• Title/Summary/Keyword: 조건평균법

Search Result 528, Processing Time 0.043 seconds

Growth Characteristics of Barley Seedlings in Hydroponic Culture Conditioned Artificial Wet Injury (양액재배를 이용한 인위적 습해유발조건에서 보리 유묘의 생육특성)

  • 윤성중;박미은;최혜란;최재성;김정곤;서세정;강현중;김정곤;최경구
    • KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
    • /
    • v.48 no.3
    • /
    • pp.160-168
    • /
    • 2003
  • This study was carried out to investigate the effects of induced wet-injury conditions on barley seedling growth. Barley seedlings at the three leaf stage were grown in culture solutions with various combinations of dissolved oxygen (DO), nutrients and citric acid (CA) concentrations. Seedling growth was reduced by hypoxia. Root length and root fresh weight were most severely reduced under 1 ppm DO. Shoot growth was slightly reduced but not root growth under low nutrient condition. Seedling growth was reduced by CA in a concentration-dependant manner, Response of seedling growth was efficiently differentiated in a solution containing 1 ppm DO, one tenth of the normal P, K and Mg concentration and 3 mM CA. Under this induced wet-injury condition, overall seedling growth of 6 cultivars was reduced by 11 to 19% compared to the control condition. The results suggest that the induced wet-injury condition can be used for the screening of resistant genotypes at the seedling stage.

Fast Mode Decision Algorithm for H.264 using Mode Classification (H.264 표준에서 모드 분류를 이용한 고속 모드결정 방법)

  • Kim, Hee-Soon;Ho, Yo-Sung
    • Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea SP
    • /
    • v.44 no.3
    • /
    • pp.88-96
    • /
    • 2007
  • H.264 is a new international video coding standard that can achieve considerably higher coding efficiency than conventional standards. Its coding gain has been achieved by employing advanced video coding methods. Specially, the increased number of macroblock modes and the complex mode decision procedure using the Lagrangian optimization are the main factors for increasing coding efficiency. Although H.264 obtains improved coding efficiency, it is difficult to do an real-time encoding because it considers all coding parameters in the mode decision procedure. In this paper, we propose a fast mode decision algorithm which classifies the macroblock modes in order to determine the optimal mode having low complexity quickly. Simulation results show that the proposed algorithm can reduce the encoding time by 34.95% on average without significant PSNR degradation or bit-rate increment. In addition, in order to show the validity of simulation results, we set up a low boundary condition for coding efficiency and complexity and show that the proposed algorithm satisfies the low boundary condition.

Preparation of Natural Sunscreen Cream Using Refined Sea Buckthorn Oil (정제된 시벅턴오일을 이용한 천연 자외선차단 크림의 제조)

  • Dong Hwan Kim;Zhengyuan Ping;Seung Bum Lee
    • Applied Chemistry for Engineering
    • /
    • v.35 no.4
    • /
    • pp.329-334
    • /
    • 2024
  • To improve the UV absorbance and emulsion stability of sunscreen creams prepared using refined seabuckton oil, experimental conditions were designed utilizing the central composite design model-response surface methodology (CCD-RSM). The amount of surfactant, emulsification time, and thickener amount were chosen as independent variables, and the experiment was carried out after the reaction values of ESI, MDS, and UV absorbance at 290 nm were determined. The main effect and interaction effect, which have the most influence on the response value, were analyzed through the F-value and P-value of the regression equation coefficient calculated through RSM, and the statistical significance of the coefficient was evaluated through the P-value. The optimal emulsification conditions using RSM were calculated as follows: amount of surfactant (4.39 wt%), emulsification time (25.42 min), and amount of thickener (1.24 wt%). At these conditions, the reaction value was calculated as ESI (98.5%), MDS (32.9 nm), and UV absorbance (2.73). As a result of conducting an actual experiment under the calculated optimal conditions, the average error rate was measured as ± 2.7%

A Study on the Working Condition Effecting on the Maximum Working Temperature and Surface Roughness in Side Wall End Milling Using Design of Experiment (실험계획법을 이용한 엔드밀 가공 시 최대가공온도와 표면조도에 미치는 가공조건에 관한 연구)

