• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
• /
• v.47 no.5
• /
• pp.486-495
• /
• 2021

Background: Particulate matter (PM) is one of the leading causes of premature death worldwide. Previous studies in South Korea have applied a relative risk calculated from Western populations when estimating the disease burden attributable to PM. However, the relative risk of PM on health outcomes may not be the same across different countries or regions. Objectives: This study aimed to estimate the premature deaths and socioeconomic costs attributable to long-term exposure to PM in South Korea. We considered not only the difference in PM concentration between regions, but also the difference in relative risk. Methods: National monitoring data of PM concentrations was obtained, and missing values were imputed using the AERMOD model and linear regression model. As a surrogate for relative risk, hazard ratios (HRs) of PM for cardiovascular and respiratory mortality were estimated using the National Health Insurance Service-National Sample Cohort. The nation was divided into five areas (metropolitan, central, southern, south-eastern, and Gangwon-do Province regions). The number of PM attributable deaths in 2018 was calculated at the district level. The socioeconomic cost was derived by multiplying the number of deaths and the statistical value of life. Results: The average PM₁₀ concentration for 2014~2018 was 45.2 ㎍/m³. The association between long-term exposure to PM₁₀ and mortality was heterogeneous between areas. When applying area-specific HRs, 23,811 premature deaths from cardiovascular and respiratory disease in 2018 were attributable to PM₁₀ (reference level 20 ㎍/m³). The corresponding socioeconomic cost was about 31 trillion won. These estimated values were higher than that when applying nationwide HRs. Conclusions: This study is the first research to estimate the premature mortality caused by long-term exposure to PM using relative risks derived from the national population. This study will help precisely identify the national and regional health burden attributed to PM and establish the priorities of air quality policy.

• Cross-Cultural Studies
• /
• v.47
• /
• pp.241-260
• /
• 2017

A multitude of neologisms has entered the lexicon of modern Chinese society as a reflection of the changes modern Chinese society has undergone, and amid this trend, a variety of color terms has emerged. However, these neologisms of color terms in modern Chinese society are used somewhat differently from their roots. First, the achromatic color terms used in Chinese neologisms include black, white, and gray. The significance criteria generally used in these neologisms of color terms only partially express their meaning in the modern Chinese language. Second, the frequency usage of significant criteria of color terms that have emerged in Chinese neologisms reveals a relative distribution between color terms referring to black and white. The color term "black" is the most active neologism to connote its expanded meaning, followed by its basic meaning. However, the color term "white" is most actively used to connote its basic meaning, followed by its expanded meaning. Third, among the achromatic color terms used in Chinese neologisms, black and gray exhibit expansion of meaning. For example, in the context of neologisms, the color term "black" is used to symbolize "in disaster areas" and "socially discriminated against," while "gray" is used to symbolize the "social aspect."

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
• /
• v.45 no.3
• /
• pp.222-230
• /
• 2019

Objectives: This study aims to evaluate water quality in terms of microorganisms and identify the antibiotic resistance of Enterococci isolated from the recycling water in floor fountains at three parks and one reservoir in the Gwangju area. Methods: Water samples were analyzed for Enterococci using membrane Enterococcus indoxyl ${\beta}$ d glucoside agar (mEI) as described in USEPA Method 1600. The vancomycin-resistant Enterococci with VanA and VanB were identified by PCR. An examination of the antibiotic resistance of isolates against 14 antibiotics was performed by the disk diffusion method. Results: The drinking water quality criterion was exceeded for total colony counts in 68% of all recycling water samples. The average concentration of total califorms and fecal coliforms was 139,325 and 413 CFU/100 mL, respectively. VanA and VanB were not detected from the isolates. We found the antibiotic resistant Enterococci strains to be E. faecalis, E. faecium, E. durans, E. mundtii, E. hirae, and E. thailandicus. The isolates were resistant to Rifampin (50%), Erythromycin (25.8%), Tetracycline (10.2%), Nitrofurantoin (8.1%), Minocycline (3.1%), Erythromycin (1.2%), Penicillin (0.7%), Norfloxacin (0.5%), and Teicoplanin (0.5%) among the 14 antibiotics tested. Antibiotic resistance tests for Enterococci from the recycling water of floor fountains resulted in 30.2% showing resistance to two or more antibiotics. Conclusions: These results showed that the multi-antibiotic resistance of Enterococci, E. coli, and others should be investigated continuously in each environment field.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
• /
• v.53 no.4
• /
• pp.380-389
• /
• 2020

