• Journal of the Korean earth science society
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.190-204
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• 2003

The PM (particulate matter) concentration data sets exceeding the Daily Air Quality Guidance Levels (i.e., established by the Korean Ministry of Environment) were selected from 31 air qality monitoring stations in Seoul from 1990 to 2000. (For reference, the 24hr environmental standard values of PM$_{10}$ and TSP are 150 and 300${\mu}$g/m$^{3}$, respectively.) When the data sets were compared between land use types, both PM fractions were exceeded most frequently in residential areas. However, the highest TSP concentration was measured at industrial areas (351.0${\pm}$35.9${\mu}$g m$^{3}$), while the highest PM$_{10}$ concentration was measured in residential areas (182.9${\pm}$42.4${\mu}$g m$^{3}$). When the temporal distribution patterns of the exceedance data sets were compared to those measured routinely (without any discrimination based on exceedance criteria), large differences were present. It was demonstrated that the occurrences of exceedance data sets increased rather significantly in recent years.

• Journal of Popular Narrative
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.13-44
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• 2021

This article describes the fear of infection through the Covid19 pandemic and the rapid phase change of human species with H. P. Lovecraft's fiction and "Project LC. RC". Pandemic and climate change, which can be called global weirding, fundamentally question the status and history of human species in the ecosystem. The horror creature and cosmological indifferentism in Lovecraft's weird fiction are contemporary in that they help shed light on today's global weirding. But Lovecraft's racism allows him to ask more fundamental questions about the logjam of his cosmic horror. "Project LC. RC" are a Korean writers's works of cultural variation that rewrites controversial racism and misogyny in Lovecraft's fiction. Such variation becomes the task of creating a mutation in Lovecraft as it becomes infected with the affection of Lovecraft's writing. This article first noted the creative power of Lovecraft's fiction that induces such a mutation. And under this premise, this article wanted to reveal the meaning of Lee Seo young, Eun rim, and Kim Bo young's recreates of Lovecraft's fiction through the analysis of images and motifs of abject, plant creature and symbiosis. Specifically, Lovecraft's creature, which evokes phallic fear, turns into an image of an abject embracing and comforting women's despair("I Want You to Stay Low"), a plant creature that provides women with refuge("Color in the Well"), and a creature of care and symbiotic life("A Sea of Plague"). This recreate/rewriting has contemporary significance in that it embodies values such as labor, care, and solidarity in their works. The conclusion noted another power of creative variation in Lovecraft's fiction, which is not reduced to recreate/rewriting.

• Korean Journal of Mineralogy and Petrology
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.273-281
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• 2022

Mantle heterogeneity is closely related to the distribution and circulation of volatile components in the Earth's interior, and the behavior of volatiles in the mantle strongly influences the rheological properties of silicate rocks. In mantle xenoliths, these physicochemical properties of the upper mantle can be recorded in the form of microstructures and fluid inclusions. In this paper, I summarized and reviewed the results of previous studies related to the characteristics of microstructures and fluid inclusions from peridotite xenoliths beneath the Rio Grande Rift (RGR) in order to understand the evolution and heterogeneity of upper mantle. In the RGR, the mantle peridotites are mainly reported in the rift axis (EB: Elephant Butte, KB: Kilbourne Hole) and rift flank (AD: Adam's Diggings) regions. In the case of the former (EB and KB peridotites), the type-A lattice preferred orientation (LPO), formed under low-stress and low-water content, was reported. In the case of the latter (AD peridotites), the type-C LPO, formed under low-stress and high-water content, was reported. In particular, in the case of AD peridotites, at least two fluid infiltration events, such as early (type-1: CO₂-N₂) and late (type-2: CO₂-H₂O), have been recorded in orthopyroxene. The upper mantle heterogeneity recorded by these microstructures and fluid inclusions is considered to be due to the interaction between the North American plate and the Farallon plate.

• Journal of the Korean earth science society
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• v.44 no.4
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• pp.318-330
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• 2023

