• Journal of the HCI Society of Korea
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.15-22
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• 2016

The ways to interact with digital appliances are becoming more diverse. Users can control appliances using a remote control and a touch-screen, and appliances can send users feedback through various ways such as sound, voice, and visual signals. However, there is little research on how to define which output method to use for providing feedback according to the user' input method. In this study, we designed an experimental study that seeks to identify how to appropriately match the output method - voice and sound - based on the user input - voice and button. We made four types of interaction with two kinds input methods and two kinds of output methods. For the four interaction types, we compared the usability, perceived satisfaction, preference and suitability. Results reveals that the output method affects the ease of use and perceived satisfaction of the input method. The voice input method with sound feedback was evaluated more satisfying than with the voice feedback. However, the keying input method with voice feedback was evaluated more satisfying than with sound feedback. The keying input method was more dependent on the output method than the voice input method. We also found that the feedback method of appliances determines the perceived appropriateness of the interaction.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.15 no.5
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• pp.207-215
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• 2017

With rapid development of IT technology and biotechnology, human lifespan is extended rapidly, and we are living in the era where aging becomes the social issue. Due to this aging problem, manpower is mainly replaced by Automated Guided Vehicles (AGV) in manufacturing factories or warehouse logistics transportation. Rate of AGV use increases sharply every year. AGVs, which were used only in Smart Factories, extends its usage into indoor and outdoor operation by changing their usages to container transportation that can carry huge containers in the harbor. With the expansion of AGVs usage, the importance of RCS (Remote Control System) is also increased. In this study, we surveyed and analyzed the characteristics and technology trends of technical features of AGV's RCS that are developing in various ways to establish quality evaluation system of AGV RCS. Based on this, and by referring to international quality assessment standards, ISO/IEC 25000 series, we derived evaluation items on functional suitability and usability to secure reliability of AGV RCS. Also, it is our intention to develop evaluation model using those derived usability and reliability evaluation items.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
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• v.37 no.1B
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• pp.21-30
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• 2012

Sensor networks are composed of a great number of sensor nodes with constrained battery. Disjoint multipath scheme based flooding method has a merit that efficiently construct multipath in irregular networks, but causes lots of energy consumption in networks. Flooding method is not a suitable technology in wireless sensor networks with constrained battery. We introduce energy-efficient geographic routing scheme considered as an efficient, simple, and scalable routing protocol for wireless sensor networks. The geographic routing scheme on multipath generates a problem with a congestion. So we introduce the concept of multipath pipeline as a congestion avoidance strategy. But multipath pipelines have a big problem on the boundary of holes under irregular networks. We propose a novel disjoint multipath scheme as combined method with geographic routing scheme and hole detouring algorithm on multipath. A novel disjoint multipath scheme constructs disjoint multipath pipelines efficiently for reliability without a collision in irregular wireless sensor networks. Simulation results are provided to validate the claims.

• Journal of the Korea Society of Computer and Information
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.1-12
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• 2010

Recently, processor performance has been improved dramatically. Unfortunately, as the process technology scales down, energy consumption in a processor increases significantly whereas the processor performance continues to improve. Moreover, peak temperature in the processor increases dramatically due to the increased power density, resulting in serious thermal problem. For this reason, performance, energy consumption and thermal problem should be considered together when designing up-to-date processors. This paper proposes three modified filter cache schemes to alleviate the thermal problem in the filter cache, which is one of the most energy-efficient design techniques in the hierarchical memory systems : Bypass Filter Cache (BFC), Duplicated Filter Cache (DFC) and Partitioned Filter Cache (PFC). BFC scheme enables the direct access to the L1 cache when the temperature on the filter cache exceeds the threshold, leading to reduced temperature on the filter cache. DFC scheme lowers temperature on the filter cache by appending an additional filter cache to the existing filter cache. The filter cache for PFC scheme is composed of two half-size filter caches to lower the temperature on the filter cache by reducing the access frequency. According to our simulations using Wattch and Hotspot, the proposed partitioned filter cache shows the lowest peak temperature on the filter cache, leading to higher reliability in the processor.

