• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.53-62
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• 1987

Automation of agricultural machinery is a high technology needed to increase work capacity and accuracy, to save agricultural resources and energy, to solve labor shortage, and to improve operator's comfort and safety. With the rapid development of electronic industry, automation of agricultural machinery will be progressed fast, and eventually will lead to no-operator machines or agricultural robots. Automation should be promoted step by step without increasing the cost of farming, excluding rural labor forces, decreasing labor volition, and losing human nature. In order to achieve rational automation of agricultural machinery, it is necessary to investigate the characteristics of soils and crops, to develop sensors, controllers and robots with artificial intelligence. It is recommended that the present trends to directly automatize the individual machinery be changed to the development of a harmonious automation system for overall farming.

• Journal of Korean Society of Transportation
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• v.35 no.5
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• pp.423-433
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• 2017

During recent 5 years, it was recorded that 20% of total accident frequency and 30% of total number of death have been occurred due to drowsy driving. Drowsy driving accident is result from the loss of driving ability due to driver's accumulated fatigue. Continuous driving time can be measured as a surrogate variable to quantify the level of fatigue. The main purpose of this research is to investigate statistical correlation between the proportion of continuous driving vehicle (more than 2 hours) and the number of drowsy accidents. To carry this out, continuous driving time was measured using GPS route-guidance trajectory data. Also, accident frequency, traffic volume and segment length were collected to estimate safety performance function (SPF) for Jungbunearuk expressway in Korea. Through various types of estimated SPFs, statistical correlation was analyzed based on estimated statistical indices. This research can provide theoretical background for enforcement to regulate commercial vehicle driver's continuous driving time. In addition, throughout the trajectory data expansion, it is expected that strategy for anti-drowsy driving facilities installation can be established based on the suggested methodology.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.311-320
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• 2013

The purpose of this study was to evaluate detecting methods and the relationship between tissues and blood for enrofloxacin and metabolic ciprofloxacin residues in broiler chickens. Two groups of broiler chickens were administrated via the drinking water with $50{\mu}g/mL$ and $100{\mu}g/mL$ of enrofloxacin for 5 days, respectively. The concentration of enrofloxacin and metabolic ciprofloxacin in tissues (muscle and kidney) and blood were measured during administration period (for 5 days) and withdrawal period (for 12 days) by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. Also, all samples were conducted for screening of residues by microbial method using E. coli for quinolone detection and immuno-chromatography method using Smart kit. The relationship between tissues (muscle and kidney) and blood for enrofloxacin and metabolic ciprofloxacin residues in broiler chickens was followed : The levels of enrofloxacin and metabolic ciprofloxacin residues in muscle and kidney were higher 2.9~3.2 folds, 3.6~3.8 folds more than the residues levels in blood, respectively. These results support we can predict the residues in muscle and kidney from the residues in blood. In comparison of detecting methods for antibiotic residues, microbial method using E. coli for quinolone detection and immuno-chromatography method using Smart kit could detect positive reaction at similar or lower concentration than violative concentration of enrofloxacin and metabolic ciprofloxacin in chicken tissues. These results support what two screening methods are useful for screening of quinolone detection in chickens.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.40 no.4
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• pp.763-767
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• 2000

This study was performed to isolate and identify bacteria from uterus with pyometra and examine their susceptibility to antimicrobial agents. Uterus of 16 bitches with pyometra were surgically removed by ovariohysteroctomy and then bacteria were isolated and identified. Also, susceptibility test to 15 antimicrobial agents was performed. Out of 16 bitches, 11 strains of Escherichia coli, 2 strains of Serratia marcescens, and 1 strain of Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella spp. were identified. In antimicrobial susceptibility test, the majority of isolates were susceptible to enrofloxacin, norfloxacin, chloramphenicol, nalidixic acid, gentamicin, trimethprim-sulfamethazole, tetracycline, and moderately susceptible to carbenicillin, amikacin, ampicillin, neomycin, but resistant to vancomycin, streptomycin, bacitracin and colistin. In conclusion, E coli was the most common bacteria isolated from bitches with pyometra and those susceptible antimicrobial agents could be recommended to medical therapy of pyometra.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.42-51
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• 2000

Antimicrobial activity and antioxidative activity of the organosoluble extractives from the leaves, bark and xylem of Quercus dentata were investigated. Antimicrobial activity was tested by paper disk method and bioautography methods, The most pronounced antimicrobial activities of leaves parts were ethyl acetate solubles fraction against the Klebsiella pneumoniae by the paper disk method. The strongest activities of bark parts were ethyl acetate solubles fraction against Bacillus subtilis, Klebsiella pneumoniae. Ethanol extractives from xylem parts showed high activities against Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Vibrio parahaemolyticus. These antimicrobial activities of ethanol extractives from Quercus dentata were in order to xylem > bark > leaves. The strong inhibition zones of the ethanol extractives and its fractions of xylem showed Rf values in 0.41~0.63. In leaves extractives, the petroleum ether solubles showed lower antioxidative activity and ethyl acetate insolubles showed higher antioxidative activity of 70% compared with the $EC_{50}$ values of the control. Antioxidative activity of bark and xylem extractives showed higher approximately 2 times than the control except the petroleum ether solubles.

