• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.21 no.5
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• pp.606-612
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• 1989

A New lectin from baby clam, Tapes japonica, was isolated and purified through the following procedures; acetone powder, 0.15M NaCl extraction, ammonium sulfate fractionation, N-acetyl-D-galactosamine-agarose affinity column, and ion exchange Mono Q of FPLC. This lectin nonspecifically agglutinated human erythrocytes but didn't agglutinate mouse and rabbit erythrocytes. And the lectin neither stimulated human lymphocytes nor agglutinated Sarcoma 180 cells. On polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, the lectin migrated as a major single band indicating homogeneous. A molecular weight was estimated to be about 131,000 daltons by Biogel P-300 and 125,000 daltons by SDS-PAGE without ${\beta}-mercaptoethanol$. This lectin is supposed to be a tetramer composed of heterogeneous subunits, about 30,000 and 33,000 daltons. Baby clam lectin was inhibited by EDTA and recovered agglutinating activity by $Ca^{++}\;and\;Mn^{++}$. This lectin is revealed as glycoprotein that contained about 4.2% neutral sugar.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.41 no.10
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• pp.1378-1387
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• 2012

To investigate the pharmacological activity of chaga mushroom (Inonotus obliquus) on extraction conditions, chaga was extracted using water (reflux at $50^{\circ}C$, decoction over $90^{\circ}C$, pressure at $121^{\circ}C$) or ethanol (reflux at 50, 70, or $90^{\circ}C$). When water extract was further fractionated into crude polysaccharide (IO-CP), yields of IO-CP (4.8~16.8%) were higher than those of ethanolic extracts (IO-E, 1.9~2.7%) at increased temperature. For antioxidant activity, crude polysaccharide (IO-CP-121) obtained by pressurized extraction showed the highest polyphenolic and flavonoid contents (35.10 mg TAE/g and 18.48 mg QE/g, respectively) as well as DPPH and ABTS free radical scavenging activities (26.08 and 27.99 mg AEAC/100 mg, respectively). Meanwhile, IO-CP-D (decoction) and IO-CP-50 (reflux) had more potent mitogenic effects (2.10- and 1.95-fold of saline control at 100 ${\mu}g/mL$) as well as intestinal immune system modulating activities (6.30- and 5.74-fold) compared to IO-CP-121, whereas ethanolic extracts showed no activity. Although no IO-CP showed cytotoxicity against RAW 264.7 cells at 0.1 mg/mL, IO-CP-121 significantly inhibited TNF-${\alpha}$ and NO production as pro-inflammatory factors in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells (29.2 and 63.5%, respectively). Ethanolic extracts also showed no cytotoxicity at 0.1 mg/mL, whereas inhibition of TNF-${\alpha}$ and NO production was significantly low compared to that of IO-CP-121. In addition, active IO-CP-D was further fractionated into an unadsorbed (IO-CP-I) and seven adsorbed fractions (IO-CP-II~VIII) by DEAE-Sepharose CL-6B column chromatography in order to isolate immunostimulating polysaccharide. IO-CP-II showed the most potent mitogenic effect and macrophage stimulating activity (4.51- and 1.64-fold, respectively). IO-CP-II mainly contained neutral sugars (61.86%) in addition to a small amount of uronic acid (2.96%), and component sugar analysis showed that IO-CP-II consisted mainly of Glc, Gal, and Man (molar ratio of 1.00:0.55:0.31). Therefore, extraction conditions affect the physiological activity of chaga, and immunostimulating polysaccharide fractionated from chaga by decoction is composed mainly of neutral sugars.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.128-133
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• 2000

A high molecular (more than 10 kDa) fraction, showing mitogenic and comitogenic activities in spleen cells of mouse, was isolated from water extract of ginseng. The crude protein substance prepared by 80% (NH$_4$)$_2$SO$_4$ precipitation from this fraction was purified and isolated by DEAE Sepharose column chromatography. Among the fractions eluted, it was found that four kinds of fractions eluted with 0 to 1 M NaCl gradient were glycoproteins, which induced proliferation of spleen cells and increased NO production in macrophages. Among them, F-2 fraction, which contained 35.9% protein,49.4% neutral sugar and 12.5% uronic acid, was found to show mitogenic activity as strong as that of LPS (lipopolysaccharide) at a concentration of 100 $\mu\textrm{g}$/ml and to remarkably stimulate NO production by murine macrophages at a concentration of 500 $\mu\textrm{g}$/ml. When F-2 is deproteinized, the mitogenic activity of F-2 was decreased significantly to 70.9% as compared with that of F-2. This results suggests that the protein moiety of F-2 may play an important role in immunomodulating activity of glycoprotein from the root of Panax ginseng.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.48 no.3
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• pp.289-295
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• 2016

