• Journal of Energy Engineering
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.227-232
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• 2008

Carbon dioxide is considered a major greenhouse gas that contributes to global wanning. $CO_2$ is a major component of the exhaust in the combustion of any hydrocarbon fuel. The regulation for $CO_2$ emission from vehicles has become much more stringent in recent years. These more stringent regulations require vehicle manufacturers to develop alternative fuels that reduce exhaust emissions. This paper evaluated the correlation of $CO_2$ emission and fuel economy in the Gasoline, Diesel, and LPG vehicles according to FTP-75 and NEDC(ECE15+EUDC) driving mode. From this study, we discovered that the decrease rate of $CO_2$ emission is higher for fuels of lower carbon concentration. When the relationship between $CO_2$ emission and fuel consumption rate according to used fuels is expressed as a function, one can find out that they have a high correlation. LPG vehicles produce less $CO_2$ emission than gasoline and diesel vehicles.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.14 no.5
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• pp.467-478
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• 2001

This study was focused on the sanitary analysis of hazard factors and the establishment of critical control points on hamburger by the microbiological investigation. The degree of microorganic pollution on the ingredients and equipments for hamburger manufacturing and the variation of microorganisms at storage time and temperatures were investigated. The magnitudes of total aerobic bacteria In hamburger were highly detected to be in the order of resting placed in expressway > convenience stores > fast food stores, and coliforms were lowly detected as convenience stores > fast food stores > resting places in expressway. In investigation of basic ingredients, the degree of microorganic pollution showed highly on patty. cabbage and cucumber. In investigated result of mocroorganic distribution at the various phases in hamburger manufacturing, total aerobic bacteria counts were detected over 5.5$\times$10$^2$ CFU/g, and coliforms counts were detected over 2.0$\times$10$^2$ CFU/g. In investigated result of microorganic distribution on the instruments and equipments for hamburger manugacturing, total aerobic bacteria counts were detected over 10$\^$5/ CFU/100cm2 and coliforms counts were detected over 10$^2$CFU/100㎠. Staphylococcus aureus was detected at wagon and refrigerator. Salmonella spp. was detected at grinder and Vibrio parahaemolyticus was not detected. At various storage temperatures, total aerobic bacteria counts insreased 3.0$\times$10$^3$ CFU/g to 7.0$\times$10$^4$ CFU/g, 4.2$\times$10$\^$7/ CFU/g and 8.1$\times$10$\^$8/ CFU/g at 10$\^{C}$, 20$\^{C}$, 30$\^{C}$ after 48 hours respectively. coliform counts also increased 4.5$\times$10$^2$ CFU/g to 2.2$\times$10$^3$ CFU/g, 5.4$\times$10$\^$5/ CFU/g, 4.5$\times$10$\^$6/ CFU/g at 10$\^{C}$, 20$\^{C}$, 30$\^{C}$ after 48 hours respectively. The establishment of critical control point CCP was divided into CCP1 and CCP2 by the removing level of hazard factor, and then CCP1 was established on basic ingredients, and CCP2 was established on the phases of mixing, pouring, packaging, transporting and preserving.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.12 no.9
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• pp.468-478
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• 2012

It is essential to have a trust with customer, especially in the airline context which provide the best service and movement to particular destinations. However, previous researches were performed only within restricted variables regarding this topic. Thus the purpose of this research was to investigate the relationship among trust's antecedents, trust and loyalty. A convenience sample of 298 travelers from airline customers was surveyed and 286 usable questionnaires were analyzed. According to the literature review, trust's antecedents were divided into the following variables: 'competence', 'benevolence' and 'problem solving ability'. Trust objects were divided into 'company trust' and 'front line service employee(FLSE) trust' accordingly. The findings of the study are as follows. First, company trust's antecedents which are 'competence', 'benevolence' and 'problem solving ability' yielded positive effects on company trust. Specifically, 'competence' has the strongest influence among variables. Second, as far as FLSE trust's antecedents are concerned, only 'competence' and 'problem solving ability' have positive effects on FLSE trust. Third, both company trust and FLSE trust influenced each other. Lastly, both company trust and FLSE trust have positive effects on loyalty.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.28 no.5
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• pp.587-596
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• 2018

