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Analysis of Discharge and Water Quality change of Doam Reservoir by Climate Change (기후변화에 따른 도암댐유역의 유출 및 수질변화 분석)

  • Kim, Jung-Min;Kim, Young-Do;Kang, Boo-Sik
    • Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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    • 2012.05a
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    • pp.908-908
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    • 2012
  • 국내 기후 특성상 하절기에 집중되는 강우로 인해 댐의 건설을 홍수조절, 용수확보 및 전력생산 등의 목적에 있어서 불가피하다. 이와 같은 저수지와 하류하천은 댐 수문 개폐에 따라 흐름변화로 인하여 수체의 거동 및 수질 변화가 발생하며, 일반적인 하천과는 다른 특성을 지니게 된다. 또한 수심이 깊은 저수지의 경우에는 흐름방향과 더불어 수심 방향의 특성도 중요하며, 수리 및 수질 모형의 연계를 통한 3차원적인 해석을 필요로 한다. 유역 내 지상 또는 대기에서 발생한 모든 오염물질은 강우에 의해 하천과 호수와 같은 수체로 유입되며, 강우가 발생했을 때 유역의 토지피복 상태와 수리, 지형, 강우강도, 토양의 특성에 의해 하천으로 유입되는 오염물질의 농도와 부하특성이 달라진다. 비점오염물질의 축적이 가능한 호수나 저수지에서는 비점오염원의 유입이 더 큰 문제가 되며, 유량이 극히 미미한 하천의 경우에는 강우초기에 일시에 집중적으로 유입되는 초기 오염 부하량이 문제가 된다. 강우유출수의 하천 유입은 강우 현상과 밀접한 관계를 맺고 있으므로 그 제어가 쉽지 않다. 이러므로 이를 총괄하는 유역통합관리기술이 필요로 하며, 기존의 유역통합관리기술은 댐 상류유역을 중심으로 개발되고 있으며, 댐 상류유역과 저수지, 하류하천으로 구분되어 연구되어 왔다. 또한 각각의 모형이 개별적으로 적용되어 통합적인 평가시스템이 표준화되지 않은 관계로 댐 상하류 모니터링 자료가 연계된 실무 적용이 이루어지지 않고 있다. 따라서 하천 수리 수문학적 역학구조를 이해하고 그 특성에 적합하게 평가할 수 있는 표준화된 시스템이 구축되어야 한다. 또한 효과적인 유역통합관리를 위해서는 하천의 현재 뿐만 아니라 장래에 대한 예측부분도 포함되어야 한다. 본 연구에서는 댐 유역에서의 유출과 수질 변화를 모의하고 이를 이용하여 저수지 내에서의 오염물질 거동에 대해서 해석하였다. 또한 기후변화에 따른 유역, 저수지 및 하천에 미치는 영향을 고려하기 위하여 고해상도 지역기후전망 모의자료를 이용하여 수문학적 스케일로 통계적 상세화한 후 지역별 상세수문시나리오를 생산하여 미래 예측에 활용하였다. 기후변화 시나리오의 상세화를 통한 상세지역의 기후를 예측하고, 예측된 기상자료를 이용하여 유역모델을 모의하여 미래의 유출 및 수질 변화를 파악할 수 있는 기술 개발로 인해 저수지의 운영에 도움을 주고, 주수지의 치수증대 사업 등 유출의 변화에 따른 하류하천 변화를 파악할 수 있고, 기후변화에 따른 하류하천에 대한 홍수기 때 치수, 이수 및 방재에 대하여 기초자료를 제공할 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

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다양한 활성제 이온이 치환 고용된 MgNb2O6 형광체의 특성