Research on diagnosing and predicting the response of ecosystems caused by environmental changes such as artificial disturbance and climate change is emerging as the most important issue of biodiversity and ecosystem researches. This study aims to clean, standardize, and provide the results of National Ecosystem Survey which should be considered fundamentally in diagnosing and predicting ecosystem changes in the form of dataset. To refine and clean the dataset we developed a simple verification program based on the fifth National Ecosystem Survey Guideline and applied that program to the data from the second (1997~2005), third (2006~2013) and fourth (2014~2018) National Ecosystem Survey. Data quality control processes were implemented including (1) standardization of terminology, (2) similar data table integration, (3) unnecessary attribute and error elimination, (4) unification of different input items, (5) data arrangement in codes, and (6) code mapping for input items. These approaches and methods are the first attempt propose an option for ecological data standardization in Korea. The standardized dataset of National Ecosystem Survey in Korea will be easily accessible, reusable for both researchers and public. In addition, we expect it will contribute to the establishment of diverse environmental policies concerning environmental assessments, habitat conservation, prediction of endangered species distribution and ecological risks due to climate change. The dataset through this study is open freely online via EcoBank (nie-ecobank.kr) which is the first ecological information portal system in Korea developed by National Institute of Ecology.

• Journal of Apiculture
• /
• v.34 no.1
• /
• pp.1-6
• /
• 2019

Honey bees use propolis to defend against invaders and pathogens. Propolis, a resinous mixture, has been widely used for its antibacterial, antifungal and anti-inflammatory properties. This research was carried out to evaluate the propolis productivity in Apis mellifera lines to select superior honeybee lines. For the study, which were collected from three regions in Korea were evaluated for the productivity of propolis. The results showed that, the average propolis per colony was highest in the line P2 (10.1 g/hive), which was inbed line derived from isolated region, compared to other lines. We also measured brood development one the basis of population size of eggs, brood, and adult bees to further probe for relation between population size and propolis yield, in that larger population generally have more foragers. Also, adult population expended more greatly in the line P2 compared to that in the control.

• Journal of agriculture & life science
• /
• v.53 no.5
• /
• pp.153-165
• /
• 2019

This paper analyzes the priorities of introducing agricultural environmental conservation practices for the successful introduction of agricultural environmental conservation programs and promotes customized agricultural environment conservation practices packages suitable for the local environment. Agricultural environmental conservation practice consists of three fields: soil, water, and air, nine sub-fields, and 30 practice skills. Using the advantages of AHP and BWS appropriately for priority analysis, three areas and nine sub-fields are measured using AHP techniques, and the practical activities of each fields are measured by priorities using BWS techniques to enhance the differentiation and completeness of research. In addition, the criteria for evaluating priorities of practical activities used 'Environmental effectiveness' and 'Technical feasibility'. As a result of the priority evaluation, the 'Soil testing and reduction of fertilizer and livestock manure application' activities were evaluated as having the highest priority. Based on the results of the priorities for these practical activities, examples of customized practical activity packages by farming type and environmental conditions were presented.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
• /
• v.59 no.4
• /
• pp.371-382
• /
• 2020

