• Title/Summary/Keyword: 질소분해율

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A Study on Establishment of Technical Guideline of the Installation and Operation for the Efficient Bio-gasification Facility of Pig Manure and Food Waste(II): - Results of the Precision Monitoring - (가축분뇨 병합처리 바이오가스화를 위한 설계 및 운전 기술지침 마련 연구(II) - 정밀모니터링 결과 중심으로 -)

  • Lee, Dongjin;Moon, HeeSung;Son, Jihwan;Bae, Jisu
    • Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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    • v.25 no.3
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    • pp.91-98
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    • 2017
  • The purpose of this study is to provide a design and operation technical guideline for meeting the appropriate design criteria to bio-gasification facilities treating organic wastes. 9 anaerobic digestion facilities which is normally operated during the field survey and 14 livestock manure farms were selected for precision investigation. the physicochemical analysis was performed on the moisture and organic contents, nutrients composition (carbohydrate, fat, protein), volatile fatty acids (VFAs), and nitrogen, etc. Volatile solids (VS) of organic wastes brought into the bio-gasification facilities were 2.81 % (animal manure only) and 5.92 % (animal manure+food waste), respectively. Total solids (TS) reults of samples from livestock farms were 5.6 % in piglets and 11~13 % in other kinds of breeding pigs. The actual methane yield based on nutrients contents was estimated to $0.36Sm^3CH_4/kgVS$ which is equivalent to 72 % of theoretical methane yield value. The optimum mixing ratio depending on the effect of the combined bio-gasification was obtained through the continuous stirred-tank reactor (CSTR) which is operated at different mixing ratio of swine manure and food waste leachate. The range of swine manure and food waste leachate from 60:40 to 40:60 were adequate to the appropriate conditions of anaerobic digestion; less than 100 gTS/, more than alkalinity of 1 gCaCO3/L, C/N ratio 12.0~30.0, etc.

Difference of Component Changes in Salt-Fermented Spring and Autumn Anchovy, Engraulis japonicus Sauce during Fermentation ($\cdot$가을 멸치액젓의 숙성 중 성분변화의 차이)

  • IM Yeong Sun;PARK Hee Yeol;CHOI Young Joon;CHO Young Je
    • Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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    • v.34 no.1
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    • pp.7-12
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    • 2001
  • To investigate difference of component changes in salt-fermented spring (SAS) and autumn (AAS) anchovy, Engraulis japonicus sauce during fermentation, various chemical properties were examined at $1.5\sim3$ months intervals during 18 months fermentation, The contents of total and amino nitrogen were higher in SAS than in AAS until 15.7 and 17.4 months fermentation, respectively, but there were no difference after that. The cross point of inosine (HxR) + hypoxanthine (Hx) and uric acid was faster in SAS with 10.6 months fermentation than in AAS with 11.5 months fermentation, After 18 months of fermentation, the SAS was rich in free amino acids, such as glutamic acid, alanine, aspartic acid, valine, lysine in that order, On the other hand, the AAS was rich in free amino acids, such as glutamic acid, leucine, alanine, lysine, isoleucine in that order. Absorbance at 453 nm were higher in SAS than in AAS, and increased gradually during fermentation.

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Effects of Depth and Duration of Water-logging on Growth and Yield at Germination and Seedling Stage in Tomato(Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) (토마토(Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.)의 발아기(發芽期) 및 유묘기(幼苗期) 침수(浸水) 처리(處理)에 따른 생육(生育) 반응(反應))