This study aimed to verify the validity of a measurement tool for Vietnamese high school students' systems thinking abilities. Two quantitative assessment tools, the Systems Thinking Measuring Instrument (Lee et al., 2013) and the Systems Thinking Scale (Dolansky et al., 2020), were used to measure students' systems thinking after translation into Vietnamese. As a result, it was revealed that Cronbach-α for each tool (i.e., STMI and STS) was .917 and .950, respectively, indicating high reliability for both. To validate the construct validity of the translated questionnaire, exploratory factor analysis was performed using SPSS 26.0, and confirmatory factor analysis was performed using AMOS 21.0. For concurrent validity, correlation analysis using structural equation modeling was performed to validate the translated questionnaire. Exploratory factor analysis revealed that 10 items from the STMI and 12 items from the STS loaded on the intended factors and appropriate factor loading values were obtained. For confirmatory factor analysis, a structural equation model organized with 10 items from the STMI and 12 items from the STS was used. The result of this showed that the convergent validity values of the model were all appropriate, and the model fit indices were analyzed to be χ²/df of 1.892, CFI of .928, TLI of .919, SRMR of .047, and RMSEA of .063, indicating that the model consisting of the 22 items of the two questionnaires was appropriate. Analysis of the concurrent validity of the two tools indicated a high correlation coefficient (.903) and high correlation (.571-.846) among the subfactors. In conclusion, both the STMI and STS are valid quantitative measures of systems thinking, and it can be inferred that the systems thinking of Vietnamese high-school students can be quantitatively measured using the 22 items identified in our analysis. Using the tool validated in this study with other tools (e.g., qualitative assessment) can help accurately measure Vietnamese high school students' systems thinking abilities. Furthermore, these tools can be used to collect evidence and support effective education in ODA projects and volunteer programs.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.435-443
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• 2011

The purpose of this study is to identify the effects of exercise training [ET, 10~18 m/min (speed), 20~30 min (exercise duration)/a day for 5 day/wk, 6 wk) on PGC-$1{\alpha}$, GLUT-1, Tfam, Cu,Zn-SOD and Mn-SOD proteins in brain of STZ-induced diabetic rats. The male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were single-injected intraperitoneally with 50mg/kg of streptozotocin (STZ) to produce STZ-induced diabetic rats. Rats were divided into 3 experimental groups with 8 rats in each group, as follows: (1) non-STZ group (n=8), (2) STZ-CON group (n=8), (3) STZ-EXE group (n=8). The results of this study suggest that i) serum glucose level was significantly reduced in STZ-EXE group compared with STZ-CON group (p<0.05), ii) PGC-$1{\alpha}$ (p<0.001), mtPGC-$1{\alpha}$ (p<0.001), GLUT-1 (p<0.001), and mtTfam (p<0.001) proteins in brain of STZ-induced diabetic rats were significantly increased in STZ-EXE group compared with STZ-CON group, iii) Cu,Zn-SOD (p<0.001) and Mn-SOD (p<0.01) proteins in the STZ-induced diabetic rats were significantly increased in STZ-EXE group compared with STZ-CON group. In conclusion, the findings of the present study reveal that treadmill exercise training increases brain GLUT-1 protein level possibly through up-regulation of PGC-$1{\alpha}$ and Tfam proteins which represent key regulatory components of stimulation of brain mitochondrial biogenesis. In addition, treadmill exercise training may prevent oxidative stress by up-regulation of Cu,Zn-SOD and Mn-SOD proteins in the STZ-induced diabetic rats.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.24 no.11
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• pp.1431-1442
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• 2015

This study was carried out to systematically maintain and manage the trails by assessing the physical characteristics, the types of deterioration and impact rating class of trails located in Mt. Nam District of the Gyeongju National Park. The major trails followed 6 routes including Sambulsa-Geumobong(A), Yongjangsaji-Geumobong(B), Yongjanggol-Yiyoungjae-Gowibong(C), Cheonusa-Gowibong(D), Sangseojang-Forest road(E) and Tongiljeon-Forest road(F). The routes length of A was 2.2 km, 2.7 km of B, 3.4 km of C, 1.3 km of D, 2.0 km of E and 1.0 km of F. In the physical characteristics, A was the widest and F was the narrowest in the width and bared width of trail. In depth of erosion, B was the deepest and E was the shallowest. D was the steepest and E was the gentlest in the slope. In the results of analysing the types of deterioration, A were 13 types, 11 types of B, C and D, 10 types of E and 6 types of F. The times of appearance of deterioration types in A were 86 times, 75 times of B, 105 times of C, 48 times of D, 47 times of E and 13 times of F. In case of the impact rating class, trail erosion was II degree, I degree of trail expansion, root exposure, trail divergence and rock exposure.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.111-125
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• 2013

This study focused on making technique and usage of potteries from Proto-Three Kingdom to Baekje Kingdom in Balanri Site. The potteries were divided into four groups, Jungdo type I, Jungdo type II, Tanalanmun type and the Baekje type on the basis of the shape and physical properties. The Jungdo type potteries were used as kitchen wares, showing mostly yellowish brown color. The Tanalanmun type potteries were used as storages, showing gray green color. Firing temperature of the Jungdo type and the Baekje type potteries were presumed to be fired at 900 to $940^{\circ}C$, whereas the Tanalmun type potteries were fired at around 900 to $1,100^{\circ}C$. This is indicated that the firing condition was adjusted according to the purposes of the potteries. On the one hand, the Balanri potteries were made of paleo-soil which was collected in very near place from the site based on geochemical characteristics of the pottery clays and the soil.