  • Kim, Ji-Seon;Jo, Sin-Ho
    • Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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    • 2013.08a
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    • pp.167-167
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    • 2013
  • 최근에 산화물 형광체는 황화물 형광체에 비해 높은 화학적 안정성을 나타내기 때문에 백색 발광 다이오드, 전계방출 디스플레이와 플라즈마 디스플레이 패널에 그 응용성을 넓히고 있다. 마그네슘 니오베이트(magnesium niobate, MgNb2O6)는 우수한 유전 특성(상대 유전상수=18.4)을 나타내기 때문에 마이크로파 유전체로 응용 가능하며, 단일상 릴랙서 페라브스카이트(relaxor perovskite) Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3을 합성하기 위한 전구체 (precursor)로 널리 사용되고 있으며, 나이오븀산염 이온에서 다양한 색상을 방출하는 활성제 이온으로 효율적인 에너지 전달이 일어남으로써 Sm3+, Dy3+, Eu3+와 같은 희토류 이온의 좋은 모체 격자로 개발할 수 있다. 본 연구에서는 마그네슘 니오베이트 MgNb2O6 모체 결정에 다양한 활성제 이온, 즉 Eu3+, Sm3+, Dy3+, Tb3+를 선택적으로 주입하여 발광 효율이 높은 천연색 형광체를 합성하고자 한다. 특히, 모체 결정에 주입되는 활성제 이온 주위의 국소적인 환경이 반전 대칭에서 변형되는 척도를 조사하여 활성제의 주 발광 파장의 세기가 최대가 되는 최적의 조건을 결정하고자 한다. Mg1-1.5xNb2O6:REx3+ 형광체 분말 시료는 초기 물질 MgO, Nb2O5와 희토류 이온을 화학 반응식에 맞게 정밀 저울로 측량하여 플라스틱 용기에 ZrO2 볼과 함께 넣고, 소정의 에탄올을 채운 뒤 밀봉하고서, 300 rpm의 속도로 20시간 볼밀 (ball-mill) 작업을 수행하였다. 그 후, 체(sieve)로 ZrO2 볼을 걸러낸 다음에 혼합된 용액을 각 비커에 담아서 $40^{\circ}C$의 건조기에서 24시간 건조하였고, 건조된 시료를 막자 사발에 넣고 잘게 갈고 80 ${\mu}m$의 체로 걸러낸 후에, 알루미나 도가니에 활성제 이온별로 각각 담아, 전기로에 장입하여 매분당 $5^{\circ}C$의 비율로 온도를 상승시켜 $350^{\circ}C$에서 5시간 동안 하소 공정을 실시한 후에, 온도를 계속 일정한 율로 증가시켜 $1,200^{\circ}C$에서 5시간 동안 소성하여 합성하였다. 합성된 형광체 분말의 결정 구조는 $Cu-K{\alpha}$ 복사선(파장: 1.5406)을 사용하여 X-선회절장치로 측정하였으며, 형광체의 표면 형상은 전계형 주사전자현미경으로 관측하였다. 흡광와 발광스펙트럼은 제논 램프를 광원으로 갖는 형광 광도계를 사용하여 측정하였다. 모체 결정에 활성제 이온 Eu3+, Sm3+, Dy3+, Tb3+가 도핑된 형광체 분말은 각각 적색, 주황색, 황색, 녹색 발광이 관측되었다. 각 발광 스펙트럼과 결정 입자의 크기와 형상 사이의 상호 관계를 조사하였다. 실험 결과로부터, 각 형광체의 발광 파장은 활성제 이온의 종류 와 서로 밀접하게 관련되어 있으며, 형광체 시료 합성시 활성제 이온의 농도를 선택적으로 조절함으로써 발광의 세기를 제어할 수 있음을 확인하였다.

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Design of Indoor Electric Moving and Lifting Wheelchair with Minimum Rotation Radius and Obstacle Overcoming (최소 회전반경 및 장애물 극복형 실내 전동 이·승강 휠체어의 설계)

  • Kim, Young-Pil;Ham, Hun-Ju;Hong, Sung-Hee;Ko, Seok-Cheol
    • Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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    • v.20 no.10
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    • pp.415-424
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    • 2019
  • In this paper, a minimum rotation radius was designed and fabricated to overcome the threshold so that elderly or disabled people who have difficulty moving can move and transfer safely and conveniently in a narrow room. In the indoor environment, where the sedentary culture develops, this study aimed to provide convenience for passengers with fracture diseases, geriatric diseases, and other knee and waist diseases. First, links, seats, armrests, covers, motors, batteries, chargers, controllers, etc. were attached to the frame so that they could be moved and lifted indoors. The product design and structure were designed considering the user's environment and physical characteristics, and IoT functions were added. A driving experiment was performed to confirm the operating performance of the manufactured indoor moving and lifting wheelchair. The performance tests, such as continuous running time, turning radius, maximum actuator load, maximum lift height, sound pressure level, minimum sensing distance of the driving aid sensor, interworking of server and app programs, device compatibility, and duty cycle error rate, were performed. As a result of the test, the built-in wheelchair could achieve the performance test target of each item and operate successfully.

