• Korean Security Journal
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• no.46
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• pp.171-187
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• 2016

Human trafficking is a booming underground business and is the fastest growing and criminal activity in today's society. The use of coercion or fraud marks the territory of trafficking. Most people trafficked suffer constant threats, violence, and forced acts while imprisoned by their traffickers. Such human trafficking entails significant problems not only for the victims but also for the economies and community health. Large corporations overseas have also been known to partake in the sex slave industry. Another hidden cost to the global economy is the cost of law enforcement and anti-trafficking measures being implemented. Further, sex Trafficking carries many potential health consequences, one of the biggest risks is HIV infection. That means, sex trafficking is an engine of the global AIDS epidemic with one study portraying nearly fifty six percent of all sex slaves having HIV or AIDS. Therefore, many of people are being infected with HIV and many other diseases every day through contact with the sex slave industry costing millions to society and the global economy. in this study, the author presents a case study of trafficking against Nepalese women. Nepalese women being trafficked are found to have a high prevalence of HIV infection. In conclusion and discussion, a few of solutions needed to be addressed for controling human trafficking for sex slavery suggested.

• Weed & Turfgrass Science
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• v.2 no.4
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• pp.368-375
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• 2013

Whole genome transcriptomes from Miscanthus species were sequenced and analyzed, which provided 50 different types of transcription factor (TF) involving various developmental processes or environmental stresses. Among the explored TF, WRKY gene family was the major type and one of the WRKY genes, MSIR7180_WRKY4, induced under low temperature environment was selected to investigate how the Miscanthus-originated MSIR7180_WRKY4 TF responds when exposed to low temperature in four warm-season turfgrasses (Z. matrella 'Semil', bermudagrass, St. Augustinegrass, and seashore paspalum). The MSIR7180_WRKY4 was expressed higher during low temperature period in Bermudagrass, but the expression was enhanced in St. Augustinegrass. In contrast, the gene in 'Semil' cultivar was barely expressed and relatively less expressed, but repressed gradually in seashore paspalum, which seems to allow two turfgrasses stay-green longer in the fall season. The results indicate that bermudagrass and St. Augustinegrass adapt to low temperature quickly, but relative tolerance to low or cold temperature at the molecular level needs to be further investigated at different physiological stages and the corresponding genes systematically.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.13-18
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• 1975

This study was intended to clarify interrelations among seven characters of bamboo and their influences upon its culm-volume. The analysis of covariance was used to obtain phenotypic correlations, genotypic correlations and environmental correlations among some characters of Phyllostachys bambusoides Sieb. et Zucc., and thereby path-coefficients were calculated based on Dewey's method. The characters considered here included the breast height diameter, culm-height, clear-length, subterranean stem, number of bamboo joints, butt-end diameter and culm-volume of bamboo. Average values, standard errors, variances and standard deviations for the characters mentioned above are shown in Table 1, and phenotypic correlations, genotypic correlations and environmental correlations among seven characters are shown in Table 2, according to the results, there are highly significant relationships among lines but not among some replications. According to Table 4, heritability values in the breast height and butt-end diameters are higher than those in other characters mentioned above. On the other hand, environmental correlations among general characters appear to have lower values than phenotypic and genotypic correlations do. It also appears that the butt-end diameter and breast height diameter are highly correlated with the culm-volume of bamboo. The path-coefficients of individual characters to the culm-volume of bamboo are computed from the correlations (Table 4) and presented in Figure 1 and Table 5, where it could shown the direct and indirect effects on the bamboo culm-volume of each character.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.131-138
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• 2012

This study was conducted to evaluate the characteristics and forage production of bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon) and bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum) in Jeju. Bermudagrass cultivars evaluated were Common and Ecotype. Bahiagrass cultivars evaluated were Tifton 9 and Argentine. Two warm season grasses were established at the Subtropical Animal Experiment Station in spring 2007. Emergence of bremudagrass and bahiagrass was observed approximately 16 days and 28 days after seeding, respectively. The heading dates of bermudagrass and bahiagrass were on 26 May and in mid-July, respectively. Bermudagrass cultivars had higher dry matter (DM) than bahiagrass at first harvest. Dry matter yield of bahiagrass was higher than that of bermudagrass (p<0.05). Peak forage DM production of bermudagrass and bahiagrass cultivars was in June and July, respectively. The content of crude protein (CP) and total digestibility nutrient (TDN) of bermudagrass cultivars were higher than those of bahiagrass during the first harvest. Acid detergent fiber (ADF) and in vitro DM digestibility (IVDMD) were similar across the four cultivars. In Jeju, bermudagrass and bahiagrass provide a useful option for supplemental summer forage in most livestock forage systems.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.17 no.6
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• pp.525-530
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• 2002

