respectively. Availability of dietary phosphorus for small and large tilapia was $44.7\%\;and\;51.4\%$, respectively. The total load of nitrogen and phosphorus per 1 metric ton of tilapia production was 49.5kg and 6.3kg, respectively, for small ones with feed conversion ratio (FCR) of 1.4, and 61.3 kg and 13.4kg, respectively, for large ones with the FCR of 1.8. Nitorgen balance appeared that small and large tilapia excreted $7.1\%\;and\;9.9\%$ of consumed nitrogen through fecal-nitrogen and $55.5\%\;and\;62.3\%$ through urine and gills, retaining $37.4\%\;and\;27.8\%$ in the body, respectively. These results show that small fish pollute less than large fish, excreting less and retaining more nutrients in the body.

• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.15-21
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• 2002

Two groups of juvenile flounders (90 g/each) were fed on moist pellet feed thrice a day for a period of 8 weeks; the first group, reared in 4 circular (6m $\times$ 0.8 m) tanks (1200 flounders/tank), was fed daily (ED) and the second one on alternate days (EO). There was no significant difference in growth and feed conversion ratio (FCR) between these groups. There was also no difference in chemical composition, except in lipid, which was significantly higher (4.1%) in the ED group than the EO group (3.4%). Food intake and gain in the whole body nitrogen (N) were higher in the ED group but there was no significant difference between these groups in N retention; they excreted almost equal amount (114 vs 112 g) of N. Although phosphorus intake was significantly different between these groups, the flounders retained equal amount (0.5 g) of P in their body and excreted also equal amount (27.6 vs 26.0 g/kg weight gain) of p. Energy intake (2528 kJ) of the ED group was higher than that (2116 kJ) of the EO group. However, there was no significant difference in their energy retention efficiency. Clearly, alternate day feeding regimen led to more efficient utilization of food by the juvenile flounder.

• Proceedings of the KAIS Fall Conference
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• 2000.10a
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• pp.259-261
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• 2000

본 연구는 사료내 인분해효소 phytase을 첨가하여 곡류내 유기태인의 이용성을 최대화하고 인의 배설량을 최소화하므로서 저공해성 산란계 사료 개발에 기초자료로서 활용하는데 목적이 있다. 부화 후 64주령된 갈색 하이라인 24수(평균체중 1.9kg, 산란율 78.4%)를 공시하였다. 대조구는 옥수수-대두박 위주로 배합된 사료, 처리구는 대조구 사료에 각각 phytase를 200 unit/kg, 400 unit/kg 그리고 600 unit/kg 첨가한 구로서 4처리 3반복, 반복당 2수씩 완전임의 배치하였다. 건물과 질소 이용률을 보면 처리간의 차이는 보이지 않았다(P>0.05). 광물질 중 회분과 칼슘의 경우 phytase를 200 unit을 첨가한 구에서 가장 높은 이용률을 보였다(P<0.05). 인의 이용률은 phytase를 600 unit 첨가한 구가 57.64%로 다른 처리구보다 이용률이 높은 것으로 나타났다(P<0.05). 칼슘의 섭취량과 배설량을 고려한 결과 칼슘의 축적량은 phytase를 200 unit와 400 unit 첨가한 구가 대조구와 phytase를 600 unit 첨가한 구보다 높았다(P<0.05). 산란계에 대한 각각의 인의 섭취량을 보면 phytase를 600 unit 첨가한 구가 대조구, 200 unit 첨가한 구, 400 unit 첨가한 구보다 많은 양을 섭취하였으나(P<0.05), 인의 배설량에는 별다른 차이가 없었다(P>0.05). 그로 인해 인의 축적량 또한 phytase를 600 unit 첨가한 구가 다른 처리구에 비해 많이 축적되었다(P<0.05). 혈중 칼슘의 함량은 phytase를 400 unit 첨가한 구와 600 unit 첨가한 구, 대조구간에는 서로 유의적인 차이가 없었고, phytase를 200 unit 첨가한 구보다 그 함량이 높게 나타났다(P<0.05). 결론적으로 산란계 사료에 phytase를 첨가할 때 환경문제를 야기시킬 수 있는 인의 배설량을 감소시키고 값비싼 무기태 인의 일부를 대체하는데 크게 기여할 수 있으리라 사료된다.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.245-257
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• 2001

Localization of livestock facilities leads to concentration of livestock wastes and subsequent leakage of pollutants into the environment, resulting in public concern about their effects. Nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) are the most harmful components of animal manure, but odor from the manure itself and the livestock facilities is also a problem. Improving the nutrient efficiency of the livestock helps to decrease excretion of these environmental contaminants. Pigs and chickens are the main experimental models used in studies to improve nutrient efficiency. Addition of feed supplements and modifying feeding systems to improve nutrient efficiency can result in significant decrease in the N, P, odor and dry matter (DM) weight of manure. Examples of these methods include the following. 1) Addition of synthetic amino acids and reducing protein contents resulted N reductions of 10∼27% in broilers, 18∼35% in chicks and layers, 19∼62% in pigs, and a 9∼43% reduction in odor in pigs. 2) Enzyme supplementation resulted in a 12∼15% reduction in DM weight in broiler manure. 3) Phvtase supplementation resulted in P reductions of 25∼35% in chickens and 20∼60% in pigs. 4) Use of growth promoting substances resulted in a 5∼30% reduction in N and a 53∼56% reduction in odor of pigs. 5) Formulating diets closer to requirements (diet modification) reduced N and P by 10∼15% each in chickens and pigs, and odor by 28∼ 79% in pigs. 6) Phase feeding reduced N and P excretion by chicken and pigs from 10∼33% and 10∼13% each, as well as odor in growing and finishing pigs by 49∼79%. 7) Use of highly digestible raw materials in feed reduced N and P excretion by 5% in chickens and pigs.