The A, C, F colonies of Apis mellifera ligustica Spin. and D, V colony of Apis mellifera caucasia Gorb. bees were collected from 2005-2007. Consequently, inbred lines were derived from the bees of original colonies by matting in the isolated island with due regard for pure breeding. This project helps in the selection of colonies with higher production capacity, aiming to improve honey and royal jelly production and breeding programs. Twenty-three standard morphological traits of honeybee were evaluated, and samples were compared with the data of the two original subspecies. The result suggested that 8 traits partly preserved in bees of inbred lines, and the bees from A. m. ligustica preserved more traits than bees from A. m. caucasia. Among the studied inbred lines, the F line is distinguished by an increase in leg parameters, considered as a favorable phenotypic trait of inbred lines. Importantly, bred of beelines in the same area can be classified as remote and isolated areas. Therefore, we observed differences of inbred lines with the origin subspecies in description acquired with morphometric characteristics as a result of adaptation, breeding, purebred individual lines used as an important resource for breeding novel cross-breeding colonies.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
• /
• v.54 no.spc1
• /
• pp.1183-1193
• /
• 2021

Low flow affects various fields such as river water supply management and planning, and irrigation water. A sufficient period of flow data is required to calculate the Flow Duration Curve. However, in order to calculate the Flow Duration Curve, it is essential to secure flow data for more than 30 years. However, in the case of rivers below the national river unit, there is no long-term flow data or there are observed data missing for a certain period in the middle, so there is a limit to calculating the Flow Duration Curve for each river. In the past, statistical-based methods such as Multiple Regression Analysis and ARIMA models were used to predict sulfur in the unmeasured watershed, but recently, the demand for machine learning and deep learning models is increasing. Therefore, in this study, we present the DNN technique, which is a machine learning technique that fits the latest paradigm. The DNN technique is a method that compensates for the shortcomings of the ANN technique, such as difficult to find optimal parameter values in the learning process and slow learning time. Therefore, in this study, the Flow Duration Curve applicable to the unmeasured watershed is calculated using the DNN model. First, the factors affecting the Flow Duration Curve were collected and statistically significant variables were selected through multicollinearity analysis between the factors, and input data were built into the machine learning model. The effectiveness of machine learning techniques was reviewed through statistical verification.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
• /
• 2023.05a
• /
• pp.468-468
• /
• 2023

최근 급격한 기후변화에 의한 이상가뭄 발생 등을 대비하기 위한 비상용수 또는 대체 수자원으로서의 지하수 개발수요가 증가함에 따라 기저유량 확보 및 수질개선 방안을 수립하는 것은 지속가능한 수자원 이용 관리 측면에 있어서 매우 중요하다. 국내 지하수 사용에 따른 하천유량의 변동에 관한 연구는 활발히 진행되었으나, 실질적으로 적용가능한 지하수 저감 방안 및 지하 수질개선방안에 대한 연구는 미비한 실정이다. 이에 본 연구에서는 바이오차를 이용하여 시험포를 설계 및 시공하였으며, 실내 인공강우 실험을 통해 지하 침투수 확보 능력 및 수질개선 효과를 평가하였다. 대조구는 폭 1 m × 길이 1 m × 깊이 0.60 m로 시공하였으며, 바이오차 시험포는 폭 1 m × 길이 1 m, 시험포 상단과 하단 각 0.10 m씩 대조구와 동일한 흙으로 채웠으며, 그 사이 0.40 m만큼은 바이오차를 채워서 시공하였다. 시험의 정밀도를 높이기 위해 동일한 조건으로 대조구와 바이오차 시험포 각 2개씩, 총 4개의 시험포를 시공하여 실내 인공강우 실험을 진행하였으며, 시험포에서 발생한 직접유출수와 기저유출수를 이용하여 바이오차의 지하 침투량 확보 및 수질개선효과를 분석하였다. 시험포 완공 후 총 2번의 실내인공강우 실험 결과 대조구에서 발생한 직접유출량은 총 0.214 m³, 바이오차 시험포에서는 총 0.194 m³로 대조구 대비 총 직접유출량 저감효과는 9.4%로 나타났다. 기저유출의 경우 바이오차 시험포(0.036 m³)에서 대조구(0.003 m³) 대비 약13배 많은 양의 기저유출수가 발생한 것으로 나타났다. 각 시험포에서 발생한 유출수의 오염부하를 산정해 대조구 시험포 대비 바이오차 시험포에서 발생한 직접유출수의 오염부하 저감효과를 분석한 결과 BOD₅ 항목과 COD_Mn 항목, 그리고 TOC 항목의 경우 26.3%과 22.0%, 그리고 27.6%로 저감 된 것으로 나타났으나, SS 항목과 T-N 항목, 그리고 T-P 항목의 경우 저감효과가 없는 것으로 나타났다. 이와 같이 바이오차는 지하 침투수 확보 능력은 효과적인 것으로 나타났으나, 직접유출수의 수질개선 효과는 미비한 것으로 나타났다. 그러나 바이오차의 지하 침투량 및 수질개선 효과는 바이오차 생산 시 사용된 열분해 방식, 사용된 바이오차의 양 등에 따라 편차가 클것으로 판단되며, 바이오차의 생산 방법, 토양 흡착 기간, 바이오차의 양 등 다양한 조건에서의 모니터링을 통해 정량화 되어야 할 것으로 판단된다.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
• /
• 2022.05a
• /
• pp.478-478
• /
• 2022