The optimum culture conditions for tropane alkaloid production in hairy root cultures of Korea native Scopolia paviflora Nak. were investigated. Hairy root was induced from the rhizome of the mother plant on B5 medium containing 1.0 mg/L IBA. Among the culture media examined, 1/2 B5 medium was the best for tropane alkaloid production, whereas the growth of hairy root increased in SH medium. The best result on the growth of hairy root was obtained in 1.0 mg/L NAA, and tropane alkaloid production was obtained in plant growth regulator-free medium. Of the carbone sources tested, 3% sucrose promoted the growth of hairy root, whereas 5% sucrose increased tropane alkaloid production. Optimum inoculum densities for root growth and tropane alkaloid production were 0.5 g and 1 g, respectively. The addition of XAD resins (1 % w/v) to hairy root cultures led to increases in tropans alkaloid production, and the release of alkaloid into the medium and its adsorption by the resin accounted for about 50 to 80％ of total production. It is concluded that optimized culture conditions and the addition of XAD resins could be used in the development of a bioprocess for tropane alkaloid production in hairy root cultures of S. paviflora Nak.

• Proceedings of the Plant Resources Society of Korea Conference
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• 2018.04a
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• pp.22-22
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• 2018

실고사리[Lygodium japonicum (Thunb.) Sw.]는 국내 자생하는 덩굴성 양치식물로 유인재배가 용이하여 실내 외 조경 및 관상소재로 활용이 가능하다. 한방에서는 전초를 해금사초, 포자를 해금사, 뿌리와 지하경을 해금사근이라 약재로 사용한다. 본 연구는 관상 및 약재로 이용이 가능한 실고사리의 대량생산을 위한 기내 외 번식방법을 개발하고자 수행되었다. 식물재료는 경상북도 의성군 일대에서 성체를 수집하여 청주의 일반하우스에 식재하여 성숙한 포자를 채취하였다. 포자를 기내 발아시켜 전엽체를 획득한 다음 8주 간격으로 계대하면서 연구의 재료를 확보하였다. 전엽체의 증식과 생육에 적합한 배지를 비교 하고자, 1/4, 1/2, 1, 2MS배지와 Knop배지를 조성하여 배양하였다. 배양방법은 전엽체 300mg을 메스로 균일하게 다져서 배양하는 방법을 이용하였으며, 배양환경은 온도($25{\pm}1.0^{\circ}C$), 광도($30{\pm}1.0{\mu}mol{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}s^{-1}$), 광주기(16/8h light/dark)로 조절되었다. 연구결과, 모든 처리구의 생체중은 초기접종량 보다 11배 이상 증가하였고, 그 중 1MS배지에서는 전엽체의 생체중이 7.3g으로 가장 많이 증가하였다. 뿐만 아니라, 형태형성도 우수하여 모두 정상적인 전엽체의 형태인 하트형으로 발달이 유도되었다. 전엽체로부터 포자체 형성을 유도하고자, 원예상토, 피트모스, 펄라이트 및 마사토의 혼합비율을 5종류로 달리하여 사각분($7.5{\times}7.5{\times}7.5cm$)에 혼합토양을 충진하였다. 전엽체 1g과 증류수 25mL를 핸드블랜더로 10초간 분쇄하여 사각분의 토양표면에 균일하게 분주하는 방법을 사용하였다. 이후 온도($25{\pm}1.0^{\circ}C$), 광도($43{\pm}2.0{\mu}mol{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}s^{-1}$), 광주기(16/8h light/dark), 습도($72{\pm}2.0%$)를 유지하면서 10주간 재배되었다. 연구결과, 원예상토 단용, 원예상토와 펄라이트 및 마사토가 2:1(v:v)로 혼합된 토양에서 각 498.0, 402.5, 482.5개의 포자체가 형성되어 사각분 면적대비 7.16개($cm^2$)가 생산되었다. 한편 포자체의 생육은 원예상토와 펄라이트가 2:1(v:v)로 혼합된 토양에서 생체중, 엽장, 엽폭, 근장 및 SPAD value 등이 우수하였다.