  • Guh, Ja-Ock;Roh, Sang-Eun;Kuk, Yong-In;Chon, Sang-Uk;Lee, Young-Man;Oh, Yun-Jin
    • Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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    • v.15 no.4
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    • pp.406-418
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    • 1996
  • Tomatoes are water logged differently 0, 5, 10 and 15 cm, according to the developing stages such as germination and seedling stage under the condition of greenhouse. Along with this, they are treated according to the time condition such as 6, 12, 24, 48 and 120 hours. The results obtained are summarized as follows. 1. The result at germination stage Remarkable germination failure was observed when tomatoes were water-logged for 25 to 27 hours in the depth of 0 to 5 cm. Plant height recovered within 24 hours regardless of the water-logging depths. In the case of leaves, the recoverable time limit became shorter gradually in accordance with the increase of the water-logging depth. The decrease of the fresh weight showed acute response in the shoot rather than the root. It recovered with the 24 hours of water logging. Significant correlation was observed in all characteristics of plant height, number of leaves, fresh weight and germination rates according to the depth of water-logging. 2. The result at seedling stage Plant height recovered within the 24 hours of water-logging in the depth of 0 cm. On the deeper level, there was significant decrease regardless of time. With regard to the number of leaves, there was recovery up to 120 hours in the depth of 0 cm, up to 24 hours in the depth of 5 cm. There was, however, significant decrease when done for more than 6 hours on the deeper level. Growth of the shoot displayed the same tendency as in plant height and number of leave. The length of the longest root could be maintained by 80% in the water-logging of 0 cm compared with control. However in depth of 5 cm or more, it could not be maintained by the 120 hours water-logging. Root activity became conspicuously diminished with the logging over 0 cm. Respiration showed conspicuous decrease by the depth of 5 cm as a turning point. On the other hand, photosynthesis became decreased linearly by the depth of water-logging. Chlorophyll content displayed gradual decrease up to 48 hours, but conspicuously decreased up to 120 hours according to the varying depth of water-logging. Dieases tended to increase according to the depth and hours of water-logging. Diseases would be prevented by dint of insecticide, but there was no effect of fertilization. Weight and number of fruit per plant displayed gradual decrease as the depth and hours of water-logging became increased. Average weight of a fruit became increased. There was no statisticaly reciprocal effects between the depth and hours of water-logging. There was significant positive correlation among all the investigated characteristics, such as traits of growth and yield.

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Assessment of Phytoplankton Viability Along the Salinity Gradient in Seomjin River Estuary, Korea (섬진강 하구역에서 염분구배에 따른 식물플랑크톤 활성도 평가)

  • Lim, Youngkyun;Baek, Seung Ho
    • Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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    • v.23 no.5
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    • pp.513-523
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    • 2017
  • We evaluated the viability of phytoplankton along the salinity gradient in the flood and ebb tides of spring tide of February and the ebb tide of neap tide of March 2017 in the Seomjin River Estuary. Additional laboratory experiments were also conducted to determine the reason of the pH changes along the salinity gradient using the field natural sample in February. In field, saltwater was well mixed at downstream vertically and the salinity gradient was horizontally appeared toward upstream of freshwater zone. There were strong negative correlations between salinity and nutrient (nitrate + nitrite R=0.99, p<0.001, and silicate R=0.98, p<0.001), implying that those two nutrients of freshwater origin were gradually diluted with mixing the saltwater. On the other hands, relatively high phosphate concentration was kept in the stations of saltwater over 15 psu, indicating that it was caused by resuspended sediments of Gwangyang Bay and downstream by tidal water mixing.Among phytoplankton community structure in winter, Eucampia zodiacus have occupied to be c.a. 70 % in the most stations. Based on the field survey results for survivability of phytoplankton by phytoPAM instrument, there was positive correlations between salinity and chlorophyll a (R=0.82, p<0.001) and, salinity and active chlorophyll a (R=0.80, p<0.001), implying that the dominant marine diatom species may have significantly damaged in low salinity conditions of upstream. Also, maximum mortality rate of phytoplankton caused by low salinity shock was appered to be 75% in the upstream station. In particular, the pH in spring tides of February had tended to increase with high phytoplankton accmulated stations, suggesting that it was related with absorption of $CO_2$ by the photosynthesis of dominant diatom. In laboratory experiments, phytoplankton mass-mortality caused by low salinity shock was also occurred, which is confirmed with reducing the photosynthetic electron transport activity. Following the phytoplankton mass-mortality, bacteria abundance was significantly increased in 24 hours. As a result, the mass-proliferating bacteria can produce the $CO_2$ in the process of biodegradation of diatoms, which can lead to pH decrease. Therefore, marine phytoplankton species was greatly damaged in freshwater mixing area, depending on along the salinity gradient that was considered to be an important role in elevating and reducing of pH in Seomjin River Estuary.