The Study for Analysis of Impact Force of Debris Flow According to the Location of Check Dam (사방댐 위치변화에 따른 토석류의 충격력 해석에 관한 연구)

  • Kim, Sung-Duk;Lee, Ho-Jin;Chang, Hyung-Joon
    • Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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    • v.20 no.1
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    • pp.409-418
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    • 2019
  • Debris flows occur in mountainous areas due to heavy rains resulting from climate change and result in disasters in the downstream area. The purpose of this study is to estimate the impact force of a debris flow when a check dam according is installed in various locations in the channel of a highly mountainous area. A Finite Differential Element Method (FDM) model was used to simulate the erosion and deposition based on the equation for the mass conservation and momentum conservation while considering the continuity of the fluid. The peak impact force from the debris flow occurred at 0 to 5 sec and 15 to 20 sec. When the supplied water discharge was increased, greater peak impact force was generated at 16 to 19 sec. This means that when increasing the water supply, the velocity of the debris flow became faster, which results in increased energy of the consolidation between the particles of the water and the sediment made. If a number of check dams were to be set up, it would be necessary to investigate the impact force at each location of the check dam. The results of this study could provide useful information in predicting the impact force of the debris flow and in installing the check dams in appropriate locations.

A low noise, wideband signal receiver for photoacoustic microscopy (광음향 현미경 영상을 위한 저잡음 광대역 수신 시스템)

  • Han, Wonkook;Moon, Ju-Young;Park, Sunghun;Chang, Jin Ho
    • The Journal of the Acoustical Society of Korea
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    • v.41 no.5
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    • pp.507-517
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    • 2022
  • The PhotoAcoustic Microscopy (PAM) has been proved to be a useful tool for biological and medical applications due to its high spatial and contrast resolution. PAM is based on transmission of laser pulses and reception of PA signals. Since the strength of PA signals is generally low, not only are high-performance optical and acoustic modules required, but high-performance electronics for imaging are also particularly needed for high-quality PAM imaging. Most PAM systems are implemented with a combination of several pieces of equipment commercially available to receive, amplify, enhance, and digitize PA signals. To this end, PAM systems are inevitably bulky and not optimal because general purpose equipment is used. This paper reports a PA signal receiving system recently developed to attain the capability of improved Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR) and Contrast to Noise Ratio (CNR) of PAM images; the main module of this system is a low noise, wideband signal receiver that consists of two low-noise amplifiers, two variable gain amplifiers, analog filters, an Analog to Digital Converter (ADC), and control logic. From phantom imaging experiments, it was found that the developed system can improve SNR by 6.7 dB and CNR by 3 dB, compared to a combination of several pieces of commercially available equipment.

Edge to Edge Model and Delay Performance Evaluation for Autonomous Driving (자율 주행을 위한 Edge to Edge 모델 및 지연 성능 평가)

  • Cho, Moon Ki;Bae, Kyoung Yul
    • Journal of Intelligence and Information Systems
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    • v.27 no.1
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    • pp.191-207
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    • 2021
  • Up to this day, mobile communications have evolved rapidly over the decades, mainly focusing on speed-up to meet the growing data demands of 2G to 5G. And with the start of the 5G era, efforts are being made to provide such various services to customers, as IoT, V2X, robots, artificial intelligence, augmented virtual reality, and smart cities, which are expected to change the environment of our lives and industries as a whole. In a bid to provide those services, on top of high speed data, reduced latency and reliability are critical for real-time services. Thus, 5G has paved the way for service delivery through maximum speed of 20Gbps, a delay of 1ms, and a connecting device of 106/㎢ In particular, in intelligent traffic control systems and services using various vehicle-based Vehicle to X (V2X), such as traffic control, in addition to high-speed data speed, reduction of delay and reliability for real-time services are very important. 5G communication uses high frequencies of 3.5Ghz and 28Ghz. These high-frequency waves can go with high-speed thanks to their straightness while their short wavelength and small diffraction angle limit their reach to distance and prevent them from penetrating walls, causing restrictions on their use indoors. Therefore, under existing networks it's difficult to overcome these constraints. The underlying centralized SDN also has a limited capability in offering delay-sensitive services because communication with many nodes creates overload in its processing. Basically, SDN, which means a structure that separates signals from the control plane from packets in the data plane, requires control of the delay-related tree structure available in the event of an emergency during autonomous driving. In these scenarios, the network architecture that handles in-vehicle information is a major variable of delay. Since SDNs in general centralized structures are difficult to meet the desired delay level, studies on the optimal size of SDNs for information processing should be conducted. Thus, SDNs need to be separated on a certain scale and construct a new type of network, which can efficiently respond to dynamically changing traffic and provide high-quality, flexible services. Moreover, the structure of these networks is closely related to ultra-low latency, high confidence, and hyper-connectivity and should be based on a new form of split SDN rather than an existing centralized SDN structure, even in the case of the worst condition. And in these SDN structural networks, where automobiles pass through small 5G cells very quickly, the information change cycle, round trip delay (RTD), and the data processing time of SDN are highly correlated with the delay. Of these, RDT is not a significant factor because it has sufficient speed and less than 1 ms of delay, but the information change cycle and data processing time of SDN are factors that greatly affect the delay. Especially, in an emergency of self-driving environment linked to an ITS(Intelligent Traffic System) that requires low latency and high reliability, information should be transmitted and processed very quickly. That is a case in point where delay plays a very sensitive role. In this paper, we study the SDN architecture in emergencies during autonomous driving and conduct analysis through simulation of the correlation with the cell layer in which the vehicle should request relevant information according to the information flow. For simulation: As the Data Rate of 5G is high enough, we can assume the information for neighbor vehicle support to the car without errors. Furthermore, we assumed 5G small cells within 50 ~ 250 m in cell radius, and the maximum speed of the vehicle was considered as a 30km ~ 200 km/hour in order to examine the network architecture to minimize the delay.

