• Journal of Life Science
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• v.25 no.7
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• pp.748-756
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• 2015

The report explores the possibility that the single extract of natural substances and the mixture of single extracts of natural substances create a synergy effect to increase the antimicrobial activity. It also compares the previous researches to find out if the natural medicinal herbs’ extract has antimicrobial activity on dandruff causative organism, Malassezia furfur. For the experiment on the mixture of single extracts of natural substances, the results are like following: 1. Staphylococcus aures’s antibacterial activity is resistant to mixture of three natural substances. 2. Escherichia coil’s antibacterial activity is resistant to mixture with Coptidis rhizoma. 3. Candida albicans’ antifungal activity is resistant to mixture with Chinese galls, which means the different results may be expected when tested with each germ. 4. On the other hand, Malassezia furfur has no antifungal activity on the single extract of natural substances and shows weak antifungal activity, whose diameter is 3.20 mm when tested with the mixture of 50% of Coptidis rhizoma and 50% of Phytoncide. The result is totally different from the one on the same eumycetes, C. albicans. That is because M. furfur has more lipophilic chemicaled cell walls than C. albicans does and it also consists of lamella layer, inner plasma membrane and intermediate multiple layers.

• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.6 no.3_4
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• pp.138-145
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• 2008

A Gram-positive, endospore-forming, rod-shaped bacterial strain was isolated from spent mushroom (Pleurotus eryngii) substrates taken from the Hoamfarm located in Keyollgnam, Korea. The isolate, designated CS9, was facultatively anaerobic, motile rod and produced xylanase. The strain grew optimally at $40^{\circ}C$ and pH 6.0. The major cellular fatty acids were anteiso-$C_{15:0}$, anteiso-$C_{17:0}$, and iso-$C_{17:0}$. The genomic DNA G+C content was 45 mol%. Comparative 16S-rDNA sequence analysis showed that the isolate CS9 formed a distinct phyletic line within the genus Bacillus and was most closely related to Bacillus subtilis YB1, with 16S DNA sequence similarity of 96.8%. Sequence similarities to other type strains were 92-94%. On the based of physiological and molecular properties, the isolate CS9 was classified within the genus Bacillus as Bacillus subtilis CS9.

• The Korean Journal of Zoology
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.337-351
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• 1996

Melatonin Is a multifunctional hormone secreted from the pineal gland in the middle of cerebrum and cerebellum. Its synthesis and release reflect photopedod;Photopedod is a yearly predictable ambient factor that most animals utilize as an environmental cue for maximum survival. Hamsters maintaln reproductive activity in summer during which day length exceeds night time. Upon the advent of autumnal equinox they undergo gonadal regression. The photoperiodic effects are prevented by removal of the pineal gland and restored by the timed repiacument of melatonin. The results suggest that melatonin constitutes part of control mechanism whereby environmental information is transduced to neuroendocrine signal responsIble for the functional integrity of the reproductive system. From the studies for the action site of melatonin following the treatment of photopedod or melatonin in the lesion of a spedflc portion of hypothalamus, suprachiasmatic nuclei and pars tuberalis are shown to be a consensus site for melatonIn. The action of melatonin. In the regulation of reproduction is largely unknown. It is mainly due to the lack of acute effect of melatonin on gonadotropin secretion. However, reduction of the gonadotropln release and augmentation of the hypothalamic gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) content by long-term treatment of melatonln Indicate that constant presence of melatonln may partidpate in the regulation of sexual activity via the GnRH neuronal system. The action mechanism by which melatonin exerts Its effect on GnRH neuron needs to be eluddated. The inability of opiold analogues to affect the reproductive hormones in sexually regressed animals by inhibftory photopedod and melatonin suggests that the opioldergic neuron may be a prime intervening mediator. Recent cloning of melatonin receptor will contribute to investigate its anatomical Identification and the action mechanism of melatonin on target tissues at the molecular level.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.44 no.3 s.140
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• pp.177-187
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• 2005

