• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.55 no.8
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• pp.603-611
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• 2022

In urban areas, the impermeable area continues to increase due to urbanization, which interferes with the surface penetrating and infiltrating of rainwater, causing most rainwater runoff to the surface, deepening the distortion of water circulation. Distortion of water circulation affects not only flood disasters caused by rainfall and runoff, but also various aspects such as dry stream phenomenon, deterioration of water quality, and destruction of ecosystem balance, and the Ministry of Environment strongly recommends the use of Low Impact development (LID) techniques. In order to apply the LID technique, it is necessary to set a rainwater management target to handle the increase in outflow after the development of the target site, and the current standard sets the rainwater management target using the 10-year daily rainfall. In this study, the difference from the current standards was analyzed through statistical analysis and classification of independent rainfall ideas using inter-event time definition (IETD) in setting the target amount of rainwater management to improve water circulation. Using 30-year rainfall data from 1991 to 2020, methods such as autocorrelation coefficient (AC) analysis, variation coefficient (VC) analysis, and annual average number of rainfall event (NRE) analysis were applied, and IETD was selected according to the target rainfall period. The more samples the population had, the more IETD tended to increase. In addition, by analyzing the duration and time distribution of independent rainfall according to the IETD, a plan was proposed to calculate the standard design rainfall according to the rainwater management target amount. Therefore, it is expected that it will be possible to set an improved rainwater management target amount if sufficient samples of independent rainfall ideas are used through the selection of IETD as in this study.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.325-330
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• 2022

While swimming is a very popular competitive sports activity, swimming injuries are unique due to the repetitive nature of the swimming stroke and demanding training programs that can result in upper limb overuse. Therefore, the primary objective of this review was to analyze swimmers' injury areas, injury types by stroke type, and swimming rehabilitation, as well as to discuss safety management for improving swimming performance. In this study, the injuries incurred in swimming events were discussed in the order of upper limb injuries (neck, shoulder, arm, and wrist), lower limb injuries (knee and ankle), and waist injuries. An analysis by stroke type found that shoulder injuries occurred most often with freestyle, backstroke, and butterfly strokes, followed by rotator cuff injury, impingement syndrome, and SLAP (superior labral tear from anterior to posterior) lesions. Knee injuries were associated with the breaststroke, whereas spinal cord injuries occurred with the breaststroke and butterfly stroke. Finally, back injuries were associated with the butterfly stroke. During the freestyle stroke, the shoulder undergoes repetitive overhead movement; hence, shoulder and musculoskeletal pain are the most common and well-documented complaints of swimmers. For safety management, coaches and instructors must ensure that athletes do sufficient warm-up and cool-down exercises to avoid injuries. In case of an injury, they should be familiar with first aid measures so that secondary damage can be prevented with its quick application. In addition, coaches and instructors need to be trained in injury prevention and treatment so that they can provide appropriate rehabilitation treatment for athletes. Although swimming-related injuries cannot be completely eliminated, to reduce them to a minimum, leaders need the knowledge to apply scientific and systematic training principles and methods individualized for each athlete.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.55 no.1
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• pp.174-187
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• 2022

Purpose: This study was performed to evaluate an education program for housewives to reduce sodium intake based on the social cognitive theory. Methods: Housewives (n = 387) received 2 education sessions focused on food purchase and cooking, and completed a questionnaire on their perceptions of environmental, cognitive, and behavioral factors and the stages of behavioral change to reducing sodium intake both before and after the education program. Results: After the education program, the recognition of social efforts for sodium reduction and sodium labeling and experience with low-sodium products increased. Positive expectancies for the prevention of osteoporosis by the reduction of sodium were enhanced while the main barriers in practicing sodium reduction decreased, especially 'interrupting social relationships when dining with others', 'bad taste', 'preference for soup or stew', and 'limited knowledge and skills to practice'. In addition, cognition and nutrition knowledge related to reducing sodium intake were improved on all scores, but the effect on self-efficacy and dietary behavior was limited to only a few items. The percentage of participants in the pre-action stage (including pre-contemplation, contemplation, and preparation stages) for reducing sodium intake decreased from 43.2% before education to 21.5% after education, while that in the action stage increased from 19.6% before education to 43.5% after education (p < 0.001). The education program had the most significant impact on participants who were in the pre-action stage and showed improved scores in all sections. Conclusion: These results suggest that a customized education program for housewives could be an effective tool to reduce sodium intake by improving personal expectancies, cognition, and nutrition knowledge regarding sodium reduction and enabling a greater section of the population to move to the action stage of reducing sodium intake.

