• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.280-294
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• 2001

Despite to the reality that the outbreaks from flood poisoning in Korea have been continuously increasing in the last two decades, it was very much neglected even in the public health field in Korea. Food poisoning outbreaks resulted in many cases not only in the damage of health but also in the death of many lives. However, this problem can be effectively solved by effects through health education activities, but not solely by the legal measures. This study was carried out to provide information that can be used in planning health education programs and proposing new rules to prevent any possible outbreaks from flood poisoning. The main problems contributing to flood poisoning outbreaks in an institutional setting or school catering and at home were reviewed and analyzed through the epidemiological investigations and articles related to flood poisoning in the last a decade (1991 ∼ 2000). Accordingly, the data presented in this study are sufficient to show and prove the significant trends in food poisoning accidents in Korea. The major findings investigated in this study are as follows. The frequency of food poisoning accidents as well as the number of victims have continuously increased in Korea. The number of victims per food poisoning accident is also increased from 20 persons in 1990 to 69.8 persons in 2000. Therefore, we should realize that the group poisoning outbreaks occur more frequently and the size of group poisoning accidents is getting larger. Among four seasons, the food poisoning accidents occurred more frequently in the summer (May ∼September) until 1997, However, after 1997, the food poisoning accidents occurred evenly in three seasons except the winter. The most important bacteria that cause food poisoning in Korea were Salmonella spp., Vibrio spp. and Staphylococcus aureus. They occupied 85∼90% of the rates of accidents and the number of victims.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Fisheries and Ocean Technology
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.1-18
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• 1974

Some coastal oceanographic investigations in Kwang Yang Bay were carried out bimonthly from April to September (The first half period of the research project) in 1974. The behaviour of the waters, distributions of water temperature and salinity and diffusion characteristic by dye release experiments in the bay are studied for the problems of practical importance in connection with water pollution. Velocities and directions of tidal currents at five fixed stations were observed. And dye diffusion experiment was also carried out on the sea. According to the results from this study, the salinity of the water is lower, ranging from about $28\;\textperthousand\;to\;32\textperthousand$, on all over the surface in the bay with the cause that the fresh water flows in from the Sumjin river. Diffusivities in this sea by means of Rhodamine B diffusion elliperiment were $785.6\;{\times}\;10^2\;\textrm{m}^2/sec$ in major axis, $15.6\;{\times}\;10^2 \;\textrm{m}^2/sec$/sec in minor axis in the direction on patch after 30 minutes from the dye release.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.462-471
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• 1997

Effect of citron on Dongchimi (watery radish kimchi) fermentation was investigated by sensory evaluation and the measurement of non-volatile organic acids, soluble pectin, and the texture during fermentation up to 36 days. Dongchimi with various levels of citron (0, 1, 2, 4, 6％) was fermented at 10$^{\circ}C$. In sensory evaluation, citron-added Dongchimi showed the higher scores in most characteristics than Dongchimi without citron in which Dongchimi with 2％ citron was the most preferable. The non-volatile organic acids of Dongchimi were identified as lactic acid, oxalic acid, succinic acid, malic acid, and citric acid. There were significant changes in the contents of lactic acid, succinic acid, malic acid, and citric acid during fermentation. Generally, the content of hydrochloric acid-soluble pectin (HSP) of Dongchimi occupied the higher ratio in the total soluble pectin content. Generally, the content of hot water-soluble pectin (HWSP) of Dongchimi decreased and that of sodium hexametaphosphate-soluble pectin (NaSP) increased during fermentation. The hardness of radish in Dongchimi showed the highest score on 23$\^$rd/ day and decreased thereafter.