This study aims to observe changes in heart-rate variability (HRV) indices induced by e-cigarette and conventional-cigarette smoking and to compare the differences in acute cardiac autonomic regulation. All participants (n=41) were exposed to both e-cigarette smoke (ES) and conventional cigarette smoke (CS) in a randomized crossover trial. HRV analysis was performed during each smoking session based on a recorded r-r interval 10 minutes before smoking and at specified recovery periods (REC1, 0-5 min; REC2, 5-10 min; REC3, 10-15 min; REC4, 15-20 min; REC5, 20-25 min; and REC6, 25-30 min). ES led to a significantly increased cardiac sympathetic index (LF/HF ratio) compared with the baseline, and it shifted the sympathovagal balance toward sympathetic predominance, including reduction in the complexity of the interbeat interval (SampEn). In REC1 after ES, only decreases of parasympathetic indices such as rMSSD, pNN50, HF, and SD1 were indicated. CS sessions produced not only an increased LF/HF ratio during smoking and recovery periods (REC1 and REC4) but also enhanced sympathetic predominance on autonomic balance during smoking and recovery periods (REC1, REC2, and REC4). In the CS trials, parasympathetic indices of time and non-linear analysis (rMSSD, pNN50, and SD1) were decreased during smoking and in REC1 to REC5. SampEn was also reduced during smoking and REC1 to REC4. Acute sympathoexcitatory effects induced by e-cigarette use produced statistically significant results. Parasympathetic withdrawal after smoking suggests that e-cigarettes may cause increased cardiovascular risk.

• Journal of the Korea Society of Computer and Information
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.213-223
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• 2007

The aims of this study are to determine if the perceived risk of e commerce affect the Internet shopping mall users'decision to pre-purchase an item via e commerce, to find out if there are differences among the induced perceived risk according to gender, and to verify if the perceived risk according to gender have a correlation to a person's decision to pre-purchase an item via e commerce. It was found from the analysis of the collected data that there are five factors of perceived risk of e commerce: economic risk, the product performance risk, social risk, technology/time loss risk, and privacy risk. First, the collected data were analyzed to determine if the perceived risk of e commerce affect people's purchase intentions, and on the matter of whether there are differences among the pre-perceived risk according to sender, As regards the differences among the relationships between the pre-perceived risk of e commerce and the purchase intention of the Internet shopping mall users based on gender. It can thus be concluded that the pre-perceived risk of e commerce affect the Internet shopping mall users purchase intention. Different results were obtained, though, according to sender. This means e commerce purchasers can use these results to recognize the risk of e commerce.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.167-174
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• 2012

Transport of marine debris between countries is a potential source of diplomatic conflicts. U-i Island in Shinan County, Jeonnam Province has been reported by media as being damaged by marine debris from foreign countries. However, scientific researches on those marine debris have not been published. So, the features of foreign marine debris on Seongchon Beach in U-i Island were surveyed on Feb. 2012. The ratio of marine debris from foreign countries was 34.7% by number of items, 56.3% by weight, and 48.5% by volume in $200m^2$ transacts. Most of them, 98.9% in number, were inferred to be originated from China. The most abundant items were plastic beverage bottles and black floats. The total number of black floats was 539 within the 1,100m beach. Fifteen of them had information on manufactured locations, of which 87.6% were Liaoning Province in northern China. As domestic policy cannot prevent the inflow of the marine debris from foreign countries, countermeasures should be sought out from the international cooperation with the neighboring countries. For the black floats, recycling method should be developed as lots of the same types of black floats are drifted ashore in winter. And, as the U-i Island is a National Park with its valuable natural heritages, methods should be designed to minimize impacts on dune topography and ecology.

