• Korean Journal of Cognitive Science
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.31-50
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• 2019

The present study is designed to investigate the effect of perceptive, emotional and semantic distinctiveness on retrieval-induced forgetting(RIF). Experiment 1 was designed to construct a category and category list for RIF experimental paradigm and to investigate the effects of perceptual distinctness on retrieval-induced forgetting. It was used for the list consisting of the six categories and six words in each category list. In controlled conditions, all the stimuli were presented in black and Gothic. In contrast, perceptual distinctiveness conditions, half of the category list were presented in red and Gungseoche. RIF was observed in all conditions. Experiment 2 was designed to investigate the effects of semantic and emotional distinctiveness on retrieval-induced forgetting. In neutral conditions, adjectives related to items were added. In the emotional distinctiveness condition, half of the items in the category were manipulated in such a way as to add the negative adjectives. In the semantic distinctiveness condition, half of the items in the category were manipulated in such a way as to add the inappropriate adjective. As a result, RIF occurred in the neutral condition, but RIF did not occur in both the emotional discrimination condition and the semantic discrimination. These results suggest the possibility that the RIF will not occur when the distinctiveness occurs within a categorical relationship.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.62 no.4
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• pp.417-424
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• 2019

The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of Lespedeza maximowiczii var. tricolor Nakai (LMTN) on glucose metabolism. LMTN extract significantly enhanced the glucose uptake and lipid accumulation in 3T3-L1 adipocytes compared with control. Also, LMTN extract in 3T3-L1 adipocytes significantly increased the protein expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)γ, insulin receptor substrate-1, and glucose transporter (GLUT)4. The regulatory effect on glucose uptake or insulin signal transduction of LMTM extract was lower than troglitazone or pinitol such as the positive control, but increased PPARγ activation. Additionally, LMTM extract has an insulin-mimetic effect. In db/db mice, LMTN extract (250 mg/kg BW) significantly reduced water and food intake, blood glucose, and level of plasma triglyceride and total cholesterol. Furthermore, the expression of PPARã and GLUT4 mRNA in adipose or muscle tissue effectively was increased by oral treatment of LMTN extract. Thus, our results suggest that LMTN extract improves the glucose metabolism through PPARγ and insulin-mimetic effect in 3T3-L1 adipocytes and db/db mice.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.1190-1196
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• 2001

This study was conducted to examine the effects of dietary xylooligosaccharides on HMG-CoA reductase activity and lipid composition of liver in rat fed high cholesterol diet. Sprague-Dawley male rats weighing 100 $\pm$ 10 g were randomly divided into groups of one normal diet, and four high cholesterol diet containing 1% cholesterol. The high cholesterol (1%) diet groups were classified into xylooligosaccharides free diet (C group), 5% xylooligosaccharides diet (C5XO group), 10% xylooligosaccharides diet (C10XO group), and 15% xylooligosaccharides diet (C15XO grcup) according to the levels of dietary xylooligosaccharides supplementation. The experimental diets were fed ad libitum for 4 weeks. The hepatic lipid contents, cholesterol and triglycerides in xylooligosaccharides supplemented groups were significantly lower than those of C group. An antithrombGsis index, a ratio of n-3 to n-6 fatty acids of liver was significantly increased in 10% xylooligosaccharides supplemented groups compared to that of C group. The activity of hepatic HMG-CoA reductase, a rate limiting enzyme of cholesterol biosynthesis, in xylooligosaccharides supplemented groups was more significantly increased than in C group. These results suggest that dietary xylooligosaccharide may be act as potential substitute for a dietary fiber to improve lipids metabolism in rat fed high cholesterol diet.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.41-48
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• 2000