  • Hong, Do-Kwan;Ahn, Chan-Woo;Baek, Hwang-Soon;Choi, Seok-Chang;Park, Il-Soo
    • Journal of the Korean Society of Manufacturing Process Engineers
    • /
    • v.8 no.3
    • /
    • pp.46-53
    • /
    • 2009
  • To find the working condition is one of the important factors in precision machining. In this study, we analyzed maximum working temperature by infra-red camera and surface roughness in side wall end milling using design of experiment (DOE): RSM(response surface methodology), ANOM(analysis of means) and ANOVA(analysis of variance) by table of orthogonal array. ANOM and ANOVA are well adapted to select sensitivity of design variables for maximum working temperature and surface roughness. The effective design variables and their levels should be determined using ANOM, ANOVA. RSM is presented 2nd order approximation polynomial of maximum working temperature and surface roughness is composed with design variables. Therefore, it is expected that the proposed procedure using design of experiment : table of orthogonal array, ANOM, ANOVA and RSM can be easily utilized to solve the problem of working condition.

  • PDF

Computation of Turbulent Flow around Wigley Hull Using 4-Stage Runge-Kutta Scheme on Nonstaggered Grid (정규격자계와 4단계 Range-Kutta법을 사용한 Wigley선형 주위의 난류유동계산)

  • Suak-Hp Van;Hyoung-Tae Kim
    • Journal of the Society of Naval Architects of Korea
    • /
    • v.31 no.3
    • /
    • pp.87-99
    • /
    • 1994
  • Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes equations are solved numerically for the computation of turbulent flow around a Wigley double model. A second order finite difference method is applied for the spatial discretization on the nonstaggered grid system and 4-stage Runge-Kutta scheme for the numerical integration in time. In order to increase the time step, residual averaging scheme of Jameson is adopted. Pressure field is obtained by solving the pressure-Poisson equation with the appropriate Neumann boundary condition. For the turbulence closure, 0-equation turbulence model of Baldwin-Lomax is used. Numerical computation is carried out for the Reynolds number of 4.5 million. Comparisons of the computed results with the available experimental data show good agreements for the velocity and pressure distributions.

  • PDF

버섯의 항암효과 -영자 균사체 다당류의 항종양 활성-

  • 이준우
    • Proceedings of the Korean Journal of Food and Nutrition Conference
    • /
    • 1997.06b
    • /
    • pp.13-14
    • /
    • 1997
  • 영지의 약리효과는 triterpenoid계의 저분자와 polysaccharide인 고분자로 대별할 수 있다. 저분자 물질은 항염증작용, 항알러지작용, 간암세포 성장 억제작용, 혈압 강하작용, 혈소판 응집저해작용 등이 있으며, 고분자 물질은 혈압강하작용, 정혈작용, 고지혈증 개선작용, 혈당 강하작용, 면역 증강작용 및 항종양작용 등이 있는 것으로 알려졌다. 현재까지의 영지에 관한 연구는 주로 자실체에 대한 연구가 주류를 이루고 있으며 이들의 산지, 환경조건, 채집시기 및 실험자들에 따라 약리 효과 등에 많은 차이가 있다. 이들에 대한 효과가 영지의 대표적 약리효과라고 언급하기엔 부족한 점이 많으므로 약리효과가 우수하고 일관성이 있는 영지 유래 다당류를 얻기 위한 방법으로서는 균사체의 대량배양법 및 분리방법이 확립 되어야만 한다. 본 연구에서는 새로운 항암활성 다당류의 개발을 위해 국내 자생 영지를 채집하여 검색 및 계통적 분류를 행하였으며 분리된 균주의 최적 액체배양 조건, 다당류 분리 조건, 다당류의 물리화학적 특성 및 약리활성 등에 관한 연구를 실시하였다. 그 중 약리활성이 우수한 G- lucidum IY009 균주를 선발 하였다. 구조적 특징과 종양 면역 활성과의 관계 규명을 위해, G- lucidum IY009 배양균사체로부터 다당류를 T-AS, U-AS, M-AS, S 및 H로 분획 하였다. 추출조건에 따른 다당류 GLG의 수율은 열수 추출 분획이 2.98g/l로 가장 높았으며, U-AS및 T-AS에서 각각 2.32g/l, 2.07g/l이었다. GLG의 특성을 조사하기 위하여 수용성과 비수용성으로 분리한 결과 수용성 분획은 비수용성 분획보다 높은 당 함량을 나타냈으며, T-AS는 70.3%의 당과 7.8%의 단백질로 구성 되었다. GLG 대부분의 분획들은 60~93%의 glucose로 구성된 다당류 이었으며, 주로 $\beta$-glucose로 구성된 다당류 이었다. 아미노산은 Asp 및 Glu의 산성 아미노산과 Ala, Leu 등의 함량이 높게 나타났으며, 비알칼리 추출물에서 Ser과 Thr의 함량이 높게 나타났다. 다당류 T-AS는 평균 분자량이 2,000 kD와 12kD에서 주 peak를 나타냈으며, 수용성 분획의 평균 분자량은 12kD이고 비수용성 분획은 36~2,000 kD의 평균 분자량 분포를 갖는 것으로 나타났다. IR과 NMR 분석 결과 890 cm-1에서 흡수 peak를 나타내어 $\beta$-(1,3)0glucan과 $\beta$-(1,6)-glucan의 구조를 갖는 다당류로 확인 되었다. T-AS 분획은 C:H:O:N의 함량비가 38.9:5.7:49.6:1.84%이며, 이 물질의 융점은 163 $^{\circ}C$로 연한 갈색을 나타낸다. 분리된 GLG의 항암활성 기전 규명을 위해, in vivo 항암실험, 항보체 활성능, 항체 생성능, serum protein 분비능, 대식세포의 탐식능과 활성능 및 세포간 물질 분비 등의 상관관계를 조사하였다. 다당류 GLG 분획물들 가운데 항보체의 활성이 높았던 분획은 sarcome 180에 대한 항암 활성이 높게 나타났다. 다당류 T-AS의 보체 활성화 기작은 classical과 alternative complement pathway의 양 경로를 통해 활성화 되었다. T-AS 분획은 mouse내의 특정 혈청단백을 증가시켰으며, 항체 생성능의 증가가 관찰되어 effect T 세포의 활성화가 나타나고 있음을 알 수 있었다. T-AS는 생체내 투여시에 대식세포의 탐식능이 증진되었으며, 대식세포 기능 저해제에 의한 대식세포의 기능 저해 현상이 회복되었다. 이와 같은 결과들로부터, T-AS의 항암 활성은 활성화된 보체 성분 및 당 수용체들이 존재하는 대식세포의 개입을 시사한다.