Inhibition of Quorum Sensing and Biofilm Formation by Synthetic Quorum Signal Analogues in Pseudomonas aeruginosa (합성된 쿼럼 신호 유사 물질에 의한 녹농균 쿼럼 센싱 및 생물막 형성의 제어)

  • Kim, Soo-Kyoung;Kim, Cheol-Jin;Yoon, Je-Yong;Lee, Joon-Hee
    • Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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    • v.39 no.1
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    • pp.29-36
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    • 2011
  • Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic pathogen that causes various infections on urinary track, cornea, respiratory track, and burn wound site, and mainly relies on quorum sensing (QS) for its virulence. To control the infectivity of P. aeruginosa, we previously synthesized the structural analogues of a major QS signal, N-3-oxododecanoyl homoserine lactone (3OC12-HSL) to use as a QS inhibitor. Two of them (5b and 5f) had been confirmed to have an inhibitory effect on LasR, a major QS signal receptor of P. aeruginosa in the screening by the recombinant Escherichia coli reporter. To further evaluate these compounds, we tested their efficacy to control the QS and virulence of P. aeruginosa. Unlike the result from E. coli reporter, both 5b and 5f failed to affect the LasR activity in P. aeruginosa, but instead they selectively affected the activity of QscR, another 3OC12-HSL receptor of P. aeruginosa. Interestingly, their effect on QscR was complex and opposite to what we obtained with E. coli system. Both 5b and 5f enhanced the QscR activity at the low concentration range (< 10 ${\mu}m$), but high concentration of 5f (${\approx}$1 mM) strongly inhibited QscR. While 5b and 5f didn't affect the production of proteases, the key virulence factor, they significantly reduced the biofilm formation that is important in mediating chronic infections. Especially, 5f inhibited the initial attachment of P. aeruginosa, rather than the biofilm maturation. Based on our results, we suggest that 5f can be applied for an anti-biofilm agent without increasing virulence of P. aeruginosa.

A Study on the Development of a Home Mess-Cleanup Robot Using an RFID Tag-Floor (RFID 환경을 이용한 홈 메스클린업 로봇 개발에 관한 연구)

  • Kim, Seung-Woo;Kim, Sang-Dae;Kim, Byung-Ho;Kim, Hong-Rae
    • Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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    • v.11 no.2
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    • pp.508-516
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    • 2010
  • An autonomous and automatic home mess-cleanup robot is newly developed in this paper. Thus far, vacuum-cleaners have lightened the burden of household chores but the operational labor that vacuum-cleaners entail has been very severe. Recently, a cleaning robot was commercialized to solve but it also was not successful because it still had the problem of mess-cleanup, which pertained to the clean-up of large trash and the arrangement of newspapers, clothes, etc. Hence, we develop a new home mess-cleanup robot (McBot) to completely overcome this problem. The robot needs the capability for agile navigation and a novel manipulation system for mess-cleanup. The autonomous navigational system has to be controlled for the full scanning of the living room and for the precise tracking of the desired path. It must be also be able to recognize the absolute position and orientation of itself and to distinguish the messed object that is to be cleaned up from obstacles that should merely be avoided. The manipulator, which is not needed in a vacuum-cleaning robot, has the functions of distinguishing the large trash that is to be cleaned from the messed objects that are to be arranged. It needs to use its discretion with regard to the form of the messed objects and to properly carry these objects to the destination. In particular, in this paper, we describe our approach for achieving accurate localization using RFID for home mess-cleanup robots. Finally, the effectiveness of the developed McBot is confirmed through live tests of the mess-cleanup task.