Difference of Components Changes in Salt-Fermented Anchovy, Engraulis japonicus Sauce by Tank Size during Fermentation (숙성 발효조크기에 따른 멸치액젓의 성분비교)

  • Lim Yeong Seon;You Byeong Jin;Choi Young Joon;Cho Young Je
    • Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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    • v.35 no.3
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    • pp.302-307
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    • 2002
  • To investigate difference of components changes in salt-fermented anchovy, Engaulis japonicus sauce during 18 months fermentation by tank size, various chemical properties were examined at 2$\~$3 months intervals. The contents of total and amino nitrogen, total ATP related compounds increased gradually during 18 months of fermentation, and showed higher content in salt-fermented anchor sauce produced by large tank scale (LTS) product than those of small tank scale (STS) product during fermentation. Hypoxanthine and uric acid were the most abundant in ATP related compounds, ranging from $81.1\%$ to $90.4\%$, The cross point of inosine (HxR) + hypoxanthine (Hx) and uric acid was faster in LTS with 10.3 months fermentation than in STS with 12.6 months fermentation. After 18month of fermentation, the LTS was rich in free amino acids, such as glutamic acid, alanine, aspartic acid, valine, Iysine in that order. On the other hand, the STS was rich in free amino acids, glutamic acid, aspartic acid, alanine, vsine, valine in that order. Absorbance at 453 nm were higher in STS than in STS, but was no difference the rate of increase during fermentation.

Effect of Chinese Cabbage Growth and Change of Nutrient and Soil Water on Application of Super Water Absorbent Polymer (초고흡수성 폴리머(CPAM-AS-hyd) 처리가 토양수분, 배추생육 및 양분 흡수에 미치는 영향)

  • Lee, Kyeong-Bo;Lee, Deog-Bae;Moon, Sung-Pil;Kim, Moo-Key
    • Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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    • v.34 no.5
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    • pp.350-357
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    • 2001
  • This study was performed to evaluate an effect of soil water retention and chinese cabbage growth on application of super water absorbent(CPAM-AS-hyd). In seedling experiments, the CPAM-AS-hyd application rates were 0, 5 and 10kg/10a in bed soil of experimental field. The emergence percentage of chinese cabbage was increased by 9% with application of CPAM-AS-hyd otherwise emergence rates was delayed by 1 day. Water content in soil with CPAM-AS-hyd(10kg/10a) was 27.6%(v/v) at 10days after irrigation and that of control was 20.7%. The CPAM-AS-hyd application caused to alleviate wilting point by 5 days. The content of NO3-N in bed soil was increased with CPAM-AS-hyd application. In the field experiments, as the CPAM-AS-hyd application rates were 5kg/10a and 10kg $10a^{-1}$, the irrigation amounts applied during the growth periods were 1.87 ton, 1.65 ton and 1.53 ton at-0.2bar irrigation frequence and 1.38 ton, 1.25 ton and 1.15 ton at -0.5bar for growth period control, in the CPAM-AS-hyd of 5kg $10a^{-1}$ and CPAM-AS-hyd of 10kg $10a^{-1}$ plot, respectively. The CPAM-AS-hyd application caused to increase yield of chinese cabbage by 9~34% as compared to the control. The contents of $NH_4-N$ and $NO_3-N$ in soil were decreased with the CPAM-AS-hyd application in 10 days after transplanting of chinese cabbage, but the contents of those in soil were increased with the CPAM-AS-hyd application as compared to the control in 20 days after transplanting. The T-N, CaO, MgO and $K_2O$ contents in chinese cabbage increased due to the CPAM-AS-hyd application however $P_2O_5$ content was similar to the control.