  • PDF

Evaluation on Clamping force of High Strength Bolts By Temperature Parameter (온도변수에 따른 고력볼트 체결력 평가)

  • Nah, Hwan Seon;Lee, Hyeon Ju;Kim, Kang Seok;Kim, Jin Ho;Kim, Woo Bum
    • Journal of Korean Society of Steel Construction
    • /
    • v.20 no.3
    • /
    • pp.399-407
    • /
    • 2008
  • The clamping of torque shear bolt is based on KS B 2819. It was misunderstood that the tension force of the TS bolt was induced generally at the break of pin-tail specified. However, the clamping forces on slip critical connections do not often meet the intended tension, as it considerably varies due to torque coefficient dependent on temperature variables despite the break of the pin tail. In this study, the tension of torque shear bolts were compared with two types of high-strength hexagon bolts by temperature parameters from ${-10^{\circ}C}$ to ${50^{\circ}C}$. Torque shear bolts showed that the average clamping force increased to 20kN as the temperature increased. In case of galvanized high-strength hexagon bolts, the average clamping forces at $0^{\circ}C$, $20^{\circ}C$, $50^{\circ}C$ were recorded over standard bolt tension, 178kN, and the worst standard deviation was 50kN. In case of high-strength hexagon bolts, ave rage clamping forces increased as the temperature went up, and the worst standard deviation was 33kN lower than that of galvanized high-strength hexagon bolts. As for the turn-of-the-nut method, at nut rotation of ${90^{\circ}}$, two types of high-strength hexagon bolts did not met the intended design bolt in tension, 162kN.it is neccessary to re-evaluate the range of turn of nut, ${120^{\circ}{\pm}30^{\circ}}$.