Study on the Behavior of Colloidal Hematite: Effects of Ionic Composition and Strength and Natural Organic Matter in Aqueous Environments (교질상 적철석의 거동 특성: 수환경 내 이온 조성 및 세기, 자연 유기물이 미치는 영향)

  • Lee, Woo-Chun;Lee, Sang-Woo;Kim, Soon-Oh
    • Economic and Environmental Geology
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    • v.53 no.4
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    • pp.347-362
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    • 2020
  • Iron (hydro)oxides in aqueous environments are primarily formed due to mining activities, and they are known to be typical colloidal particles disturbing surrounding environments. Among them, hematites are widespread in surface environments, and their behavior is controlled by diverse factors in aqueous environments. This study was conducted to elucidate the effect of environmental factors, such as ionic composition and strength, pH, and natural organic matter (NOM) on the behavior of colloidal hematite particles. In particular, two analytical methods, such as dynamic light scattering (DLS) and single-particle ICP-MS (spICP-MS), were compared to quantify and characterize the behavior of colloidal hematites. According to the variation of ionic composition and strength, the aggregation/dispersion characteristics of the hematite particles were affected as a result of the change in the thickness of the diffuse double layer as well as the total force of electrostatic repulsion and van der Walls attraction. Besides, the more dispersed the particles were, the farther away the aqueous pH was from their point of zero charge (PZC). The results indicate that the electrostatic and steric (structural) stabilization of the particles was enhanced by the functional groups of the natural organic matter, such as carboxyl and phenolic, as the NOM coated the surface of colloidal hematite particles in aqueous environments. Furthermore, such coating effects seemed to increase with decreasing molar mass of NOM. On the contrary, these stabilization (dispersion) effects of NOM were much more diminished by divalent cations such as Ca2+ than monovalent ones (Na+), and it could be attributed to the fact that the former acted as bridges much more strongly between the NOM-coated hematite particles than the latter because of the relatively larger ionic potential of the former. Consequently, it was quantitatively confirmed that the behavior of colloidal hematites in aqueous environments was significantly affected by diverse factors, such as ionic composition and strength, pH, and NOM. Among them, the NOM seemed to be the primary and dominant one controlling the behavior of hematite colloids. Meanwhile, the results of the comparative study on DLS and spICPMS suggest that the analyses combining both methods are likely to improve the effectiveness on the quantitative characterization of colloidal behavior in aqueous environments because they showed different strengths: the main advantage of the DLS method is the speed and ease of the operation, while the outstanding merit of the spICP-MS are to consider the shape of particles and the type of aggregation.

OPERATIONAL MODEL OF TIME-KEEPING SYSTEMS OF HEUMGYEONGGAK-NU (흠경각루 시보시스템의 작동모델)

  • KIM, SANG HYUK;YUN, YONG-HYUN;MIHN, BYEONG-HEE;LEEM, BYONG GUEN;YOON, MYUNG KYOON;LEEM, BYONG SI
    • Publications of The Korean Astronomical Society
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    • v.34 no.3
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    • pp.31-40
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    • 2019
  • We study the internal structure under the artificial mountain of Heumkyeonggak-nu, a Korean water-powered clock in the early Joseon dynasty. All the puppets on the artificial mountain are driven by the rotational force generated by the water wheel at their designated time. We design a model that work with three parts of the artificial mountain. At the upper part of the artificial mountain to the east, west, north and south, there are four puppets called the Four Mystical Animal Divinity and four ladies called the Jade Lady respectively. The former rotates a quarter every double hour and the latter rings the bell every hour. In the middle part of this mountain is the timekeeping platform with four puppets; the Timekeeping Official (Hour Jack), the Bell-, Drum-, and Gong-Warriors. The Hour Jack controls time with three warriors each hitting his own bell, drum, and gong, respectively. In the plain there are 12 Jade Lady puppets (the lower ladies) combined with 12 Oriental Animal Deity puppets. In his own time a lady doll pops out of the hole and her animal doll gets up. Two hours later, the animal deity lies down and his lady hides in the artificial plain. These puppets are regularly moved by the signal such as iron balls, bumps, levers, and so on. We can use balls and bumps to explain the concept of the Jujeon system. Iron balls were used to manipulate puppets of the timekeeping mechanism in Borugak-nu, another Korean water-powered clock in Joseon dynasty, which was developed earlier than Heumgyeonggak-nu. According to the North Korea's previous study (Choi, 1974), it is obvious that bumps were used in the internal structure of Heumgyeonggak-nu. In 1669, The armillary clock made by Song, I-young was also utilized bumps. Finally we presented mock-ups of three timekeeping systems.