• Journal of Korea Entertainment Industry Association
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• v.15 no.7
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• pp.225-233
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• 2021

This study quantitatively compares and analyzes lower extremity muscle activity and motor neurons by performing blood flow-restricting aerobic training in the lower extremities, which is closely related to aerobic capacity for health, in normal people, and provides basic data to suggest the effectiveness of an effective blood-restricting exercise program. would like to provide A group of 10 people who applied aerobic exercise on a treadmill by restricting blood flow to 140 mmHg of pressure was set as Experimental Group I. And 11 people who applied only aerobic exercise on a treadmill were randomly assigned as a control group. The intervention program was implemented on a treadmill for 4 weeks, 3 times a week, once a day, for 30 minutes once. In addition, muscle activity and motor neurons were measured and analyzed using surface electromyography before intervention. As a result of the study, the muscle activity of the rectus femoris, biceps femoris, tibialis anterior and gastrocnemius was significantly increased (p<.001) in the pre-and-poster comparison within the group of experimental group I (p<.001). In the pre-and-poster comparison of the control group, the muscle activity of the rectus femoris, biceps femoris, tibialis anterior and gastrocnemius was significantly increased (p<.001). In comparison of changes between groups, there was a significant difference in the activity of the rectus femoris muscle (p<.05). Combining aerobic exercise in parallel with lower extremity blood flow restriction can be developed into an injury prevention exercise program that can restore functional activity in rehabilitation training for elite athletes and elderly people with weak joints. In addition, based on these results in future research, it is considered that it is necessary to expand the scope of non-normal subjects and conduct various studies according to the pressure intensity.

• Journal of Korea Entertainment Industry Association
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• v.14 no.7
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• pp.599-608
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• 2020

This study aims to investigate the performance and satisfaction of occupational therapists at the Dementia Relief Center for health care of the elderly in local communities, and to provide basic data necessary for role establishment by checking occupational therapists' tasks according to the priority. The subjects of this study were occupational therapists in dementia care centers in the Honam area and Gwangju Metropolitan City, who were surveyed via mail and e-mail. The survey had a total of 54 items covering the general characteristics of the therapists and current state of the centers (n=8), performance and satisfaction with the service areas and task content of the centers (n=45), and tasks that were considered important (one short-answer question). It was found that occupational therapists at the Dementia Relief Center were mainly carrying out the "Dementia Prevention Management Projects", which provided the programs for the patients, and they showed the highest satisfaction. Although the 'MMSE-DS' is occupational therapists' own area with high performance and satisfaction, it was not assigned to the occupational therapists at the Dementia Relief Center, indicating that the role was insufficient. The tasks related "administrative works and strengthening community capacities" showed low performance and satisfaction, but they are essential for the operation of the Dementia Relief Center and the management of the patients, so the plans to increase the occupational therapists' performance should be established. The categories of projects that occupational therapists consider important were also consistent with those they had to perform. It means the occupational therapists at the Dementia Relief Center recognized their unique roles. In this context, to establish the role of occupational therapist at the Dementia Relief Center, it is necessary to amend the operating guidelines based on the performance, satisfaction, and priorities of the projects, and to develop the curriculums and programs that can improve the tasks with insufficient performance and low satisfaction.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.491-497
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• 2022

In this study, we tried to secure basic data to create an environment necessary for distance learning through a survey on professor demand. Among the 184 full-time faculty members of the university, 73 (39.89%) respondents in 2021 and 87 (47.28%) in 2022 were included. As a result of the research on professor demand, in the 2021 school year, 27 people (37%) were classified as LMS improvement items when checking attendance, 38 people (23.3%) were pin-mics as content development support items, and 26 people (35.6%), 33 people (45.2%) of GOM Mix and 25 people (34.2%) of the distance education support center wanted to learn video editing program as the item of video editing program they are currently using. In the 2022 school year, 27 people (31.03%) said mobile upgrade as an LMS improvement item, 52 people (59.8%) of pin-microphone as a content development support item, 33 people (37.9%), but currently using the content creation intention using a studio. As for the video editing program they are working on, 47 people (54%) of GOM Mix Pro and 23 people (26.4%) of the distance education support center want to learn content creation method. In addition, the intention to produce content using the studio for the 2021 and 2022 academic year and the desired educational topic of the distance education support center in the future appeared insignificant (p > 0.05). In this distance education support center, we are working to solve the class of LMS attendance, upgrade mobile, and plan to distribute pin microphones. We are planning to increase the usability of the studio and provide training on how to use video editing programs and how to create video content. In order for a smooth class to take place in a university distance class, the university authorities should seek ways to support the instructor so that he/she does not have difficulties in performing his/her role as a teaching designer, such as setting learning goals, organizing and organizing content, motivating learning, and establishing effective class participation plans. there is a need