For the comparison of feeding behavior of Nilaparvata lugens among different rice varieties, electrical penetration graph (EPG) technique was used. Ten rice varieties were selected from national-widely recommended rice varieties cultivating in Chungnam province. The correlation between feeding duration and honeydew amount excreted was investigated, and the types of EPG pattern were analyzed among rice varieties. The EPG patterns divided into 6 types according to electrical specific feature, respectively. Type 1 pattern was a searching feeding sites, resting or wandering on a rice plant. Type 2 pattern was appeared when the insect untaken from phloem sieve element. Type 3 pattern was observed when the insect piercing into the rice plant. Type 4 pattern was observed when the insect salivating in rice plant. Type 5 pattern was observed when the insect ingesting from the xylem. Type 6 pattern was observed when the stylet moving in cell. Feeding duration time on Gum-nam was significantly shorter than Dong-jin, Dae-ahn, Dong-ahn, Dae-san. Also, on Gun-nam, it was shown that the brown planthopper did not penetrate the cuticle for a long time. The total number of excreted honeydew droplets by the brown planthopper was the greatest in Dong-jin variety and the least in Gum-nam variety. In proportion to phloem feeding time, the number of honeydew droplets had been increased. According to the results of EPG patterns and honeydew droplets analysis, N. lugens seems to prefer Dong-jin, Dong-ahn, Dae-san, and Dae-ahn to Gum-nam, Da-san, and Nam-chun rice plant variety.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.402-408
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• 2007

This study was conducted in order to evaluate the antioxidant activity of extruded ginseng in different extracted fractions. Each of the fractions obtained from extruded ginseng and ginseng (control) were extracted with 80% ethanol, and then the lipophilic components were removed with ether while the hydrophilic components were separated with water-saturated butanol. Each of the 80% ethanol/butanol/water layers were collected and evaporated to acquire samples for tests of saponin content and antioxidant activity. The antioxidant activity of extruded ginseng fractions and ginseng fractions were determined via the oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) assay. Overall, the extruded ginseng samples harbored saponin contents of 2.2 (Rg1), 2.3 (Re), 1.2 (Rc), 1.3 (Rb2), and 2.2 (Rd) times that measured in the ginseng prior to extrusion. Antioxidant capacity was also higher, not only in the 80% ethanol/butanol which harbor a significant quantity of saponin, but also in the water fractions, which harbor relatively low quantities of saponin as compared to the control samples. All three of the fractions extracted from extruded ginseng evidence significantly higher antioxidant capacity than the controls (0.05

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.13 no.6
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• pp.871-878
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• 2003

A marine bacterium (strain BKl) that produces extracellular enzymes capable of decomposing complex polysac-charides, such as agar, chitin, carboxymethylcellulose, xylan and mannan, was isolated from the marine red alga Porphyra dentata. Strain BKl was gram-negative, aerobic, catalase- and oxidase-positive, polarly flagellated bacilli that produce gelatinase and urease, but not decarboxylases. The G+C content of the DNA was 51.6 mol%. The major isoprenoid quinone component was identified as an ubiquinone-8, and the major cellular fatty acids were C16:0, C16:1 w6c and C18:1 w7c. Comparative 16S rRNA sequence analysis placed strain BK1 with members of the genus Pseudomonas. On the basis of phenotypic and genotypic data, the strain BK1 was shown to be a member of the subgroup of Pseudomonas, and named as Pseudomonas sp. BK1.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.26 no.6
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• pp.721-726
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• 2016

It has already been reported that short neuropeptide F (sNPF) stimulates feeding behaviors in a wide variety of insect species. In the present study, we cloned cDNA, encoding a sNPF receptor homologue from a silkworm, Bombyx mori, named BsNPF-R. The amino acid sequence of BsNPF-R was compared with those of sNPF-R thus far reported, which is shared with humans (36%), mice (34%), zebrafish (35%), and fruit flies (51%), respectively. A BsNPF-R protein’s mass was theoretically estimated to be 42,731 Da and it is a putative plasma membrane-penetrating protein. The mRNA expression of BsNPF-R was tested; the results showed that a strong expression was detected at the midgut, post-silk gland, Malpighian, and testis; however, a weak expression was at the fat body, hemocyte, and ovary. In addition, the synthesized sNPF of a silkworm regulated the BsNPF-R mRNA expression through the cell-based functional analysis.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.45 no.4
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• pp.362-367
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• 2009