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.227-234
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• 2002

This study was performed to investigate the improvement of the pregnancy rate of Al or clone embryo transfer on hCG administration in Korean Native heifer. A total of 42 heifers were treated with control, CIDR(withou E2 capsule). hCG after 7 day of hi, the pregnancy rate were spewed 53, 46, 71%. These results were significant different among the treatments(P<0.05). When the hCG were adminstrated at cloned embryo transfer, pregnanacy rate were control, hCG 5.8%, 10.4% respectively and there was no significant different between treatments. Plasma P4 concentration of hCG treatment in heifers were 3 times higher than control on 13~16 day after heat. After this, plasma P4 concentration of CIDR and hCG treated heifers were kept the 2~3 times levels. IGF-I concentration were showed no differences between pregnancy and non-pregnancy. hOG and CIDR. IGF-II concentration were revealed the differences between pregnancy and non-pregnancy in CIDR group but there was no differences in hCG administration group. Plasma cortisol were high at heat and 16 day after heat and CIDR treated group was higher than the other group. These results suggest that hCG administration was improve the pregnancy rates on Al and cloned ET, accompanying the incline of P4 concentration.

• The Korean Society of Law and Medicine
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.47-79
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• 2019

The Korean Society of Law and Medicine has faithfully played the role of professional academic organizations last 20 years in terms of academic activities, accumulated achievements, diversity, professionalism, and influence on academic circles. The Korean Society of Law and Medicine and the Journal of Medical Law serve as a platform for academic information and exchange of opinions on medical law. Medical law began in the midst of increasing conflicts and disputes caused by medical malpractice and the enactment and legal coercion of medical care as pressure on medical workers. It tried to find a way to coexist with each other through the encounter and convergence of medicine and law. Medical criminal law extends from traditional crimes in the realm of life and body protection to bioethics violations caused by the development of biomedical technology, corruption and economic crime in the medical field. Medical law has evolved into a comprehensive legal area dealing with legal issues raised in medical treatment, healthcare, bioethics, and life sciences technology. On the legal side, medical law is not independent legal areas. It is overlapping with traditional law areas such as civil law, administrative law, criminal law, social law, civil and criminal procedure law. However, it is now established as a convergence study in medicine, bioethics, life science, as well as in various fields of law. It has become an area where collaboration is needed with the field of law, medicine, ethics, sociology and economics. Medical criminal law has undergone a dynamic development over the last two decades. The development of medicine and medical technology provides new and innovative methods of diagnosis and treatment. The achievements and risks of revolutionary developments in biotechnology, genetic engineering and medicine coexist. While there is a dazzling achievement that mankind has hoped for: combating disease and improving health, it also creates unwanted side effects and risks to humans. There is a need to reconsider ethical and legal principles. The discovery and development of patient identity and autonomy has changed the medical doctor-patient relationship. Furthermore, it was complicated by the triangle relationship of patients, medical doctors and insurance. Legal matters are also complicated. This is why the necessity of legislation is emerging. Criminal punishment provisions are also required. The Medical Law and Biomedical Law are systematically and coherently deformed as mosaic-based legislation that takes place whenever there are social issues, citizens' needs, and medical organizations' interests, rather than sufficient enactment and revision procedures. It needs a complete overhaul, and this is possible through interdisciplinary collaboration which is the strength of The Korean Society of Law and Medicine.

• Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.155-161
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• 2007

Purpose : We evaluated the epidemiologic characteristics of rotavirus gastroenteritis in Daejeon, Korea from January 2001 through December 2005. Methods : We retrospectively analyzed 540 medical records of children with gastroenteritis, who had been hospitalized at The Catholic University of Korea, Daejeon St. Mary's Hospital and were tested positive by rotavirus stool examinations (latex agglutination or immunechromatography). Results : The mean age was $21.8{\pm}15.3$ months (ranged from 2 months to 9 years of age) and the distribution of children were 144 cases (26.7%) in <1 year of age, 228 (42.2%) in 1 year of age, and 93 (17.2%) in 2 years of age, and the 505 children (93.5%) were less than 4 years of age. The male-to-female ratio was 1.4:1. The mean annual number of cases was 108, with a relative even occurrence in each year. Although the patients with rotaviral gastroenteritis occurred through the year, a higher rate of occurrence was seen in spring (March to May, 40.8%) and winter season (December to February, 37.9%), without significant differences in each year. Conclusion : In Daejeon, Korea, rotaviral gastroenteritis have occurred in children less than 4 years of age, with slight annual variations and similar seasonal occurrence in the recent years. The data indicate that the recent trend in peak rotavirus activity is different from that observed decades ago in Korea.

