• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.43 no.5
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• pp.644-649
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• 2010

The main objective of this research was to evaluate physicochemical properties of commercially available fertilizer manufactured with different sources (swine, cattle, poultry, and mixed manure) in Korea. Results of this research showed that average content of organics was ranged 39.11-40.78% depending on different sources with the highest value in swine manure. Average water contents in fertilizer was ordered swine > cattle > mixed > poultry, and ranged 37.00-42.16%. Total of 8 heavy metals (As, Cd, Hg, Pb, Cr, Cu, Ni, and Zn) were investigated and no significant difference was observed for average concentration of heavy metals depending on different sources except Zn and Cu. For both heavy metals, fertilizer manufactured with swine manure showed higher concentration (346.34 mg/kg for Zn and 117.00 mg $kg^{-1}$ for Cu) than other fertilizers mainly due to feed contents. More long term monitoring would be necessary to make best management practice for commercially available fertilizer in Korea.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.173-180
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• 1980

A source of D-xylose was required for the enhanced production of D-glucose isomerase of Streptomyces sp. strain K-17. D-glucose supported the luxuriant growth of the organism as well as D-xylose, but D-glucose isomerase activity was hardly detected in the D-glucose-grown cells. When the D-glucose-grown cells were incubated aerobically for a few hours in 0.5% xylose solution in 0.05 M phosphate buffer, pH 7.0, it was found that inductive formation of D-glucose isomerase occurred in the cells without multiplication. In the non-growth phase of cells the inductive formation of D-glucose isomerase occurred because a source of nitrogen for the synthesis of enzymes was obtained from turnover of protein accumulated in cells. D-ribose, L-arabinose, D-glucose, D-mannose, citrate, succinate and tartrate could not induce the formation of D-glucose isomerase, but D-xylose could induce. Inductinn of D-glucose isomerase was repressed by D-glucose and its catabolites : glycerol, succinate and citrate. Inductive formation of the enzymes in the non-growth phase was stimulated by $Ba^{2+}$, $Mg^{2+}$ and $Co^{2+}$, and inhibited by C $u^{2+}$, C $d^{2+}$, A $g^{+}$and H $g^{2+}$. The synthesis of enzymes in the induction system composed of 0.5% xylose solution was disrupted by actinomycin D, streptomycin, chloramphenicol, kanamycin, tetracycline, p-chloromercuribenzo ate, arsenate and 2, 4-dinitrophenol, but not disrupted by mitomycin C and penicillin G.icillin G.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.180-184
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• 2005

This study was peformed to assess environmental effect through rice culture with sewage irrigation using Iksan stream water from 2002 to 2003. Contents of $NH_4-N$ in irrigation water keep up one day at the tillering stage and panicle formation stage were decreased 40% and 52% respectively, but that of continued 4 days was decreased $88%{\sim}98%$. The $NH_4-N\;and\;NO_3-N$ in run off by reduction 50% fertilization were more decreased 17% and 44% respectively, than those of conventional fertilization level. Amount of K and $NO_3-N$ loss in infiltration water were more decreased 18% and 4% respectively, those of than conventional fertilization level. The Cu and Pb contents in soil of after experiment were slightly increased but other heavy metals were not accumulated. The rice yield by reduction 50% fertilization level was not significant compare with conventional fertilization level but head rice rate was increased.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.293-301
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• 2005

We conducted several different leaching experiments for assessing the potential environmental risk when utilizing recycled concrete for stabilizing bridge pier. The methods include continuous batch leaching test (DIN 38414-S4), availability test (NEN 7341), pH-stat test (CEN/TC 292/WG6) and tank diffusion test (NEN 7345). The concentration ranges vary depending on the testing method. Nearly all the trace elements were low, some elements recording under detection limit. The maximum concentrations for trace elements leached throughout the whole tests are (as mg/L); Cd (0.029), Cu (0.437), Pb (0.14), Ni, Zn (0.95), Hg (0.005). Although the testing methods we used in this study are much more rigorous than other commonly adapted method including TCLP and domestic testing method for solid waste, the trace elemental concentrations are under the criteria for hazardous material set by the TCLP and domestic method. The result seems to suggest that applying the recycled concrete on stream water will be accepatable practice as for as trace elements are concerned. However, the influence of inorganics such as Ca, Mg, Ni and $SO_4^{2-}$ on aquatic ecology should be further examined.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.287-296
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• 2008