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Characterization of Cellulases from Schizophyllum commune for Hydrolysis of Cellulosic Biomass (Schizophyllum commune에 의한 Cellulase 생산 및 섬유소계 바이오매스의 당화를 위한 효소적 특성)

  • Kim, Hyun-Jung;Kim, Yoon-Hee;Cho, Moon-Jung;Shin, Keum;Lee, Dong-Heub;Kim, Tae-Jong;Kim, Yeong-Suk
    • Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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    • v.38 no.6
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    • pp.547-560
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    • 2010
  • The optimum culture condition of Schizophyllum commune for the cellulase production and its enzymatic characteristics for saccharification of cellulosic biomass were analyzed. S. commune secrets ${\beta}$-1,4-xylosidase (BXL) and cellulases, including endo-${\beta}$-1,4-glucanase (EG), cellobiohydrolase (CBH), and ${\beta}$-glucosidase (BGL). The optimum reaction temperature for all cellulases was $50^{\circ}C$ and the thermostable range was $30{\sim}40^{\circ}C$C. The optimum reaction pH for all cellulases was 5.5 in a range of temperature from $0^{\circ}C$ to $55^{\circ}C$. The best nutritions for the cellulase production of S. commune among tested nutrients were 2% cellulose for the carbon source and corn steep liquor or peptone/yeast extract for the nitrogen source without vitamins. The environmental culture condition for the cellulase production was 5.5~6.0 for pH at $25{\sim}30^{\circ}C$. The enzyme activities of EG, BGL, CBH, and BXL were 3670.5, 631.9, 398.5, and 15.2 U/$m{\ell}$, respectively, after concentration forty times from the culture broth of S. commune which was grown at the optimized culture condition. Alternative filter paper unit assay showed 11 FPU/$m{\ell}$ enzyme activity. The saccharification tests using cellulase of S. commune showed the low saccharification rate on tested hardwoods but a high value of 50.5% on cellulose, respectively. The saccharification rate (50.5%) of cellulose by cellulase produced in this work is higher than 45.7% in the commercial enzyme (Celluclast 1.5L, 30 FPU/g, glucan).

Material Balance and Properties of Compost during Composting of Household Food Wastes Blended with Waste Newspapers (신문지 첨가에 의한 음식쓰레기 퇴비화 과정 중 물질수지 및 퇴비의 성분)

  • Han, Jong-Phil;Park, Ju-Won;Seo, Jeoung-Yoon
    • Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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    • v.19 no.1
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    • pp.51-57
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    • 2000
  • Waste newspapers was used as an amendment to adjust the moisture of household food wastes for composting. The mixture of household food wastes and waste newspapers was composted in an especially designed small home composter, where the early fed composting materials were discharged early. The temperature inside composting materials was influenced very much by that of outside, because the composter was not insulated. Accordingly, the higher the outside temperature was, the higher the decomposition rate was. The temperature inside composting materials did not reach to optimum, because the amount of composting materials added in the composter everyday was too little, and it caused too high water content of discharged compost after 15 weeks. Therefore, it was required that the composter must be insulated to maintain the higher temperature. The inorganic compounds$(K_2O,\;CaO,\;MgO,\;P_2O_5)$ and heavy metals(Zn, Cu, Cr, Cd, Hg, As) were accumulated obviously in produced compost, when dry recycled compost was reused as the amendment for adjusting the moisture.

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Effects of Mixed Application of Chemical Fertilizer and Liquid Swine Manure on Dry Matter Yield and Feed Value of Whole Crop Barley (화학비료와 발효 돈분 액비 혼용 시용이 총체보리의 생산성 및 영양성분에 미치는 영향)