• Korean Security Journal
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• no.36
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• pp.349-386
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• 2013

This research analyzes and evaluates The Korean Security Industry Law(TKSIL) putting the regulation of the present government about the private security industry. It nowadays becomes the important axis of the police services offered in the aspect of 'the national life safety' in connection with 'the materialization of society which is safe from the crime'. TKSIL is one of the national administration strategies which Park Gun-hye government aims on supervision policy. After seeking out the core values of the private security industrial policy which sets up in order to approach the national life safety which Park Gun-hye government aims, we make some assessments of this revised security industry law systematically. Particularly all keynote of policy about the private security of the police tried to be confirmed and the desirable direction of policy tries to be presented as to the security industry law application and real operation. In the site of organized civil complaint, the revised security industry law was revised as the direction which intensifies the administrative regulation as to the partial regulation such as it established the reason of the introduction of the arrangement license system. And grounds for disqualification of security instructor and guard, and rules of punishment is intensified order to intercept previously illegal and violent act of the security company etc. However it has the feature that it accomplishes 'the law principle(principle of statute)' the substantial portion through the effort of them changing a lot the content for the form of the law when being the clauses of the fundamental human rights limit, although it has been prescribed in "the security industry law enforcement ordinance" or "the security industry law enforced regulation". The security industry law revised this time brought from the change of the sharp policy through the revision of 17 clauses or new establishment. It can divide into 4 categorizes. (1) strictness of punishment in the site of organized civil complaint (2) Intensification of throwing out for the violation person in the private security business market time-limitedly (3) Intensification of the legal guide supervision power of police (4) upstream of the capital, name tag attachment under compulsion and the limit about other equipment use etc. Essentially "the security industry law" cannot help regulating the national interference of the private security and regulation with this content. However as to this interference and regulation, the limit has to be possible within reasonable range. As the history proved, excessive regulation by the country is not only due to bring the distortion of the security system of nation but also provoke national social cost. It can't be disregards ever that it premises the harmony which appropriate as well as reasonable in the socio-economic dimension for drawing the best combination that all things which get the compulsory education, it limits the person providing the private security service to the corporation, or it limits to the certificate of qualification holder are the ultimate for 'the safety of the national life'.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.38 no.10 s.255
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• pp.661-668
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• 2005

Background: We have hypothesized that, if a low resistant gravity-flow membrane oxygenator is used, then the twin blood sacs of TPLS can be located at downstream of the membrane oxyenator, which may double the pulse rate at a given pump rate and increase the pump output. The purpose of this study was to determine the optimal configuration for the ECLS circuits by using the concept of pulse energy and pump output. Material and Method: Animals were randomly assigned to 2 groups in a total cardiopulmonary bypass model. In the serial group, a conventional membrane oxygenator was located between the twin blood sacs. In the parallel group, the twin blood sacs were placed downstream of the gravity-flow membrane oxygenator. Energy equivalent pressure (EEP) and pump output were collected at pump-setting rates of 30, 40, and 50 BPM. Result: At the given pump-setting rate, the pulse rate was doubled in the parallel group. Percent changes of mean arterial pressure to EEP were $13.0\pm1.7,\; 12.0\pm1.9\;and\;7.6\pm0.9\%$ in the parallel group, and $22.5\pm2.4,\; 23.2\pm1.9,\;and\;21.8\pm1.4\%$ in the serial group at 30, 40, and 50 BPM of pump-setting rates. Pump output was higher in the parallel circuit at 40 and 50 BPM of pump-setting rates $(3.1\pm0.2,\;3.7\pm0.2L/min\;vs.\;2.2\pm0.1\;and\;2.5\pm0.1L/min,\;respectively,\;p=0.01)$. Conclusion: Either parallel or serial circuit configuration of the ECLS generates effective pulsatility. As for the pump out, the parallel circuit configuration provides higher flow than the serial circuit configuration.