섬진강은 하굿둑이 없는 열린 하구로서 하구로부터 약 21km까지 조석의 영향을 받아 강물의 염도가 시간에 따라 변하는 환경이다. 오랫동안 섬진강 하구는 다양한 원인으로부터 바다화로 대표되는 염하구 문제가 지역 현안 사항으로 제기되어 왔다. 상류에서의 용수사용 증가로 인한 하천 유하량 감소 또한 그 원인들 중 하나로 판단됨에 따라 실제 하구까지 내려오는 하천유량과 바다로부터 유입되는 해수를 구분하여 정량화하는 연구가 필요한 사안이다. 본 연구의 목적은 섬진강 수계 하구에서의 다양한 생태환경을 보전하기 위한 적정 염분유지가 요구됨에 따라 섬진강하구 염분계측기(섬진강대교)를 설치하여 염분농도를 관측하고 하천유량, 하천취수 및 해양조위에 따른 염분농도 변화를 모의하여 하천유량과 염분과의 관계를 제시하고자 하였다. 본 연구에서는 EFDC(Environmental Fluid Dynamics Code) 수치모델을 이용하여 상류로는 구례군(송정리) 수위관측소부터 하류로는 여수해만 및 문의리까지의 구역을 설정하고 광양조위, 하동수위 및 고정식 염분 계측기 관측염분농도 자료를 이용하여 수치모델링의 재현성을 검증하였다. 검증 결과, 결정계수(R²)는 0.87(하동수위), 0.93(광양조위), 0.56(섬진강대교 염도)를 나타냈다. 모델 검보정 후 하천유량에 따른 염분변화 실험을 실시하여 염분농도 거동을 분석하였다. 모델 결과, 섬진강하구에서의 염분거동은 소조기때 염분체류 현상으로 인해 대조기 거동과는 큰 차이를 나타냈다. 따라서, 모델링 결과를 이용한 유량-염분 조견표는 각각 대조기와 소조기로 구분하여 산정하였다. 대조기때는 송정유량이 10톤/초의 평균갈수량이 흐를 경우 다압에서의 취수량이 2.52톤/초 ~ 4.63/초로 증가할수록 18.8psu ~ 19.9psu로 증가하였다. 소조기의 경우는 25.5psu ~ 25.7psu로 대조기와 비교하여 크게 증가됨을 나타냈다. 본 연구의 결과는 객관적인 생태환경 보전을 위한 적정염분농도 범위가 도출된다면 이를 유지하기 위한 필요유량과 필요유량을 확보하기 위한 장단기적인 대책수립이 가능할 것으로 기대된다.