• Food Science and Industry
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• v.50 no.2
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• pp.2-11
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• 2017

Packaging is the last defensive barrier that protects food products from insect infestation during storage. However, though packaging films are hermetically sealed, insects can still be attracted by strong olfactory cues and penetrate through packaging materials, resulting in contamination. Insect contamination may cause consumers to be repulsed by contaminated food products. Especially, it is well known that stored-product insects cause critical problems in the cereal industry by inducing quantitative and qualitative damages to the grain products. The contaminations are caused by insects' metabolic byproducts and body parts, consequentially caused customer repulsion. Therefore, it is necessary to repel and control insects. However, management systems for storage insects in food industry have been inadequate for many years. Synthetic pesticides has been widely used, but pesticides may accumulate in foods, causing acute and chronic symptoms in consumers. For this reason, there is a growing need for the development of natural insecticides that can replace synthetic pesticides. Thus, various reports about anti-insect packaging materials and strategies to repel insects were introduced in this study. Furthermore, we suggested new strategies to develop an insect-repelling active packaging materials which could be applied in the food packaging industry.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.35 no.5
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• pp.423-428
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• 2024

Microneedles with micron-sized needle arrays are an emerging technology for the transdermal administration of active pharmaceutical ingredients with minimally invasive pain. Over the past decade, although various additive manufacturing technologies have been employed for precise fabrication of microneedles, these methods are often limited by material compatibility and bioavailability, in addition to being time-consuming and costly. In here, we compare the resolution of Polyjet and DLP-SLA 3D printing methods for the precise fabrication of biodegradable PCLDA/PEGDA microneedles. To enhance the structural accuracy of the microneedles from both printing methods, we evaluate the 3D printing conditions, including 3D printing angle and needle height and diameter. Molds for microneedles are fabricated using optimized 3D printing methods, and subsequent replica molding processes are employed to fabricate the polymeric microneedles with sharp need tips. Finally, we use photocurable PCLDA and PEGDA for biodegradable and biocompatible microneedles, and their mechanical properties as PCLDA concentrations are analyzed to assess the strength required for skin insertion. This study has demonstrated the efficient and low-cost fabrication of high-resolution microneedles for transdermal drug delivery.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Gas
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.45-53
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• 2022

In order to improve the emission of diesel engines, natural gas-diesel dual fuel combustion compression ignition engines are in the spotlight. In particular, a reactivity controlled compression ignition (RCCI) combustion strategy is investigated comprehensively due to its possibility to improve both efficiency and emissions. With advanced diesel direct injection timing earlier than TDC, it achieves spontaneous reaction with overall lean mixture from a homogeneous mixture in the entire cylinder area, reducing nitrogen oxides (NOx) and particulate matter (PM) and improving braking heat efficiency at the same time. However, there is a disadvantage in that the amount of incomplete combustion increases in a low load region with a relatively small amount of fuel-air. To solve this, sensitive control according to the diesel injection timing and fuel ratio is required. In this study, experiments were conducted to improve efficiency and exhaust emissions of the natural gas-diesel dual fuel engine at low load, and evaluate combustion stability according to the diesel injection timing at the operation point for power generation. A 6 L-class commercial diesel engine was used for the experiment which was conducted under a 50% load range (~50 kW) at 1,800 rpm. Two injectors with different spray patterns were applied to the experiment, and the fraction of natural gas and diesel injection timing were selected as main parameters. Based on the experimental results, it was confirmed that the brake thermal efficiency increased by up to 1.3%p in the modified injector with the narrow-angle injection added. In addition, the spray pattern of the modified injector was suitable for premixed combustion, increasing operable range in consideration of combustion instability, torque reduction, and emissions level under Tier-V level (0.4 g/kWh for NOx).

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.93-100
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• 2011

Maintenance of adequate soil water potential during the period of crop growth is necessary to support optimum plant growth and yields. A better understanding of soil water movement within and below the rooting zone can facilitate optimal irrigation scheduling aimed at minimizing the adverse effects of water stress on crop growth and development and the leaching of water below the root zone which can have adverse environmental effects. The objective of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of using a portable irrigation controller with an Watermark sensor for the cultivation of drip-irrigated vegetable crops in a greenhouse. The control capability of the irrigation controller for a soil water potential of -20 kPa was evaluated under summer conditions by cultivating 45-day-old tomato plants grown in three differently textured soils (sandy loam, loam, and loamy sands). Water contents through each soil profile were continuously monitored using three Sentek probes, each consisting of three capacitance sensors at 10, 20, and 30 cm depths. Even though a repeatable cycling of soil water potential occurred for the potential treatment, the lower limit of the Watermark (about 0 kPa) obtained in this study presented a limitation of using the Watermark sensor for optimal irrigation of tomato plants where -20 kPa was used as a point for triggering irrigations. This problem might be related to the slow response time and inadequate soil-sensor interface of the Watermark sensor as compared to a porous and ceramic cup-based tensiometer with a sensitive pressure transducer. In addition, the irrigation time of 50 to 60 min at each of the irrigation operation gave a rapid drop of the potential to zero, resulting in over irrigation of tomatoes. There were differences in water content among the three different soil types under the variable rate irrigation, showing a range of water contents of 16 to 24%, 17 to 28%, and 24 to 32% for loamy sand, sandy loam, and loam soils, respectively. The greatest rate increase in water content was observed in the top of 10 cm depth of sandy loam soil within almost 60 min from the start of irrigation.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea TC
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• v.43 no.11 s.353
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• pp.210-215
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• 2006