To elucidate the new biologically active ingredient in commercial instant coffee, a crude polysaccharide (ICP-0) was isolated by ethanol precipitation, and its immunostimulatory activity was estimated. ICP-0 mainly consisted of galactose (55.5%), mannose (25.7%), arabinose (6.0%), and galacturonic acid (10.1%), suggesting the possibility of its existence as a mixture of galactomannan or pectic polysaccharide. ICP-0 showed proliferative activity in peritoneal macrophages and splenocytes. ICP-0 dose-dependently augmented the production of nitric oxide and reactive oxygen species by peritoneal macrophages. In addition, murine peritoneal macrophages stimulated by ICP-0 showed enhanced production of various cytokines (tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}$, interleukin-6, and interleukin-12) as compared to unstimulated murine peritoneal macrophages. In an in vitro assay for assessing intestinal immunomodulation, the ICP-0-treated Peyer's patch cells showed higher bone marrow cell proliferation activity at $100{\mu}g/mL$ and higher production of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, compared to the untreated Peyer's patch cells. These results suggest that polysaccharides in commercial instant coffee have a potentiality for macrophage functions and the intestinal immune system.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.36 no.5
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• pp.317-324
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• 2014

Environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) samples were collected separately in mainstream and side-stream smoke using a self-designed smoking machine, and a total 40 of PM2.5 was collected with low volume air sampler at indoor environments with and without ETS in Daejeon, Korea. About 20 trace elements including toxic metals like As, Cr, Mn, Se, V, and Zn were determined in PM2.5 and ETS samples by instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA). It is found that the emission factors of K, Cl, Na, and Al were much higher than those of toxic elements for both mainstream and side-stream smoke. The average concentration of PM2.5 was enriched by 1.5 times at smoking area ($58.7{\pm}18.1{\mu}g/m^3$) than at smoking free area ($38.6{\pm}12.7{\mu}g/m^3$). The concentration ratio of each element between smoking and smoking free area were ranged from 1.1 to 6.0 except Cu (1.0); especially, Ce (6.0), La (5.2), K (2.3), and Co (2.0) showed higher ratio, which suggests that the ETS is one of the possible increasing factors of PM2.5 and elemental concentration at indoor environment.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.5 no.3
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• pp.247-255
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• 1998

This study was carried out to investigate changes in the flesh firmness, evolution of ethylene, cell wall components, and degradation and solubilization of polyuronide(PU) and polysaccharide(PS) in green(GP) and mature persimmon(MP) fruits according to testing time of ethylene(50${\mu}\ell$ㆍL$^{-1}$ ). When ethylene was treated in GP and MP, flesh firmness rapidly decreased and it was decreased more GP than MP. When ethylene were treated for 12 hours in GP, production of ethylene began after 3 days. The amount of ethylene product was maximum 16,000 ${\mu}\ell$ㆍL$^{-1}$ at 24 hours of ethylene treatment. However, ethylene was not producted until 7 days after 24 hours ethylene treatment at MP. The content of pectic substances decreased in the distilled- water, 0.05M $Na_2$CO$_3$,4M and 8M KOH-soluble fractions during softening according to increasing time of ethylene treatment. Arabinose and galactose were the major non-cellulosic neutral sugars in the 0.05M CDTA and 0.05M $Na_2$CO$_3$-soluble pectic fractions. Glucose, galactose and xylose were the major non-cellulosic neutral sugars in the 4M KOH- soluble hemicellulosic fraction. High molecular of PU and PS were degraded and solubilized in the distilled-water, 0.05M CDTA 0.05M $Na_2$CO$_3$ and 4M KOH-soluble fractions during time of ethylene treatment.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.95-103
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• 2011

We have investigated pretreatment of waste wood using milling refinery combined with poping method, which can save energy for pretreatment and enzyme loading for enzymatic hydrolysis. The chemical analysis of holocellulose of non and popping treated waste wood showed 65.9% and 58.8%, and the lignin, organic extracts and ash were increased by 3%, 4% and 0.7% after pretreatment, respectively. The reducing sugar yields of pretreated waste wood were increased four times more than non-pretreated one and the synergistic effect of cellulase and xylanase were evaluated compare with individual enzyme treatment. Especially, enzyme cocktail (cellulase 50 U and xylanase 50 U) treatment was very efficient in 1% substrate (50 mg). Also, glucose and xylose conversion rate of pretreated waste wood by GC analysis were 45.9% and 38.7%, respectively.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.381-385
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• 2010