A bacterial strain, designated as JK-43, producing extracellular cyclodextrin glucanotransferase (CGTase)[EC 2.4.1.19] was isolated from kimchi. The CGTase from isolated strain JK-43 showed the transglucosylation activity from soluble starch to L-ascorbic acid(AA) compared to those obtained from other strains. A main product formed by this reaction was identified as $2-O-{\alpha}-glucopyranosyl$ L-ascorbic acid(AA-2G) by testing its susceptibility to ${\alpha}-glucosidase$ hydrolysis, the HPLC profiles, and through the elementary analysis. the ${\beta}-CD,\;{\gamma}-CD$, potato starch and corn starch were identified to be suitable glucosyl donor for transglucosylation reaction on AA by CGTase. Acceptor specificity on AA-2G production was examined by use of AA, Iso-AA and AA-2P. Transglucosylation was observed toward AA-2P as well as AA and Iso-AA. The microorganism isolated from kimchi was identified as a strain of Bacillus sp. JK-43 based on the morphological, cultural, biochemical characteristics and partial 16SrDNA sequence analysis. The maximal CGTase production was observed in a medium containing 1.0% soluble starch, 1.0% yeast extract, 1.0% $Na_2CO_3\;0.1%\;K_2HPO_4,\;and\;0.02%\;MgSO_4{\cdot}7H_2O$ with initial pH 7.0. The strain was cultured at $37^{\circ}C$ for 26 hrs with reciprocal shaking.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.64-69
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• 1988

Young barley plants (Hordeum vulgare) were exposed to $^{14}$ Co$_2$ for 10 and 30 minutes. Leaves were harvested and extracted for aqueous soluble metabolites which were fractionated into amino acids, sugars, sugar phosphates and organic acids. It was found that both 10 and 30 minute incubation periods had similar quantities of label but differed in the quality and quantity. It was also found that the neutral fraction (sugars, phosphate esters and organic acids) had 4.5 times more label than the amino acid fraction at 10 minutes and only about 1.7 times at 30 minutes. Label increased moderately from 10 minutes in the sugar fraction where there was a large increase in the amino acid fraction, both qualitatively and quantitatively. Photosynthetic rate was found to be quite different when the 10 minute incubation and the 30 minute incubation were compared (0.125 vs 0.034 and 0.042 $\mu$mole co$_2$/mg chlorophy 11/min respectively).

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.68-75
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• 1978

Experiments were conducted to find out the optimum seeding rate and amounts of fertilizer application for seedling growth of five for machine transplanting. Number of leaves of seedlings increased as seeding rate decreased, but there was no significant differences in leaf number among fertilizer levels. At a seeding rate higher than 100g/box. number of leaves was less than 4.5, but more than five leaves were developed at a seeding rate of 50g/box.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.132-136
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• 1992

The effects of chlorine treatment on the lipid composition of wheat flour were studied by treating flour with different amounts (1, 2 and 4 ounces per 100 pounds of flour) of liquidized chlorine gas. The contents of free lipid increased slightly while those of the bound lipid decreased at all levels of chlorine used. The contents of neutral lipid in the free lipid decreased while those in the bound lipid increased as the level of chlorine increased. The contents of triglycerides in the free and bound lipids decreased as the level of chlorine increased. As the level of chlorine increased, digalactosyl diglycerides in the bound lipid decreased, whereas those in the free lipid increased within the range of 1 to 2 oz of chlorine. The phosphatidylcholine content in the free and bound lipids decreased while the lysophosphatidylcholine increased in both free and bound lipids as the level of chlorine increased. The content of saturated fatty acids increased while that of unsaturated ones decreased as the level of chlorine increased.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.33 no.9
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• pp.1476-1485
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• 2004