• Journal of the Geological Society of Korea
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• v.54 no.5
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• pp.579-584
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• 2018

It is crucial to determine a mixing ratio using an end-member mixing analysis when there is seawater intrusion. In this study, an error from the calculation of the mixing ratio between seawater and freshwater based on the principles of uncertainty was determined. I present the errors in the calculated mixing ratios as a function of the chemical difference between the mean seawater concentrations and standard deviations. The error is caused by: (1) the mixing ratio between seawater and freshwater; (2) the difference between the mean concentration and the standard deviation; and (3) the difference of the tracer concentration between freshwater and seawater (inversely). In particular, the error may determine hydrogeochemical process (either precipitation or dissolution) when a value of ionic delta (difference between measured and theoretical concentration) is close to zero during cation exchange by seawater intrusion.

• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
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• v.26 no.5
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• pp.60-76
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• 2021

The concept of resilience seems applicable for sustainable groundwater management. The resilience is broadly defined as the ability of a system to resist changes by external forces (EFs), and has been used for disaster management and climate change adaptation, including the groundwater resilience to climate change in countries where groundwater is a major water resource, whereas not yet in the geological society of South Korea. The resilience is qualitatively assessed using the absorptive, adaptive, and restorative capacity representing the internal robustness, self-organization, and external recovery resources, respectively, while quantitatively using the system impact (SI) and recovery effort (RE). When the groundwater is considered a complicated system where physicochemical, biological, and geological components interact, the groundwater resilience can be defined as the ability of groundwater to maintain the targeted quality and quantity at any EFs. For the quantitative assessment, however, the resilience should be specified to an EF and measurable parameters should be available for SI and RE. This study focused on groundwater resilience to two EFs in urban areas, i.e., pollution due to land use change and groundwater withdrawal for underground structures. The resilience to each EF was assessed using qualitative components, while measurements for SI and RE were discussed.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2022.05a
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• pp.466-466
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• 2022

2018년 물관리 일원화를 위한 정부조직법 개정으로 기존 국토교통부의 「수자원의 조사·계획 및 관리에 관한 법률」 등의 사무가 환경부로 이관되었다. 과거 부처별로 나누어진 물 관리 체계에 따라 부처간 업무중복, 과잉투자 등 수량과 수질에 대한 분리된 관리체계의 한계점으로 유역 상류에 설치된 댐의 경우 저류된 댐 용수의 수질악화의 문제가 발생하였다. 또한, 물관리 일원화 이후, 「제2차 물환경관리 기본계획」에서는 2025년까지 주요 상수원 수질을 좋음(I)등급 달성을 목표로 제시하였고, 이와 연계하여 평가지표 등에 설정한 댐 수질목표를 2025년까지 매우좋음(Ia) 등급 달성을 위해서는 댐 상류 주요 오염원에 대한 과학적 분석이 필요하며 이에 대한 관리대책 마련이 시급한 상황이다. 본 연구의 공간적 범위인 사연댐은 울산공업지구의 공업용수 확보를 위해 1965년 준공되어 울산 일원에 100,000m³/일 이상의 공업용수를 공급하는 수원시설이며, 대곡댐은 기존 울산지역에 공업용수로 사용하던 사연댐의 물을 생활용수로 전환하고, 대곡·사역댐의 연계운영을 통해 연간 66백만의 생활용수를 공급하기 위한 수원시설이다. 수질 목표기준의 경우 대곡댐은 좋음(Ib), 사연댐은 매우좋음(Ia)로 설정되어 있으나, 2015~2019년까지의 TOC, T-P의 평균 달성률을 살펴보면 대곡댐은 TOC 45.8%, T-P 27.1%의 목표수질 달성률을 나타내었고, 사연댐은 TOC 및 T-P 모두 0%로 목표수질을 달성하지 못한 것으로 조사되었다. 본 연구에서는 대곡·사연댐 상류 유역을 대상으로 유역의 특성 및 오염원 발생 특성을 파악하고, 이에 따른 물환경관리 종합대책을 수립하기 위하여 1) 유역 물환경 기초자료 조사와, 2) 모니터링을 통한 댐유역 오염 원인분석을 수행하였다. 그 결과를 바탕으로 소유역별 오염부하량을 분석하고 개선대책(안)을 도출하였다. 이 때, 개선대책의 효과를 분석하기 위해서 유역 모형(HSPF)과 호소수질(AEM3D) 모형을 활용하여 수질모델 구축 및 보정을 수행하였고, 개선 대책(안)에 대한 목표수질 달성여부를 파악하였다. 최종적으로 대곡·사연댐 유역의 호소수질 변화를 파악하고 댐 유역 특성을 고려한 맞춤형 물환경관리 종합대책을 제시하였다.