In this paper, we develop the PLL system of the local oscillator system using Gunn oscillator VCO for millimeter wave band receiving system. The local oscillator system consists of the $86{\sim}115GHz$ Gunn. diode oscillator part, the RF processing part including the diplexer and the harmonic mixer, and the DPLL system including Gunn modulator and controller. Based on this configuration, we verify the frequency and power stability of the developed local oscillator system. We developed system which applied to DPLL technique instead of the existing analog PLL method to accomplish this purpose. The developed system for this purpose is tested the frequency and power stability for a long time to confirm performance. Since we confirmed this system that had frequency characteristic of within ${\pm}10Hz$, very fine output drift power characteristic of $0.2{\sim}0.3dBm$ and about 200MHz locking range, it verified suitable for cosmic radio receiving system through the test result.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Agricultural Machinery Conference
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• 2017.04a
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• pp.56-56
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• 2017

점적 호스 중 PC 드립은 경질 호스의 내부에 Micro-path가 부착된 유로장치와 압력을 보상하는 연질의 실리콘으로 구성되어 있다. 이때 일정압력에서 적정 길이까지 동시에 내부 압력을 유지하며 균등하게 유출구를 통하여 유량을 공급하는 압력보상 기능이 매우 중요하다. 그러나 이 부분에 대한 기술은 선진국에 비해 아직 부족하여 수입에 의존하는 경향이 매우 높다. 뿐만 아니라 선진국 제품에 비해 유로장치 및 연질 실리콘의 탄성이 균일하지 못해 압력에 따른 유량의 편차가 큰 편이다. 본 연구에서는 우리나라 제품의 PC 드립 압력 균등성 기술을 향상시키기 위해 PC 드립의 핵심기술인 연질 실리콘의 성능에 대한 평가와 유량의 편차를 분석하여 문제점을 통한 개선방안을 제시하고자 하였다. 연질 실리콘의 규격은 $17{\times}8{\times}0.85mm$ (가로${\times}$세로${\times}$두께)로서 Water line의 내부에 결합되어 구성된다. PC 드립용 실리콘은 국내 A사 제품을 중심으로 하여 성능을 측정하였다. 측정을 정밀하게 하기 위해 Microtester를 사용하여 일정하게 하중이 부과되도록 하였다. 연질의 실리콘의 경도는 압력 보상에 중요한 기능을 하고 있으며 또한 PC 드립의 경질 미로와 같이 압력을 제어하는 역할을 하고 있다. 국내 A사의 실리콘 경도는 이상적인 실리콘 경도에 비하면 매우 불균일하였다. 세부적으로는 40 이하의 낮은 경도에서는 비교적 일치하였으나 경도 45 이상에서는 큰 차이를 보여주고 있었다. 국내 A사의 실리콘 경도에 따른 공급유량의 특성에서는 실리콘의 경도가 낮을수록 실리콘은 무르며 탄성이 줄어든다. 반면에 경도가 높을수록 탄성이 커지고 딱딱한 특성을 가진다. 동일한 PC 드립에 실리콘의 경도별 특성은 경도에 따른 유량이 반드시 일정하지 않으며 대체로 경도가 높을수록 동일 압력에 대해 유량이 많아지는 것을 알 수 있었다. 압력의 변화에 대해 유량이 일정하게 유지하는 특성을 가질수록 사용범위가 넓어지고 안정성이 높은 것으로 판단되며 실리콘 경도 35~55 범위에서 1~2bar의 공급압력에서 사용하는 것이 적합할 것으로 보여진다. 경도 45의 실리콘을 사용하여 수입 드립, 국내 A사의 드립 및 수입과 국내 혼용시 압력에 따른 공급유량의 특성을 분석하였다. 최대 유량과 최소 유량에서 발생되는 오차는 수입 실리콘이 비교적 작았으나 3.6 bar 이상에서는 유량이 급격히 떨어지는 양상을 보였다. 국내 A사의 제품은 0.8~2.0 bar 까지 성능이 비슷했으나 0.8 bar 이하에서는 오차가 있었으나 높은 압력에서는 오히려 성능이 우수하였다. 수입 드립과 다소 유사한 성능을 나타낸 것이 A사 드립과 수입 실리콘을 혼용하여 사용한 것은 전체적으로 비슷한 양상을 나타내었다. 따라서 실리콘 경도 오차를 고려하면 압력별 유량의 변화는 실리콘의 경도와 밀접한 관계가 있는 것으로 판단되었다.