  • Sang Moo Lee
    • Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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    • v.43 no.4
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    • pp.225-231
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    • 2023
  • This study was carried out to investigate the growth characteristics, yield and chemical compositions of whole crop barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) according to mixing ratio of chemical fertilizer (CF) and liquid swine manure (LSM) in the paddy field cultivation. The experimental design was arranged in a randomized block design with five treatments and three replications. The manure fertilizer ratio of five treatments were CF 100% (T1), CF 70% + LSM 30% (T2), CF 50% + LSM 50% (T3), CF 30% + LSM 70% (T4), and LSM 100% (T5) of whole crop barley. At this time, the application of liquid swine manure was based solely on the nitrogen. Plant length was higher at T1 as compared to other treatments (T2, T3, T4 and T5). Fresh yield, dry matter yield and total digestive nutrients (TDN) yield were the highest in T1, whereas the lowest in T5 treatment (p<0.05). Chemical compositions (crude protein, crude fat, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber and TDN) did not show significant difference among treatments. Ca and Na contents were significantly lower at T1 as compared to other treatments (T2, T3, T4 and T5). However, Mg and P contents were significantly higher at T1 as compared to other treatments(p<0.05). There was no significant difference in total free sugar content among T2, T3, T4 and T5 treatments, but the chemical fertilizer (T1) was significantly lower than the other treatments (p<0.01). Considering the above results, liquid swine manure application showed lower dry matter yield and TDN yield than chemical fertilizer, but higher free sugar content. Therefore, in order to increase the productivity of whole crop barley, it is considered desirable to mix liquid fertilizer with chemical fertilizer, taking into account the decomposition rate and insufficient components (P, K) of the liquid swine manure.

A Study on the Conversion to Feed Stuff from Cellulosic Biomass (섬유질자원(纖維質資源)의 사료(飼料) 전환(轉換))

  • Lee, Ke-Ho;Sung, Chang-Geun;Chung, Kyu-Ok
    • Applied Biological Chemistry
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    • v.27
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    • pp.29-46
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    • 1984
  • To utilize several species of hard wood as raw materials of feed products, fermentation characteristics of cellulosic substrates to single cell protein was investigated, and results were summarized as follows. Among the microorganisms investigated, Tricoderma viride was selected as one of the most cellulolytic. Mixed culture of fungi did not show a synergistic effect on cellulose degradation. When the fungi were cultured at $28^{\circ}C$ for 7 days in a medium containing wheat bran 25 g, cellulose 0.25 g, proteose peptone 0.025 g and tween 800.025 g, cellulotic activities on carboxy methyl cellulose and filter paper reached maximum at 12 hr. The alkali treatment resulted in increased degradation of substrate from 13 to 18% when treated with enzymes for 12h, and reducing sugar formation increased with decreased size of substrates. Glucose was a very good feedback inhibitor of the enzyme from T.viride than that of xylose. When the substrate was rehydrolyzed, hydrolysis rate was 31% to reducing sugars within 12 hr. Quantative anlysis with HPLC showed the ratio of glucose to xylose in sugar syrups as 1.77 to 1. For the purpose of producing cellulosic-single cell protein from the sawdust of mulberry tree, 15 strains of xylose-assimilating yeast were isolated from 42 samples of rotten woods and compost soils and examined for their ability to utilize xylose. Then three strains were selected by their strong xylose-assimilating activities. The cultivative condition, the growth characteristics, and protein and nucleic acid productivities of three strains were investigated. The results obtained were, 1. Wood hydrolysate of mulberry tree was assimilated by 5 strains of CHS-2, CHS-3, ST-40, CHS-12 and CHS-13. 2. The optimum initial pH and temperature for the growth of strain CHS-13 were 4.4 and $30^{\circ}C$. 3. The specific growth rate of strain CHS-13 was $0.23h^{-1}$ and generation time was 3.01 hrs at the optimum condition. 4. CHS-13 strain assimilated 81 % of sugar in wood hydrolysate. 5. CHS-13 strain was identified as Candida guilliermondii var. guilliermondii 6. When the CHS-13 strain was cultured in the wood hydrolysate containing yeast extract, L-protein content was increased with yeast extract concentration. 7. The L-protein and nucleic acid yields from wood hydrolysate were 0.73 mg/ml and $4.92{\times}10^{-2}\;mg/ml$ respectively. 8. An optimal nucleic acid content of CHS-13 strain was observed in the medium containing 0.2% of yeast extract.

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