A comprehensive quality survey for heavy metals, organophosphorous and organochlorine residual pesticides, and coplanar PCBs in samples such as water, sediments and soils as well as spiders has been implemented. The samples were undertaken at nine stream sites and their vicinity in August 2006, representing different surrounding environments. The levels of PCBs were expressed as concentrations and WHO-TEFs. Among 12 coplanar PCBs as target compounds in this study, 2,3', 4,4', 5-PentaCB (IUPAC # 118) was the congener with the highest concentration. The total concentrations and TEF values of coplanar PCBs in Siheung stream sediment (heavy industrial complex site located in Ansan city) were 3915.50 pg/g and 0.8366 pg-TEQ/g on a dry weight basis, respectively. Such levels were around 40 times higher compared to sediment from Gapyung stream (green site located in the upper of Myunggi mountain). It is probably due to the direct input of PCBs trom PCBs treatment materials. Organophosphorous (EPN, dementon-s-methyl, diazinon, parathion, and phenthoate) and organochlorine (alpha-BHC, aldrin, 4,4'-DDT, 4,4'-DDE, endosulfan alpha and etc.) pesticides were not detected above 5 ppb of detection limits. The concentrations of Cu and Cd in water and sediment samples from Siheung stream were 44.11 and $0.17ug/m\ell$ and $713.42{\mu}g/g$ and $3.73{\mu}g/g$, respectively, which contained $20\sim40$ times higher concentrations than those from Gapyung stream. In addition to the water and sediment samples, the levels of heavy metals in spider from designated sampling sites were also determined. Heavy metals in spider collected near Siheung stream was appeared to be equivalent and/or a little higher levels with respect to other spiders. Furthermore, the ratio of relative heavy metals (Cu, Cd, and Pb) in spider from each stream site showed a correlation as similar as that of heavy metals in soil samples.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.221-234
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• 2016

The application of animal manure on farm fields is one of the most economical ways. However, the continuous application of manure in paddy fields might change soil properties influencing the growth of rice plant. Thus, this study was conducted to investigate the changes in selected chemical and biological properties of soils and rice production as affected by the applications of two different fertilizer sources, which were the consecutive applications of liquid swine manure (LSM) and chemical fertilizer (CF), during the three experimental years, from 2012 to 2014. Application amount of LSM was based on 100% of nitrogen fertilizer recommendation rate for rice cultivation estimated by soil testing. Plant height and tiller number in rice at the first year of liquid swine manure manure plot were lower than those of chemical fertilizer plot. Height and tillers of rice in liquid swine manure plot were higher than those of rice in chemical fertilizer plot after consecutive application for 3 years. Rice yield In the first year of application was decreased by 7% than that of chemical fertilizer, but the yield of rice in the third year of application in LM 100% plot was increased by 8% compared to the chemical fertilizer. Toyo-taste value of milled rice in LM 100% was decreased by increasing of protein contents and decreasing rate of perfect grain. The K and Zn contents in the soil were increased in the plots of consecutive LSM application. The results implied that the liquid manure may neither decrease the yield of rice and nor increase soil properties except K and Zn in the soil, and decrease rice quality.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.27 no.8
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• pp.859-869
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• 2005

The commercial $V_2O_5-WO_3/TiO_2$ catalysts which had been exposed to the off gas from incinerator for a long time were regenerated by physical and chemical treatment. The catalytic properties and NOx conversion reactivity of those catalysts were examined by analysis equipment and NOx conversion experiment. The characterization of the catalysts were performed by XRD(x-ray diffractometer), BET, POROSIMETER, EDX(energy dispersive x-ray spectrometer), ICP(inductively coupled plasma), TGA(thermogravimetric analyzer) and SEM (scanning electron microscopy). NOx conversion experiment were performed with simulated off gas of the incinerator and $NH_3$ was used as a reductant of SCR reaction. Among the regeneration treatment methods which were applied to regenerate the aged catalysts in this study, it showed that the heat treatment method had excellent regeneration effect on the catalytic performance for NOx conversion. The catalytic performance of the regenerated catalysts with heat treatment method were recovered over than 95% of that of fresh catalyst. For the regenerated catalysts with the acid solution(pH 5) and the alkali solution(pH 12), the catalytic performance were recovered over than 90% of that of fresh catalyst. From the characterization results of the regenerated catalysts, the specific surface area was recovered in the range of $85{\sim}95%$ of that of fresh catalyst. S and Ca element, which are well known as the deactivation materials for the SCR catalysts, accumulated on the aged catalyst surface were removed up to maximum 99%. Among the P, Cr, Zn and Pb elements accumulated on the aged catalyst surface, P, Cr and Zn element were removed up to 95%. But the Pb element were removed in the range of $10{\sim}30%$ of that of fresh catalyst.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.35-45
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• 1996