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.601-612
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• 2021

This study was conducted to evaluate the appropriate sowing method and mixture seeding rate on germination of Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) and white clover (Trifolium repens L.). The experimental design includes two sowing methods and six mixed seeding per each method: BT₁:BP₀ (broadcast seeding; B, Trifolium repens; T, Poa pratensis; P), BT₁:BP₂, BT₁:BP₃, BT₃:BT₁, BT₂:BP₁, BT₀:BP₁ and ST₁:SP₀ (spot seeding; S), ST₁:SP₂, ST₁:SP₃, ST₃:ST₁, ST₂:SP₁, ST₀:SP₁. The germination was the highest for both species when the seeding rate was higher than other species. In overall, the germination of white clover was higher and faster than Kentucky bluegrass. Two plots, BT₂:BP₁, ST₁:ST₂, were retained the balanced proportion of the germination rate. Therefore, It was suggested, for maintaining the balanced field, it is better to seed white clover twice Kentucky bluegrass on broadcast seeding and Kentucky bluegrass twice white clover on spot seeding. In regard of sowing method, broadcast seeding is better than spot seeding in terms of increasing the germination. It is necessary to supplement the result for real application by long-term monitoring.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.11-46
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• 2022

This study was carried out to examine vascular plants and invasive alien plants in Gyodong Island, located at the northwestern Civilian Control Line (CCL) of Ganghwa-gun, Incheon, and to use them as basic data for systematic management of identified plants and establishing biodiversity conservation measures. The survey was conducted 13 times from April 2019 to August 2021. The vascularflora in Gyodong Island was identified as 109 families, 378 genera, 641 species, 15 subspecies, 49 variants, 8 forma, a total of 713 taxa. This was found to be about 15.36% of the total 4,641 taxa of vascular plants in Korea. The northern linage plants on the Korean Peninsula appearing in the Gyodong Island area were identified in 83 classification groups, including Red-based leaf edge (Carex erythrobasis H.Lev. & Vaniot). Korea endemic plants were identified as 16 taxa such as Seoul wild-ginger [Asarum heterotropoides var. seoulense (Nakai) Kitag.], and a total of 20 taxa of rare plants designated by IUCN were observed, including the endangered grade Beardless iris (Iris ruthenica Ker Gawl.). Floristic target species were classified with a total of 99 taxa. For V grade, Beardless iris 1 taxon was found. and also IV grade and III grade were identified in 8 taxa and 20 taxa respectively. The invasive alien plants identified as 75 taxa, such as Verbesina alternifolia (L.) Britton ex Kearney. The naturalization rate was 10.51%, and the urbanization index was calculated as 23.29%. Since large-scale construction has been currently underway on Hwagae Mt. in Gyodong Island as the target of survey area, the influx of invasive plants will be expected to promote. Therefore, it is urgent to establish in-situ protection and conservation measures for notable plants such as Beardless iris and Water smartweed [Persicaria amphibia (L.) S.F.Gray].