Effect of fuel injection timing and pressure on the combustion and spray behavior characteristics of diesel fuel for naval vessel (연료분사시기와 압력이 함정용 디젤연료의 분무 및 연소특성에 미치는 영향)

  • Lee, Hyung-min
    • Journal of Advanced Marine Engineering and Technology
    • /
    • v.39 no.9
    • /
    • pp.911-917
    • /
    • 2015
  • The objective of this work focuses on the analysis of injection rate and macroscopic spray behavior characteristics with injection pressures as well as combustion and exhaust emission characteristics with injection timing and injection pressure by using a common rail single-cylinder diesel engine. The injection rate was measured by applying the Bosch method, and macroscopic spray behavior characteristics were analyzed with a constant-volume vessel and a high-speed camera. In addition, combustion and emission characteristics were analyzed in a common-rail single-cylinder diesel engine with precise control of fuel injection timing and pressure. For injection pressures of 30MPa and 50MPa, the injection rate was higher at 50 MPa, and the spray development (penetration) was also higher in the same elapsed time. The peak in-cylinder pressure and rate of heat release showed a tendency to decline as injection timing was delayed, and the peak in-cylinder pressure and rate of heat release were slightly higher for higher injection pressures. Higher injection pressures also reduced the mean effective pressure, while the indicated mean effective pressure and torque increased as injection timing was delayed to TDC. Nitrogen oxides had a peak level at injection timings of $BTDC20^{\circ}$(30MPa) and $BTDC15^{\circ}$(50MPa); carbon monoxide emissions were reduced by delaying injection timing from $BTDC30^{\circ}$.

Preparation of Micron Size Poly(n-Butyl Acrylate) Latex Particle by Sequential Seeded Emulsion Polymerization (연속적 Seed 유화중합법에 의한 마이크론 크기의 Poly(n-Butyl Acrylate) 라텍스입자 제조)

  • Kim, Jee-Hoon;Suh, Soong-Hyuck;Nam, Wan-Woo;Kim, Kyung-Chan;Kang, Shin-Won;Ha, KiRyong
    • Applied Chemistry for Engineering
    • /
    • v.10 no.6
    • /
    • pp.889-894
    • /
    • 1999
  • Preparation of micron size polymer particles which have desired morphology, size, and structure by emulsion polymerization is very difficult due to coagulation of latex particles and formation of second generation particles. But there are attractive merits such as preparation of structural and functional polymer particles in seeded emulsion polymerization. Seeded emulsion polymerization of n-butyl acrylate(BA) was carried out to investigate the effects of stirring rate, reaction temperature, concentration of initiator, emulsifier, and cross-linking agent on the particle size and size distribution. By the combination of suitable reaction conditions, we succeeded in preparing $0.14{\sim}3.67{\mu}m$ diameter of poly(n-butyl acrylate)(PBA) particles using sequential seeded emulsion polymerization.

  • PDF

Radiation-Induced Apoptosis and Mitotic Death in the Small Intestinal Crypts of Rat (방사선에 의해 흰쥐 소장에서 발생되는 세포고사 및 유사분열사)

  • Choi, Young-Min;Lee, Ji-Shin;Cho, Heung-Lae
    • Radiation Oncology Journal
    • /
    • v.19 no.3
    • /
    • pp.259-264
    • /
    • 2001
  • Purpose : We investigated the temporal alterations of apoptosis and mitotic death following irradiation in the rat's small intestinal crypts. Materials and methods : Male Sprague-Dawley rats were irradiated 2 Gy by 6 MV linear accelerator and sacrified at 2, 4, 8, 24, 48 hours after irradiation. The mean numbers of the apoptotic cells and mitotic cells per their small intestinal crypts were measured in the unirradiated control and irradiated groups. To compare with H & E staining, ISEL (In Situ End Labelling) were peformed in the group having the highest apoptotic count. Results : The mean number of the apoptosis per crypt in the control group was 0.14 and those at 2, 4, 8, 24, 48 hours after irradiation were 1.43, 3.19, 1.15, 0.26, 0.17, respectively. So the apoptosis development was increased upto 4 hours and then normalized around 24 hours following irradiation. The mean number of the mitotic cells per crypt in the control group was 1.29 and those at 2, 4, 8, 24, 48 hours after irradiation were 0.56, 0.47, 0.23, 0.65, 1.19, respectively. The mitotic cell counts following irradiation was decreased to 8 hours and recovered to the normal level about 48 hours. So the increment of apoptotic cell count was occurred earlier and more remarkable than the decrement of mitotic cell count after irradiation. According to the staining time, false positivity was found in the ISEL staining. Conclusions : The cell death in the small intestinal crypt developed by acute radiation damage was usually decreased to the normal level within $24\~48\;hours$ after irradiation and the apoptosis was thought to be more important process than the mitotic death.

  • PDF