In order to investigate the possibility of treating nightsoil sludge, the growth trend experiments with vermicompsting was performed and the stability of worm castings was evaluated by the analysis of minerals according to growth periods. Survival rate(SR) of earthworms decreased as earthworms grow up to 7 weeks. The growth period of the earthworms could be classified into two phases on the basis of the ratios of cast to feed ingested(ID). The growth period of the earthworms up to 3 weeks, the high percentage of dry weight of feed ingested(ID) is mainly utiliz-ed to an increase in fresh weight of earthworms, and after the 3 weeks, it is utilized to cast production in this experiment, respectively. The highest values of increasing rate(IR) and biomass of the earthworms(BE) were obtained at 3 weeks and those were 10.59mg/day and 14.48g, respectively. Between the increasing rate(IR) and biomass of the earthworms(BE), a highly positive correlation coefficient(p<0.001) ap-peared. The highest values of biomass of the earthworms(BE) and cast production(CW) were obtained at 3 and 7 weeks, respectively. All the concentrations of minerals except calcium(Ca) in worm castings was lower than the values in nightsoil sludge. It was considered that the major portion of minerals in nightsoil sludge may have been retained in the bodies of earthworms. And these values were lower than the regulated levels in organic fertilizers that the regula-tion standards. In conclusion, the worm castings are very stable for the use as soil conditioner or organic fertilizers.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.359-365
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• 2017

Impermeable surfaces such as transportation land uses including roads and parking lots accumulate high heavy metals and particulate matters concentration especially during dry season which worsens the river water quality and distort the water circulation system during rainfall events. Recently, the government has been promoting policies to install Low Impact Development (LID) facilities such as permeable pavements or grass blocks in parking lots or pavements. However, transition of asphalt-paved surfaces to permeable pavement generated asphalt wastes which are detrimental to the environment and has cost implications due to its removal and disposal. Therefore this study was conducted to provide a method of constructing a cost-effective permeable pavement to reduce waste generation and cost. In this study, comparative analysis of the water circulation capacity and economic efficiency of the traditional construction method and new method proposed in this study through the lab-scale experiment. The proposed method was to make holes in existing asphalt pavements, layout geotextile fabric and permeable base media such as sand before compaction. After compaction, layout grass blocks on the compacted base media then layout sand in between each grass blocks before compaction. Apparently, there was no significant difference between the traditional installation method of permeable pavement and the proposed method in this study considering surface runoff, infiltrated volume, stored volume, and rainfall-runoff delay time. The proposed method in this study generated 86% less wastes compared to the traditional installation method and has 70% cost reduction considering asphalt removal and disposal. The construction method proposed in this study yielded similar performance compared to the traditional installation method and water circulation effect, but was proven to be less complicated and economical.

• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.1-35
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• 2007

In the last decades, the decrease in biological or chemical availability of sorbed contaminants as contact time passed, is generally accepted. This phenomenon so called as "aging" or "sequestration" is known to directly affect risk of the contaminats. This was observed for mainly for hydrophobic organic contaminants (HOCs), but also reported for heavy metals. Aging is known to be directly related to sorption-desorption hysteresis, irreversible sorption, desorption-resistance, nonequilibrium sorption, etc. The decrease in bioavailability due to aging or sequestration indicates realistic decrease in risk potential. Recently a risk-based management concept by scientific evidences but not the simple measurement of contaminant concentration has been attempted to determine environmentally acceptable remedial endpoint. This is because selection of remedial endpoint based on not total concentration but the bioavailability and toxicity of contaminants can reduce both the treatment cost and remedial activities of the contaminated sites. The bioavailability and toxicity of the residual contaminants are highly affected by the fate and transport and also directly affect the exposure pathways and bioaccumulation of contaminants in the living biota. In this paper, scientific feasibility on the risk-based clean-up and management of contaminated sites is reviewed.