• Journal of Service Research and Studies
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.15-38
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• 2017

The purpose of this study is to look into the consumers who show the consumption patterns of brand switching and repeated purchasing, find the decision factors of their brand switching and repeated purchasing, analyze the difference in marketing response variables being represented as corporate promotion activities in the brand switching and repeated purchasing process, and provide a suggestion to apply the result to marketing Therefore, it tries to help the firms, which develop push marketing as the result of excessive competition between distributors and sales competition focusing on external appearance, recognize consumers as individual substances; to propose proper efficient promotion activities; to let consumers increase loyalty to their trademark and continue to purchase their products repeatedly; and to induce competitor brand consumers to do brand switching. The results of this study are presented as follows: First, consumers who prefer events, price discount, samples, and product premium which means the products with brand or logo on them had the feature of repeated purchasing. Secondly, service benefit, point-type promotion, cost-saving satisfaction didn't affect brand switching, and only the consumers who prefer coupon-type promotion did brand switching. Thirdly, a distribution type produced the moderating effect between the repeated purchasing and coupon and coupon-type promotion, and between brand switching and service benefit.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.229-235
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• 2015

Skin aging is the phenomena finally expressed on the skin surface and related to the changes in the microstructure of the skin texture. Which is resulted in wrinkle formation and uneven tone of skin and so on. In this study, the synergy effect of Cedrol and a collagen-derived peptide in type III collagen synthesis was evaluated by in vitro test. The physiological skin state of 22 female volunteers was measured after using the cosmetics for 4 weeks. Results showed that Cedrol and a collagen-derived peptide had the excellent synergy effect in type III collagen synthesis. The cosmetics improved skin microrelief, star configurations, skin gloss, skin tone, hydration and elasticity except skin lightening. In conclusion, this study proved that Cedrol and collagen-derived peptide had the synergy effect of type III collagen synthesis in the cell level and cosmetics with those was improved skin aging in human volunteer test.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.9 no.6
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• pp.173-186
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• 2011

In this study, the influence of the CEOs' characteristics on the technology innovation performances of IT venture companies was analyzed. The relation between business performance and the characteristics of CEOs has been dealt with in earlier studies, but most paid attention to financial perspective, and few of these focused on the influence of managers on technology innovation. On the other hand, most of the studies related to the role of managers in technology innovation mainly focused on R&D investment and research infrastructure but did not delve on the characteristics of them in an in-depth way. In this study, the characteristics of CEOs and their technology innovation performances were empirically analyzed based on the results of a recently conducted survey on the IT venture companies. In the analytical aspect, a negative binominal model was applied to solve the over-dispersion problem that often appears in the count variable analysis. As a result, it was found that major, work type, and work experience, among managers' characteristics, have significant influences on managers' technology innovation performances, along with the company's innovation capacity, technological competitiveness, market competition, and support from the government.

• Korean journal of communication and information
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• v.44
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• pp.7-43
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• 2008

This study aims to identify a new direction in the consumer-brand relationship by quantitatively approaching from the psychological aspect consumers' brand love, which is the most powerful strategic element in forming an emotional consumer-brand relationship. What significance does brand love have in a consumer-brand relationship? Brand love is the most fundamental in the emotional consumer-brand relationship. Through brand ownership, consumers add meaning to their lives, and love brands by expressing themselves. Love is a scale that understands consumer-brand relationship from the most interpersonal aspect and can be considered as the most essential element in an empathetic relationship. Consumers' brand love not only determines brand image and reliability but through brand loyalty, it also influences market competitiveness. In addition, as a medium that can overcome brand crisis, it serves as a turning point of the relationship and can enhance the strength of consumers' brand love. Under such generational and theoretical background, this study took a psychological approach on love in emotional consumer-brand relationship. Focusing on the most representative theory and classification of love, Sternberg's Triangular Theory of Love, types of brand love were examined. 552 questionnaires were distributed through a survey with mobile phone service and product brands, and a factor analysis was conducted. Types of brand love revealed through the results of this study were very similar to Sternberg's types of love, and it was found that the types of brand love varied based on product category. It can be suggested that the concept of brand love is an important strategic idea in brand communication.