• Korean Journal of Plant Taxonomy
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.275-308
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• 2007

For 20 taxa of Korean Allium, including 16 species and 5 varieties, examined were morphological characters (i.e. sexuality, structure and shape of underground part, types and growing patterns of leaf and scape, and shapes of perianth, filament and pistil). The specialization and the evolutionary trends of taxonomic characters were inferred from morphological examination. Taxonomic relationships and system of Korean Allium were also studied. The characters showing evolutionary trends were the structure and shape of underground part including rhizome and bulb, leaf, scape, inflorescens, filament and ovary. It seemed that thin and short rhizome developed from thick and long one, and the membranous simple bulb tunic evolved into fibrous reticulate one. The presence of hyaline sheath in A. monanthum of sect. Microscordum was apomorphic. Both angular leaf blade with 2-rowed vascular bundle and flat blade with 1-rowed vascular bundle were developed from terete one with 2-rowed vascular bundle. The base of filament have differentiated from entire to toothed, and 2-ovuled ovary as well as erect scape before flowering was plesiomorphic type. In addition, sexuality, structure of underground part, the presence of hyaline sheath and cross-section structure of leaf were taxonomic characters with the level of the subgenus in this genus. Shape of rhizome, bulb, leaf, scape and pedicel discriminated each section from other ones in the subgenera easily. The shape and arrangement of perianth and filaments were the diagnostic characters for species level along with shape of ovary and stigma.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.82-90
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• 2012

In this study, we investigated the environmental factors and growth characteristics of Sasa borealis community inside a temperate deciduous forest and reviewed its effect on the lower vegetation and natural regeneration. The S. borealis community in the Jungsan-ri region of Jirisan National Park was chosen as the study area, and the vegetation and the environmental factors were investigated. The dominance value, height and foliage layer thickness were investigated as the growth characteristics of S. borealis in the area. As the environmental factors, we investigated the photosynthesis photon flux density (PPFD) of the shrub and ground layers as well as the chemical characteristics of the soil. Additionally, we investigated the flora on the ground layer of the area as well as the number and height of woody plants. The result showed that the height and foliage layer thickness of the S. borealis was closely related to the light conditions but the distribution was not determined simply by the effect of the environment or vegetation of the particular area. This may be deeply related with the unique survival strategy of S. borealis, a vegetably propagated plant, that it can extensively distributed on a heterogeneous resources environment in a forest as multiple culm are interconnected with each other through the rhizomes. The dense dominance and great height of S. borealis reduced the plant species diversity in the ground layer by decreasing the PPFD on the ground surface.

• Korean Journal of Plant Taxonomy
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.433-458
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• 2008

This study were examined for their external morphological characters such as root, leaf, inflorescenses, flower, stamen, pistil, and fruit as to Korean Thalictrum L. and discussed taxanomic value of characters, and made out a new key. This study confirmed that specialized stems and roots type were divided into fibrous type, fibrous having a tuber type, long fusiform tuberous type, tuberoid type, rhizome type and stolon type. The stem were divided into two types based on existence and nonexistence of striate or pubescent. Leaves were usually 2-3-ternately and was divided into three types based on leaf apex, leaf base and number of lobe. Inflorescenses were divided into two type; corymb, panicle. Flower is bisexual, and don't have petal. It was divided from existence and nonexistence of calyx when it flowering. Especially, the stamens were divided from anther shape and apex shape, degree of dilation of filament, epidermic shape of filament etc., and the pistils were divided from glandular on ovary, length of carpel stipe etc.. The fruit is a achene and it was divided from achene shape, achene rib or wings, achene stipe length. This study suggest that useful characters for identifying section are degree of dilation of filament, anther shape, achene rib and wings, degree of dilation of achene. Also, roots, leaf shape, stamen and pistil shape, achene beak and achene length, achene and leaf hair appear to be useful characters for identifying species.

• Ecology and Resilient Infrastructure
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• v.2 no.3
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• pp.255-263
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• 2015

Biological invasion of alien plants is considered to be one of the most serious threats to biodiversity in riparian zones. The effects of two invasive alien plants, Sicyos angulatus and Paspalum distichum var. indutum, on the flora and community structure of the riparian vegetation were investigated at 22 sites at streams in Korea. Sicyos angulatus has invaded the central Korean Peninsula. This alien plant has caused problems to stream managers because of its aggressive vining growth. It had suppressed native vegetation such as trees, shrubs and tall grasses on bank slope and higher floodplains. Paspalum distichum var. indutum has become more widespread in the southern part of Korea. This invasive plant has shallow rhizomes and creeping, extensively branched stolons. It forms a dense mat over lotic or slowly-flowing water and threatens submerged and short emergent hydrophytes. In order to control the introduction and expansion of alien plants, limitation of artificial disturbances and appropriate alien plant management are needed in riparian areas.