• THE JOURNAL OF KOREAN ORIENTAL ONCOLOGY
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.23-35
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• 2002

This study was carried out to investigate the oral toxicity of HAD in mice. The results were summarized as follows: 1. HAD did not induced any toxicological effect in the body weight changes of mice. 2. HAD(2.5g/kg, 0.25g/kg) treated group were increased as compared with control group in the hematological values of mice. 3. ALT, AST, BUN, creatinine, CPK were not increased in HAD(2.5g/kg, 0.25g/kg) treated group as compared with control group in the serological values of mice. 4. Brain, Heart, Liver, Spleen, Kidney's weight were not increased in HAD(2.5g/kg, 0.25g/kg) treated group as compared with control group in the organ's weight of mice. 5. HAD(2.5g/kg, 0.25g/kg) treated group did not induced any toxicological effect in the gross findings in mice's any organs. 6. HAD(10g/kg , 5g/kg, 2.5g/kg, 1.25g/kg) treated group did not induced any toxicological effect in the histopathological findings in mice's any organs. 7. HAD(2.5g/ kg, 0.25g/ kg) treated group did not induced any toxicological effect in the histopathological findings in mice's any organs. From above results, HAD has not toxicological effects to mice.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.253-259
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• 2018

In February 2014, the rudder upper stock and the nut of a passenger ship were released and an accident occurred. That accident occurred because the steering gear of passenger ships that was intended to move many passengers. The accidents due to steering gear was zero according to 2010-2016 statistics. There is no rules prevent loosening of the upper rudder nut in "Ship Safety Act" and "Structural standard of steel ship". Since the accident, the Korea register has been revised to the joining method in Part 5 Chapter 7 of the rules in the classification of steel ships. In the field survey of 12 passenger ships operating on Mokpo and surrounding islands, the welding method was applied in the cases as the fastening method. The fastening type was equipped with two C-type structures. It was structured to be difficult to access. The NAS 3350 test was conducted to investigate ways to prevent homologous accident considering the characteristic of passenger ships that need to lift or unload rides once a year.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers B
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.301-307
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• 2010

Actuation using a shape memory alloy (SMA) is considered to be an important technology that will play a leading role in market for next-generation medical devices because an SMA actuator can accurately imitate skillful and delicate hand movements. However, SMA actuators have not been successfully used because of problems in control design caused by the nonlinear hysteresis effect of SMA, which leads to inaccuracies in control systems. In order to overcome the effect, the authors invented a SMA actuator, which could actively and rapidly cool down and heat up, by combining a SMA catheter and a TE module using the Peltier effect. In order to evaluate the TE characteristics of our TE module system, the changes in the temperature with 1) incremental increases in a continuous electric current and 2) the appearance of a discontinuous constant or reverse current are discussed in this paper.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.821-828
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• 2011

This paper developed the algorithm for improving the performance the auto pilot in the autonomous vehicle system consisting of the Track keeping control, the Automatic steering, and the Automatic mooring control. The automatic steering is the control device that could save the voyage distance and cost of fuel by reducing the unnecessary burden of driving due to the continuous artificial navigation, and avoiding the route deviation. During the step of the ship autonomic navigation control, since the wind power or the tidal force could make the ship deviate from the fixed course, the automatic steering calculates the difference between actual sailing line and the set course to keep the ship sailing in the vicinity of intended course. first, we could get the transfer function for the modeling of ship according to the Nomoto model. Considering the maneuverability, we propose it as linear model with only 4 degree of freedoms to present the heading angle response to the input of rudder angle. In this paper, the model of ship is derived from the simplified Nomoto model. Since the proposed model considers the maximum angle and rudder rate of the ship auto pilot and also designs the Fuzzy controller based on existing PID controller, the performance of the steering machine is well improved.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.37 no.6
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• pp.397-402
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• 2007

To evaluate the bioequivalence of two venlafaxine formulations, a standard 2-way randomized cross-over study was conducted in twenty-four healthy male Korean volunteers. A single oral dose of 75 mg of test formulation Venfaxine $OR^{(R)}$ (tablet) or reference formulation Efexor $XR^{(R)}$ (capsule) was administered with one-week washout period. Plasma concentrations of venlafaxine were assayed for over a period of 72 hours with a well validated method using liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS-MS). The $mean{\pm}S.D$. of maximum concentration $(C_{max})$ and elimination half-life $(t_{1/2})$ were $64.7{\pm}28.5$ ng/mL, $9.2{\pm}3.0$ h, and $67.2{\pm}30.2$ ng/mL, $9.9{\pm}3.5$ h for test and reference formulations, respectively. Time to reach maximum concentration $(T_{max})$ expressed in median value (range), for the test and the reference, were 10 h (6-14) and 8h (4-12), respectively. Similarly, area under the plasma concentration-time curve, from time zero to last sampling time $(AUC_t)$ and from time zero to time infinity $(AUC_{inf})$, for test and reference formulations were $1185{\pm}755$, $1326{\pm}896$ and $1124{\pm}737$, $1185{\pm}755$ $ng{\cdot}h/mL$, respectively. The parametric 90% confidence intervals on the mean of the differences between the two formulations (test-reference) of the log transformed values of $AUC_t$, and $C_{max}$ were 0.9630 to 1.1383 and 0.8650 to 1.0446, respectively. The overall results indicate that the two formulations are bioequivalent and can be prescribe interchangeably.