Among total 176 strains with antialgal effects isolated from So-ok stream in Korea, Pseudomonas aeruginosa AJ1 showed the highest removal efficiency for an algal species Microcystis aeruginosa (clear zone of diameter 50.0 mm on algal lawn after 20 days). The algal growth was suppressed even when the supernatant of AJ1 culture was applied, suggesting that extracellular substances are responsible for its antialgal activity. The removal activity of AJ1 was optimal under the following condition: pH 8, $30^{\circ}C$, and mannitol as a carbon source. The antialgal activity of AJ1 appeared to be dependent of the growth phase of M. aeruginosa, i.e., the highest at the early phase, but not its own phase. As expected, the algicidal effect was improved as the amount of the treated supernatant was increased; the highest removal efficiency (80.3%) was achieved when 40 ml/L of the supernatant was used. Interestingly, however, the removal rate was opposite. The highest removal rate ($8.2{\mu}g$ chl-a/ml supernatant/day) was achieved when low concentration (10 ml/L) was applied. These results suggest that P. aeruginosa AJ1 is a promising biological agent to control the problematic algal bloom.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.34 no.6
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• pp.825-832
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• 2005

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of extract of Fomes fomentarius (FF) on blood glucose, lipid profile, antioxidant enzymes and immune cells in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into control, STZ-induced diabetic group (DM), STZ plus FF water extract treated group (DM-FW 200) and STZ plus FF methanol extract treated group (DM-FM 200). FW (200 mg/kg BW) and FM (200 mg/kg BW) were orally administered once a day for 14 days. Admdinistering FW and FM to STZ-induced diabetic rats lowered the blood glucose level. The supplementation of FW and FM suppressed the increase in the total cholesterol and triglyceride levels in the serum and liver of the diabetic rats. The high density lipoprotein-cholesterol level and glutathione peroxidase activity were higher in the FF-sup-plemented group compared to the diabetic group. Administering FW and FM increased the suppress in the serum complement component C3, whole blood B-cell, T-cell, helper T cell and suppressor T cell of the diabetic rats. Therefore, it could be suggested that FW and FM are alleviated the diabetic complication through enhancing the hyperglycemia and preventing diabetic complications.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.48 no.2
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• pp.147-156
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• 2010

There are four key factors for gas-phase biofilters; biocatalysts(microorganisms), packing materials, design/operating techniques, and diagnosis/management techniques. Biofilter performance is significantly affected by microbial community structures as well as loading conditions. The microbial studies on biofilters are mostly performed on basis of culture-dependent methods. Recently, advanced methods have been proposed to characterize the microbial community structure in environmental samples. In this study, the physiological, biochemical and molecular methods for profiling microbial communities are reviewed, and their applicability to biofilters is discussed. Community-level physiological profile is based on the utilization capability of carbon substrate by heterotrophic community in environmental samples. Phospholipid fatty acid analysis method is based on the variability of fatty acids present in cell membranes of different microorganisms. Molecular methods using DNA directly extracted from environmental samples can be divided into "partial community DNA analysis" and "whole community DNA analysis" approaches. The former approaches consist in the analysis of PCR-amplified sequence, the genes of ribosomal operon are the most commonly used sequences. These methods include PCR fragment cloning and genetic fingerprinting such as denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis, terminal-restriction fragment length polymorphism, ribosomal intergenic spacer analysis, and random amplified polymorphic DNA. The whole community DNA analysis methods are total genomic cross-DNA hybridization, thermal denaturation and reassociation of whole extracted DNA and extracted whole DNA fractionation using density gradient.