Five types of determination methods including the Soxhlet method as well as 3 kinds of extraction solvents, were used for the determination of accurate crude fat contents in wheat flour and 5 kinds of dry noodles. According to the results, crude fat contents were 0.09~1.37% in the wheat flour and 0.07~1.36% in the dry noodle samples. This variation resulted from the types of lipids in the wheat flour and various kinds of dry noodles. Nutrition facts labels showing crude fat contents in the 5 kinds of domestic dry noodle samples indicated levels of 0~1.5%. Lipid composition and content were determined in order to investigate these differences. The results indicated free lipid at 1.02% and bound lipids at 0.21% in the wheat flour, and free lipids at 0.95~1.01% and bound lipid at 0.21~0.25% in the wheat flour. Polar and nonpolar lipid contents were also measured in all samples. Neutral lipid, glycolipid and phospholipid contents in the free lipid were 58.5%, 33.6%, and 8.6% in the wheat flour, and 49.2~58.2%, 33.3~41.6%, and 8.5~9.3% in the dry noodle samples, respectively. For bound lipids, amounts were 16.7%, 33.5%, and 49.5% in the wheat flour, and 13.2~15.3%, 35.6~45.7%, and 41.6~49.4% in the dry noodle samples, respectively. Based on these results, an acid hydrolysis methods should be used to determine accurate crude fat contents in wheat flour and dry noodles.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.27 no.5
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• pp.819-825
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• 1995

Two sweet potato CV.(Ipomoea batatas) were examined, i.e. purple flesh sweet potato(PSP) and light yellow flesh sweet potato(LYSP) which varied in degree of sweetness. On a fresh weight basis, nitrogen free extract in cultivars ranged from $25.73{\sim}26.24%$ and PSP contained more crude fat than LYSP. Total amino acids of PSP and LYSP were 5676.57mg% and 4550.86mg%, respectively. Aspartic acid, serine, alanine and valine were the major components in sweet potatoes. Sulfur-containing amino acids are the first limiting amino acid in PSP. The major fatty acids in PSP and LYSP analyzed by GC were palmitic acid, linoleic acid. The content of the saturated fatty acid was less than that of the unsaturated fatty acid. Carbohydrate contents were $75.43{\sim}79.10%$ and neutral sugars contents were $67.22{\sim}64.85%$(dry wt). Two sweet potato CV. contained the most glucose of all neutral sugars. PSP contained 11.88% for uronic acid, 59.42% for starch. Free sugars of PSP(0.82%) was much less than that of LYSP(2.53%). The contents of thiamin, riboflavin and niacin were similar, and the ascorbic acid contents in PSP and LYSP were 63.4mg% and 48.7mg%(dry wt), respectively. Comparing the mineral content in PSP, K was the greatest element in concentration followed by mg, Ca, Na. The total dietary fiber(TDF) value was 13.43% in PSP, 9.79% in LYSP respectively. The ratio of soluble dietary fiber(SDF) content and insoluble dietary fiber(IDF) content to TDF content for PSP were 57.6%, 42.4%, respectively.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.346-351
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• 2005

The physiochemical characteristics and sensory properties of Jinyang-ju was investigated on pH, total acidity, alcohol content, conductivity, dissolved solid, turbidity, reducing sugar content and sensory evaluation. Glutinous rice starter showed the enzyme activity that the ${\alpha}-amylase$ was 121.0 unit, ${\beta}-amylase$ was 40.0 unit and acidic. neutrality protease were 34.2, 23.7 unit, while the nonglutinous rice starter showed ${\alpha}-amylase$ was 156.0 unit, ${\beta}-amylase$ was 45.2 unit, acidic neutrality protease were 9.06, and 0.1 unit, respectively. The pH of the glutinous rice Jinyang-ju and nonglutinous rice Jinyang-ju showed the value of 5.33 and 4.04, total acidity of 2.30% and 2.05%, alcohol(%) of $2.58{\sim}13.5%\;and\;2.51{\sim}15.5%$, total organic acid content(mg%) of 4.35 and 7.63, free sugar of 4.98 mg% and 2.90 mg%, respectively. The sensory evaluation showed that the glutinous rice Jinyang-ju was more acceptable value than nonglutinous rice Jinyang-ju.