• Journal of fish pathology
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.111-122
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• 1993

The mechanism by which $V_H$ region gene segments is selected in B lymphocyte is not known. Moreover, evidence for both random and nonrandom expression of $V_H$ genes in matured B cells has been presented previously. In this report, the technique of in situ hybridization allowed us to analyze expressed $V_H$ gene families in normal B lymphocyte at the single cell level. The analysis of normal B cells in this study eliminated any posssible bias resulting from transformation protocols used previously and minimized limitation associated with sampling size. Therefore, an accurate measure of the functional and expressed $V_H$ gene repertoire in B lymphocyte could be made. One of the most important controls for the optimization of in situ hybridization is to establish probe concentration and washing stringency due to the degree of nucleotide sequence similarlity between different families which in some cases can be as high as 70%. When the radioactive $C{\mu}$ and $V_{H}J558$ RNA probes are tested on LPS-stimulated adult spleen cells, $2{\sim}4{\times}106cpm$/slide shows low background and reasonable frequency of specific positive cells. For the washing condition. 40~50% formamide at $54^{\circ}C$ is found to be optimum for the $C{\mu}$. $V_{H}S107$ and $V_{H}J558$ probes. The analyzed results clearly demonstrate that the level of each different $V_H$ gene family expression is dependent upon the complexity or size of that family. These findings are also extended to the level of $V_H$ gene family expression in separated bone marrow B cells depend upon the various stage of differentiation and conclude no preferential utilization of specific $V_H$ gene family. Thus, the utilization of VH gene segments in B lymphocyte of adult BALB/c mice is random and is not regulated or changed during the differentiation of B cells.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.245-258
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• 2010

Smoking has been identified not as a major risk factor for circulatory and respiratory diseases but also as causes of various oral diseases. A number of clinical studies and regional health surveys have found an association between smoking and poor oral health status and between smoking and prognosis of dental treatments. However, there is few studies about status of smoking cessation treatment and policies in dentistry in Korea. The purpose of this study was to investigate the smoking patterns of outpatients and outcomes of short-term smoking cessation treatment in dental hospitals in Korea and, subsequently, to seek further smoking cessation services in dentistry. This study was sponsored by Korean Dental Association (KDA) and department of culture and welfare. 825 dental patients were voluntarily participated in a 4-week smoking cessation program with nicotine patch and 297 participants of them completed on smoking-related questionnaires. All participants were recruited from outpatients of 11 dental university hospitals (primarily in the department of oral medicine, oral surgery and periodontology) in Korea during 3-month period from October 2009 to January 2010. The Questionnaires included demographics, duration of smoking, heavy smoking index (HSI), number of thinking of quit smoking, duration of stop smoking and reasons to smoking, awareness of smoking effects on oral health, and their success rate after 4 weeks of nicotine patch program was investigated. The statistical analysis was carried by SPSS version 18.0 program and Chi-square test. According to the results of this study, male in their 30s to 50s were the most prevalent of all the participants and duration of smoking increased with age. Attempt rate to quit smoking (Quit smoking) was the highest in 30s and 40s with duration of quit smoking ranging 1 to 3 months. Emotional stresswas the most frequently reported reason for smoking, followed by habit and pleasure in order. All age group showed high HIS over 71% and awareness of smoking effects on oral diseases such as oral soft tissue diseases, periodontal diseases and dental caries was found relatively high (50~60%) Periodontal implant was the main reason for participation in the smoking cessation services in dental clinics and the success rate of, 4-week nicotine patch program of all the participants was 29.4%, extremely low compared to that of medical clinics. Systemic education for dentists to be able to provide interventions to quit smoking including counseling with the 5As'and development of available measures for smokers is needed as considered that the low success rate of the smoking cessation services in dentistry could be explained mainly by lack of dentists' strategies, experience and attention. Awareness and attention of dentists should be emphasized and their participation be encouraged by long-term, multidisciplinary policies such as establishment of insurance fee, which would made a considerable progress in preventing smoking-related oral diseases and promoting public oral health.