Of solvent-extracts prepared from the 90 kinds of Korean traditional tea and rice gruel plants, cold-water extract from peels of Citrus unshiu (CUI-0) showed the most potent intestinal immune system modulating activity through Peyer’s patch whereas other extracts did not have the activity except for cold-water extracts of Laminaria japonica, Polygonatum japonicum, Poncirus trifoliata, and hot-water extracts of Gardenia jasminoides, Lycium chinense having intermediate activity. CUI-0 was further fractionated into MeOH-soluble fraction (CUI-1), MeOH insoluble and EtOH-soluble fraction (CUI-2), and crude polysaccharide fraction (CUI-3). Among these fractions, CUI-3 showed the most potent stimulating activity for the proliferation of bone marrow cells mediated by Peyer’s patch cells, and contained arabinose, galacturonic acid, galactose, glucose, glucuronic acid and rhamnose (molar ratio; 1.00:0.53:0.45:0.28:0.28:0.19) as the major sugars, and a small quantity of protein (9.4%). In treatments of CUI-3 with pronase and periodate (NaIO₄), the intestinal immune system modulating activity of CUI-3 was significantly reduced, and the activity of CUI-3 was affected by periodate oxidation particularly. The potently active carbohydrate-rich fraction, CUI-3IIb-3-2 was further purified by anion-exchange chromatography on DEAE-Sepharose FF, Sepharose CL-6B and Sephacryl S-200. CUI-3IIb-3-2 was eluted as a single peak on HPLC and its molecular weight was estimated to be 18,000 Da. CUI-3IIb-3-2 was consisted mainly of arabinose, galactose, rhamnose, galacturonic acid and glucuronic acid (molar ratio;1.00:0.54:0.28:1.45:0.63) in addition to a small amount of proteins (3.2%). In addition, CUI-3IIb-3-2 showed the activity only through Peyer’s patch cells, but this fraction did not directly stimulate proliferation of bone marrow cells. It may be concluded that intestinal immune system modulating activity of peels from C. unshiu is caused by pectic polysaccharides having a polygalacturonan moiety with neutral sugars such as arabinose and galactose.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.150-157
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• 2006

The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of combined extract of safflower seed with herbs on the improvement of blood glucose, lipid peroxides, lipids in the plasma and liver of strpetozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Rats in the experimental group were orally administered with combined extract of safflower seed (100 mg, 200 mg/kg B.W.) with herbs (Ophiopogon japonicus Ker-Gaqler, Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch, Mori Folium, Poria cocos, Rehmannia glutinosa, Eriobtrya japonica, Aralia continentalis Kitagawa, Zizyphus jujuba var, Cornus officinalis, Paeonia suffruticosa, Trichosanthes kirilowii Maxim and Schizandra chinensis Baill) for 4 weeks. Body weight gain and food efficiency ratio were significantly lower in diabetic groups than those of control group. These were no protective effect of the supplementation of combined extract of safflower seed with herbs. Concentration of blood glucose was significantly higher in the diabetic groups than those in the control group. Blood glucose concentration was remarkably lower supplementation of combined extract of safflower seed (200 mg/kg B.W.) with herbs. There was no significant difference of plasma lipid peroxides among experimental groups, while liver lipid peroxides of diabetic group was significantly higher in control group. But supplementation of combined extract of safflower seed with herbs was induced markedly lower in liver lipid peroxides in diabetic rats. Diabetic groups had markedly higher levels in triglycerides, LDL-cholesterol and atherogenic index, while had lower HDL-cholesterol level. Triglyceride levels of plasma and liver were significantly lower with combined extract of safflower seed with herbs. But total cholesterol, phospholipid and free fatty acid were no differing significantly among experimental groups.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.20 no.7
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• pp.1019-1026
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• 2010

Obesity and being overweight are strongly associated with the development of metabolic disease such as diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidemia. High-fat diet (HFD) is one of the most important factors which cause obesity. In this study, C57BL/6 mice were treated with a HFD for 22 weeks in order to induce obesity and hyperglycemia. Twenty-two weeks later, body weight and plasma glucose level of the HFD group were significantly increased, compared with the normal diet (ND) group. Intra-peritoneal glucose tolerance test (IPGTT) showed glucose intolerance in the HFD group compared with the ND group. These results confirmed that a HFD induced obesity and hyperglycemia in C57BL/6 mice. Plasma levels of triglyceride (TG) and total cholesterol (TC) were increased in the HFD group compared with the ND group. Hepatic levels of TG and TC were also increased by a HFD. To investigate the alteration of lipid metabolism in liver, proteins which are related to lipid metabolism were observed. Among lipid synthesis related enzymes, fatty acid synthase (FAS) and glycerol phosphate acyl transferase (GPAT) were significantly increased in the HFD group. Apolipoprotein B (apoB) and microsomal triglyceride transport protein (MTP), which are related to lipid transport, were significantly increased in the HFD group. Interestingly, protein level and phosphorylation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), which is known as a metabolic regulator, were significantly increased in the HFD group compared with the ND group. In the present study we suggest that HFD may physiologically increase the proteins which are related with lipid synthesis and lipid transport, but that HFD may paradoxically induce the activation of AMPK.