• Korean Journal of Culture and Social Issue
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.187-217
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• 2022

The aim of this study is to examine the psychometric properties of the Korean version of the Post-traumatic Stress Disorder Checklist for DSM-5(PCL-5). For this purpose, online surveys were conducted for two times with a one year interval using the data from 1,077 Korean adults at time 1, and 563 Korean adults at time 2. First, from the result of the confirmatory factor analysis, comparing the model fit of the 1, 4, 6, and 7-factor model, the 4, 6, and 7-factor model showed a acceptable fit, and the best fit was seen in the order of the 7, 6, 4-factor model. Second, the internal consistency, omega coefficient, construct validity, average variance extracted, and test-retest reliability results were all satisfactory.. Third, a correlation analysis with the K-PC-PTSD-5 and the sub-factors of BSI-18 was conducted to check the validity of the Korean Version of PCL-5. As a result, a positive correlation was seen with both K-PC-PTSD-5 and BSI-18. Fourth, a hierarchical multiple regression was performed to examine whether the Korean Version of PCL-5 predicts future PTSD, depression, anxiety, and somatization. As a result, the Korean Version of PCL-5 measured at time 1 significantly predicted PTSD, depression, anxiety, and somatization symptoms at time 2. Fifth, by analyzing the ROC curve, the discriminant power of PCL-5 for screening PTSD symptom groups was confirmed, and the best cut-off score was suggested. As a result of the longitudinal validation of Korean version of PCL-5, it was found that this scale is a reliable and valid measure for Korean adults. By looking into the predictive validity of the scale, it was found that the Korean version of PCL-5 can predict not only PTSD symptoms but also PTSD-related symptoms such as depression, anxiety, and somatization. Also, this study differs from previous validation studies measuring PTSD symptoms in that it suggested a cut-off score to help differentiate PTSD symptom groups.

• MISULJARYO - National Museum of Korea Art Journal
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• v.101
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• pp.48-65
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• 2022

Three Japanese Buddhist scuptures of Daehyusa temple in Gimcheon, Gyeongsangbuk-do province(慶尙北道) are enshrined in the main hall(本堂) of Henjoin temple in Daegu, an annex temple built by the Chisan School(智山派) of Shingi Shingon sect(新義眞言宗) in Daegu around 1910 when the Japanese colonial period began. The following statues are believed to have been made around this time: the Statue of Kobo daishi(弘法大師像), which is the figure of monk Kukai(空海, 774-835), the founder of the Shingon sect(眞言宗) of Japan, and the Statue of Dainichi nyorai(大日如來像) and the Statue of Fudo myo-o(不動明王像), which are notable sculptures representing the thought and belief of the Shingon sect. Most statues identified of Dainichi nyorai, Kobo daishi, and Fudo myo-o from the Japanese colonial period thus far are rock-carved statues or stone statues. The statues of Daehyusa temple are noteworthy in that they are the first discovered Japanese Buddhist sculptures made of wood, known to have been enshrined in Japanese temples. Furthermore, they are valuable sources that can provide clues to the religious atmosphere of the temples of Chisan School of Shingi Shingon sect at the time. Although these statues have formative features that partially reflect modern aesthetics, their iconographic origins date back to the Heian period(平安時代, 794-1185). In other words, the Statue of Dainichi nyorai inherits the religious tradition of the Statue of Dainichi nyorai, which was created by monk Kakuban(覺鑁, 1095-1143), the founder of the Shingi Shingon sect. The Statue of Kobo daishi follows the Shinnyo Shinno(眞如親王) style founded by Monk-Imperial Prince Shinnyo who was a disciple of monk Kukai. The Statue of Fudo myo-o manifests the Genjo(玄祖) style among the statues of Fudo myo-o. Although not much is known about how the statues were enshrined in the Henjoin temple in Daegu during the Japanese colonial period, it is very likely that these statues were created as Shingi Shingon sect's statue of three-wheeled body(三輪身). That is, it is estimated that the Statue of Dainichi nyorai, Statue of Kobo daishi, and Statue of Fudo myo-o have the characteristics of the body of self-nature chakra(自性輪身), the body of great dharma chakra(正法輪身), and the body of order chakra(敎令輪身), respectively. The fact that the statue of three-wheeled body was established in the Shingon sect in Japan by monk Kakuban also lends credence to this possibility. It is thought that people who came to the Henjoin temple in Daegu worshiped the statue of three-wheeled body to understand the teachings of the Dainichi nyorai. Although it is the case of Sildalsa Temple (悉達寺, the successor of Henjoin temple in Daegu) in the first half of the 1950s, the main hall includes features that reinforce the idea that the tradition of Kobo daisi faith(弘法大師信仰) is passed on. To illustrate, the human skeletal remains in the main hall of Sildalsa Temple reflect Koyasan(高野山)'s tradition in laying ashes to rest, which has been popular in conjunction with the Kobo daishi faith in Japan since the 11th century.